Aim The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the maximum bilateral molar bite force and the Root Mean Square (RMS) Electromyography (EMG) index of the masticatory muscles in the maximum bilateral molar bite (MMBMax) of women with myogenic Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and asymptomatic. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, composed of 86 women allocated to the TMD Group (n=43) and Control Group (n=43) diagnosis through the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. The maximum bilateral molar bite force was evaluated using a bite dynamometer and the RMS EMG index of the masticatory muscles (anterior temporalis, masseter) during 5 seconds of the MMBMax task. Student t-test was used for data comparison between accuracy of the bite force and RMS EMG of masticatory muscles during the MMBMax. Results The maximum bilateral molar bite force showed high accuracy (AUC=0.99) for the diagnosis of women with myogenic TMD and asymptomatic women, and the RMS EMG index evaluated during the MMBMax showed a moderate level of accuracy for all masticatory muscles (AUC=0.70 to 0.75). Conclusion The bilateral bite dynamometer with a surface EMG during bilateral bite can be used to diagnose TMD in young women. (RMS (EMG (MMBMax (TMD crosssectional cross sectional 8 n=43 n43 n 43 (n=43 Disorders anterior temporalis masseter task ttest t test AUC=0.99 AUC099 AUC 0 99 (AUC=0.99 AUC=0.70 AUC070 70 (AUC=0.7 0.75. 075 0.75 . 75 0.75) n=4 n4 4 (n=4 AUC=0.9 AUC09 9 (AUC=0.9 AUC=0.7 AUC07 7 (AUC=0. 07 0.7 n= (n= AUC=0. AUC0 (AUC=0 0. (n AUC=0 (AUC= AUC= (AUC

ABSTRACT: The displacement of the articular disc (AD) constitutes an intracapsular arthropathy in which the disc is displaced from its functional relationship with the mandibular condyle and the articular portion of the temporal bone. It is frequently medial, anteromedial, or anterolateral, with posterior displacement being rare. The objective of this report was to describe the clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a disc posterior displacement (PDD) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Case presentation: a 35-year-old male patient who reported on clinical examination, pain on lateral and posterior palpation in the left TMJ; mandibular deviation to the right side, difficulty in making lateral movements, and limitation of mouth opening were observed. Intraorally, cross bite was observed in the right canine area and wear facets in the upper canines and lower incisors. In closed mouth MRI sagittal views, the flattening of the DA, the location of the anterior band on the anterior aspect of the mandibular head, was verified in both joints, so that the rest of the disc was extended towards the posterior aspect, occupying part from the retrodiscal zone; in the coronal plane the position of the DA was closely related to the lateral and medial poles of condyle. Imaging characteristics were suggestive of PDD. Conclusions: PDD is a rare arthropathy of the TMJ, since MRI images accurately show the DA-condyle relationship, which enables its diagnosis and allows the clinician to make the best decisions for patient care.

RESUMEN: El desplazamiento del disco articular (DA) constituye una artropatía intracapsular en la que el disco se desplaza de su relación funcional con el cóndilo mandibular y la porción articular del hueso temporal. El desplazamiento del disco puede ser antero-medial, anterior, antero-lateral, lateral, medial o posterior, siendo este último uno de los menos frecuentes. El presente reporte tuvo como objetivo describir las manifestaciones clínicas y evaluación imagenológica mediante resonancia magnética (RM) de un desplazamiento posterior del disco (DPD) en la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). Presentación del caso: paciente masculino, de 35 años de edad quien a la exploración clínica, refirió dolor a la palpación lateral y posterior en la ATM izquierda, se observó desvío mandibular hacia el lado derecho, dificultad para realizar movimientos de lateralidad y limitación de la apertura oral. Intraoralmente, se evidenció mordida cruzada en zona canina derecha y facetas de desgaste en caninos superiores e incisivos inferiores. En imágenes sagitales de RM a boca cerrada se verificó en ambas articulaciones, el aplanamiento del DA, la localización de la banda anterior sobre la vertiente anterior de la cabeza de la mandíbula, de manera que el resto del disco estaba extendido hacia la vertiente posterior, ocupando parte de la zona retrodiscal; en el plano coronal la posición del DA estaba íntimamente relacionada con los polos lateral y medial de la cabeza de la mandíbula. Las características imagenológicas fueron sugestivas de DPD. El DPD es una artropatía poco frecuente de la ATM, siendo que las imágenes por RM muestran con precisión la relación DA-cóndilo, lo que posibilita su diagnóstico y permite al clínico tomar las decisiones idóneas para la atención del paciente.

ABSTRACT Malocclusion is one of the most common oral disorders. Recognizing its importance leads to the need for epidemiological studies whose results guide the development of programs for its prevention, interception and treatment. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal and transverse direction in secondary school students from the city of Asunción. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The study population was made up of students from 12 to 18 years old enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Asunción during 2017. The data collected from the oral inspection was recorded in clinical records and analyzed with the Epi-Info program. TM. The number of participants was 1047 students who met the inclusion criteria. Fifty two percent of the participants were female and 48% male. The frequency of malocclusion in the sagittal direction was 98%, and in the transverse direction it was 27.6%.Among sagittal malocclusions, the most frequent was Class I (53%). The frequency of crossbite was 23%, of which 43% presented an anterior crossbite and 57% a posterior crossbite. Of those who presented posterior crossbite, 61% were unilateral and 39% bilateral. An important frequency of malocclusions is observed in the study population indicative of the need of establishing actions for its timely diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMEN La maloclusión es uno de los trastornos bucodentales más comunes. Reconocer su importancia lleva a la necesidad de realizar estudios epidemiológicos cuyos resultados orienten el desarrollo de programas para su prevención, intercepción y tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital y transversal en estudiantes de nivel secundario de la ciudad de Asunción. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por los alumnos de 12 a 18 años inscriptos en colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Asunción durante el 2017. Los datos recabados de la inspección bucodental fueron anotados en fichas clínicas yanalizadas con el programa Epi-Info TM. El número de participantes fue de 1047 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El 52% de los participantes fueron de sexo femenino y el 48% del sexo masculino. La frecuencia de maloclusión en sentido sagital fue del 98%, y en sentido transversal del 27,6%.Entre las maloclusiones en sentido sagital la más frecuente fue la Clase I (53%). La frecuencia de mordida cruzada fue del 23%, de los cuales, el 43% presentó mordida cruzada anterior y el 57% mordida cruzada posterior. De los que presentaron mordida cruzada posterior, el 61% fue unilateral y el 39% bilateral. Se observa una importante frecuencia de maloclusiones en la población de estudio indicativa de la necesidad de establecer acciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

ABSTRACT The rapid maxillary disjunction is an orthopedic procedure in which an expansion screw acting upon the medial palatal suture, is activated every day and causes its aperture in a short period of time, accompanied by an excessive symptomatology in the patients. The aim of this paper is showing the benefits provided by the maxillary palatal disjunction when activated only once a day (1/4 turn). A Hyrax type screw was used in a 14 years-old male patient who had an Angle´s Class III malocclusion (Syndromic Class I) together with a transversal superior micrognathism larger than 4 mm and a posterior bilateral cross bite with a Monzon´s curve indicating maxillary endognathia. The results showed the expansion of the medial palatal suture in seven weeks and as a consequence the expansion of the dental arch, the alleviation of dental crowding, and the correction of the anterior and posterior bilateral cross bite and what is most important, the distress caused to the patient was minimal.

RESUMEN La disyunción maxilar rápida es un procedimiento ortopédico en el que se realizan una serie de activaciones diarias a un tornillo de expansión que actúa sobre la sutura palatina media y provoca la apertura de la misma en un breve período de tiempo, puede acompañarse de excesiva sintomatología en los pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los beneficios aportados por la disyunción palatina del maxilar al aplicar solamente una activación diaria (1/4 de vuelta). Para ello se empleó un tornillo tipo Hyrax en un paciente masculino de 14 años de edad que presentaba una maloclusión dental de Clase III de Angle (Sindrómica Clase I), acompañada de un micrognatismo transversal superior mayor de 4 mm, una mordida cruzada posterior bilateral y presencia de curva de Monzón, que indica endognasia del maxilar. En un período de tiempo de siete semanas se logró la apertura de la sutura palatina media y por consiguiente, el incremento de la longitud del arco dentario, la eliminación del apiñamiento además de la corrección de la mordida cruzada anterior y posterior bilateral, con escasa sintomatología referida por el paciente.

Resumen En la actualidad, la ortodoncia desempeña un papel muy importante en la vida de los pacientes. Han salido muchos sistemas ortodónticos al mercado tratando de que el tratamiento de ortodoncia sea más rápido, cómodo y eficaz. Sin duda alguna, el sistema de autoligado viene a revolucionar la ortodoncia, debido a que es un sistema pensado en la comodidad del paciente, así como reducir el tiempo disminuyendo la fricción. El lapso de tratamiento es un factor clave, ya que se puede dar estabilidad postretención, aun cuando este haya sido corto. Se presenta una paciente de 21 años, con clase II esquelético, hiperdivergente, clase I molar bilateral, clase I canina bilateral, mordida abierta anterior, mordida cruzada del segundo premolar superior derecho, caninos fuera de arco, apiñamiento moderado superior y leve inferior, líneas medias dentales desviadas superior de 1 mm a la derecha, e inferior de 0,5 mm a la izquierda hipoplasia generalizada del esmalte. Terceros molares ausentes. Se le realizó el tratamiento de alineación, nivelación, suavizado interproximal, detallado y retención.

Abstract Today, orthodontics plays a very important role in the lives of patients. There is many orthodontic systems market trying to orthodontic treatment faster, convenient and effective. The self-ligating system will revolutionize orthodontics because it is a thought system patient comfort and reduce time reducing friction. The treatment time is a key factor, because it can provide stability post retention, even when there has been short. A 21 years old female patient is presented with a skeletal class II, hyperdivergent, molar and canine bilateral class I, anterior open bite, second right premolar in crossbite, canines outside arc, moderated upper crowding and light lower crowding. Deviated lower midline 0.5 mm to left, widespread enamel hipoplasia. Third molars absent. She underwent in alighment, leveling, stripping, detailing and retention treatment. Keywords: Class II, cross bite, moderated crowding. Trainer.

Patient with 13 years and 7 months old, the reason for visit "a fang on the palate" presenting molar class I bilateral, right canine class I with OD 53, right class II canine with 13, left canine Class I, is a class I skeletal, normodivergent, with the adequate overbite and overjet, superior moderate crowding and lower light, cross bite between teeth: canine13 and 43, 23 impacted upper right canine, root shortening 11, 21, 35, 45. Treatment consisted of extraction of primary teeth 53-63, alignment, leveling, surgical traction 23, space closure, detailed, and retention. Retention by upper and lower Hawley retainers with fingers in canine 13 23. The active treatment time was 1 years 2 months.

Se presenta una paciente con 13 años y 7 meses de edad, el motivo de consulta fue "un colmillo en el paladar"; es clase I molar bilateral, clase I canina derecha con el canino infantil 53, clase II canina derecha, clase I canina izquierda, clase I esquelética, normodivergente, tiene apiñamiento dental moderado superior e inferior leve, mordida cruzada anterior de canino superior derecho, diente 23 impactado, acortamiento radicular en los incisivos centrales y segundos premolares inferiores. El tratamiento consistió en la extracción de dientes temporales 53 y 63, alineación nivelación, tracción quirúrgica del diente 23, cierre de espacios, detallado, retención. La retención se llevó a cabo mediante retenedores "Hawley" superior con "Fingers" en los dientes 23 y 13 e inferior. El tiempo de tratamiento activo fue 1 años 2 meses.

ABSTRACT Background: According to the National Program of Integral Stomatological Care, there is a decrease in the prevalence of dental cavities in children and adolescents, while periodonthopathies rank second in the hierarchy of oral diseases, and the World Organization of Health considers them among the most common conditions of mankind. Among the factors causing periodontal recession are dental miss position, abnormal phrenic insertions, and defects of occlusio. Objective: To uncross the simple anterior bite, as well as to improve the periodontal status of the patient with the MUH Shield type device Case report: An eight years old white male patient, with a history of temporary dental retention, who came to the clinic due to malocclusion, with a bucogingival disorder associated with a simple anterior cross bite, exceeding 2 mm, and a 1 mm margin Conclusions: The anterior bite was uncrossed after nine weeks of treatment with the MUH Shield type device and the patient's periodontal status was improved.

Fundamento: Según el Programa Nacional de Atención Estomatológica Integral, se observa una disminución de la prevalencia de caries dental en la población infantil y adolescente, mientras que las periodontopatías ocupan el segundo lugar en la jerarquización de las enfermedades bucales, y la Organización Mundial de la Salud las considera entre las afecciones más comunes del género humano. Entre los factores causantes de recesión periodontal se encuentran la malposición dentaria, las inserciones frénicas anormales y los defectos de la oclusión. Objetivo: Descruzar la mordida anterior simple, asimismo mejorar el estado periodontal del paciente con el aparato tipo MUH Shield. Reporte del caso: Paciente masculino de raza negra, ocho años de edad, con antecedentes de retención dentaria temporal, que acudió a consulta por maloclusión, con trastorno mucogingival asociado a una mordida cruzada anterior simple, sobrepase de 2 mm, resalte de 1 mm. Conclusiones: Se logró descruzar la mordida anterior a las nueve semanas de tratamiento con el aparato tipo MUH Shield y se mejoró el estado periodontal del paciente.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de má oclusão e as relações inter e intra-arco em escolares de 7 a 12 anos de Vazante, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos Nas relações inter-arco os aspectos no plano sagital, verticais e transversais foram avaliados e, no intra-arco, as relações de diastemas, apinhamento e perdas dentárias foram determinadas em 670 escolares. A má oclusão foi classificada em classe I, II e III de acordo com Angle, baseada na posição dos primeiros molares. Para este estudo, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos etários: crianças 7-9 anos e crianças dos 10 aos 12 anos de idade. Resultados Uma percentagem semelhante de indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe I e II foi encontrado nos dois grupos etários avaliados. A maior percentagem de indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe III foi observada na faixa etária dos 10 aos 12 anos. A presença de mordida cruzada, mordida aberta anterior, diastemas, apinhamento e perda dentária precoce primária foi prevalente nas faixas etárias de 7 e 9 anos. Sobremordida profunda, mordida cruzada posterior e perda precoce dos dentes permanentes prevaleceram na faixa etária de 10-12 anos. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que houve uma alta taxa de má oclusão em crianças e a relação sagital foi mantido nos dois períodos avaliados. Foi observado um maior número de mordida aberta anterior na faixa etária de 7 a 9 anos, e sobremordida profunda no grupo dos 10 aos 12 anos. Na relação transversal, houve um aumento da mordida cruzada do primeiro para o segundo período de transição.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the study was to determine prevalence of malocclusion and the inter- and intra-arch relations in schoolchildren of 7-12 years of Vazante, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods In the inter-arch relations the sagittal, vertical and transverse aspects were evaluated, and in the intra-arch relations, diastemas, crowding and tooth losses were determined in 670 children. The maloclussion was classified as Class I , II and III according to Angle, based on the position of the first molars. For this study, the sample was divided into two age groups: children from 7 to 9 years and children from 10 to 12 years old. Results A similar percentage of individuals with Class I and II was found in the two age groups evaluated. A higher percentage of Class III individuals was observed in the age group from 10 to 12 years. The presence of cross bite, anterior open bite, diastemas, crowding and early primary tooth loss was prevalent in the age groups of 7 and 9 years. Deep bite, posterior cross bite and early loss of permanent teeth prevailed in the age from 10 to 12 years. Conclusion It could be concluded that there was a high rate of malocclusion in children and the sagittal relation was maintained in the two periods evaluated. A larger number of manifestations of anterior open bite were observed in the age group of 7 to 9 years, and overbite in the Group from 10 to 12 years. In the transverse relation there was an increase in cross bite from the first to second transitory period.

Facial asymmetry is a common human characteristic and can occur on many levels, originate of genetic factors, and can be caused by traumas or due to cross bite and/or muscular disability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between posterior crossbite, median line deviation and facial asymmetry. For this study 70 children aged between 3 and 10 years-old were examined and photographed. Using Microsoft Office Power Point 2007, horizontal lines and one vertical line on median line were drawn, to subjectively analyze facial discrepancies. In relation to overjet, the majority of children (78.6%) showed normal relation, followed by high overjet (17.1%), anterior crossbite (4.3%). In relation to overbite, the majority of children (60%) showed normal relation, 27.1% anterior opened bite (negative overbite), and 12.9% showed high overbite. Posterior crossbite was present in 27.1% of children. Among them, 68.4% showed unilateral crossbite on right side, 21.1% bilateral crossbite and 10.5% unilateral crossbite on left side. The relation between posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry, according to Fisher´s Exact Test (p=0.0970), there was no statistically significant association. In relation to median line, the association was statistically significant with posterior crossbite (p=0.0109) and with facial asymmetry (p=0.0310). There was association between posterior crossbite and median line deviation. There was no association between posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry.

La asimetría facial es una característica humana común que puede ocurrir en diferentes niveles, originarse por factores genéticos, ser causada por traumas o mordida cruzada como resultado o discapacidad muscular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la mordida cruzada posterior, desviación de la línea mediana y asimetría facial. Fueron evaluados 70 niños entre 3 y 10 años de edad mediante examen clínico y fotográfico. Utilizando Microsoft Power Point Office 2007, se dibujaron líneas horizontales y una línea vertical en la línea mediana, para analizar subjetivamente las diferencias faciales. En relación con el resalte, la mayoría de los niños (78,6%) mostró relación normal, seguido por un resalte aumentado (17,1%) y mordida cruzada anterior (4,3%). En relación con la sobremordida, la mayoría de los niños (60%) mostró relación normal, 27,1% una mordida abierta anterior (sobremordida negativa) y 12,9% mostró una sobremordida aumentada. La mordida cruzada posterior estuvo presente en 27,1% de los niños. Entre ellos, el 68,4% presentaba mordida cruzada unilateral del lado derecho, 21,1% mordida cruzada bilateral y el 10,5% mordida cruzada unilateral en el lado izquierdo. No hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la mordida cruzada posterior y asimetría facial según la prueba exacta de Fisher (p=0,0970). En relación a la línea mediana, se observo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mordida cruzada posterior (p = 0,0109) y asimetría facial (p=0,0310). Existe asociación entre la mordida cruzada posterior y la desviación de línea mediana. No hubo asociación entre la mordida cruzada posterior y asimetría facial.

INTRODUÇÃO: A má oclusão, pela sua elevada prevalência na população, é considerada atualmente um problema de saúde pública. Considerando-se a associação entre hábitos bucais deletérios e más oclusões, o conhecimento da epidemiologia das alterações oclusais em crianças portadoras de sucção não nutritiva pode contribuir com a instituição de políticas públicas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de má oclusão em crianças na fase de dentadura decídua portadoras de hábitos deletérios de sucção, quer sejam de dedo e/ou chupeta. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: O estudo envolveu 135 crianças de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 3 a 6 anos, portadoras de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva. O histórico de sucção de dedo e/ou chupeta foi levantado por questionário direcionado aos pais e responsáveis. A avaliação clínica das más oclusões foi realizada por um único examinador, previamente calibrado, visando minimizar eventuais erros do método. RESULTADO: A má oclusão foi encontrada em 87,4% das crianças. Verificou-se uma prevalência de 72% de mordida aberta anterior, seguida de atresia maxilar com 62,2%, mordida cruzada posterior com 26,3%, mordida cruzada anterior com 3,4% e apinhamento e topo a topo correspondendo a 5,1% da amostra. O hábito deletério mais frequente foi o de sucção de chupeta, presente em 76,3% da amostra, sendo que o mesmo estava distribuído da seguinte maneira: 20% na forma isolada, 25,9% associado a outros hábitos deletérios, 3% associado a dedo, 26,7% associado à mamadeira e 0,8% associado a dedo e mamadeira. Já a sucção digital foi encontrada em 25,9% da amostra, sendo 14,1% na forma isolada. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças portadoras de sucção não nutritiva durante a fase de dentadura decídua apresentam elevada prevalência de má oclusão. Não se encontraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os gêneros e as faixas etárias no que se refere à má oclusão e ao tipo de hábito.

INTRODUCTION: The malocclusion, due to its high prevalence in the population is currently considered a public health problem. Considering the association between oral habits and malocclusion, knowledge of the epidemiology of occlusal alterations in children with non-nutritive sucking can contribute to the establishment of public policies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion in children in primary dentition phase with deleterious habits of finger sucking and/or pacifier. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study involved 135 children of both genders, aged 3-6 years, with non-nutritive sucking habits. The history of finger sucking and/or pacifier was raised by a questionnaire given to parents and guardians. Clinical assessment of malocclusion was performed by a single examiner previously calibrated in order to minimize possible errors of the method. RESULT: Malocclusion was found in 87.4% of children. There was a 72% prevalence of anterior open bite, followed by maxillary atresia with 62.2%, posterior cross bite with 26.3%, anterior cross bite with 3.4%, crowding and top-to-end corresponding to 5.1% of the sample. The most common harmful habit was the pacifier-sucking, present in 76.3% of the sample, while the same was distributed as follows: 20% in the isolated, 25.9% associated with other deleterious habits, 3% associated the finger, 26.7% associated with bottle and 0.8% associated with finger and bottle. Already finger sucking was found in 25.9% of the sample, 14.1% in isolation. CONCLUSION: Children with nonnutritive sucking during the deciduous dentition show a high prevalence of malocclusion. No statistically differences were found between genders and age groups in relation to malocclusion type and habit.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones de la oclusión en población escolar de 5 a 16 años del corregimiento de Genoy (Pasto), durante el año 2010. MÉTODOS:estudio transversal en 439 escolares en la Institución Educativa Municipal Francisco de La Villota (sector público) del Corregimiento de Genoy, municipio de Pasto (Colombia). Se hizo un examen clínico y se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, presencia de caries, características de los arcos, relación molar derecha e izquierda en dientes deciduos y permanentes y alteraciones de la oclusión. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de frecuencias totales y por sexo. Cálculo de razones de prevalencia (RP) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) para determinar asociación entre el sexo y las principales alteraciones de la oclusión. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de caries fue del 88%. Las alteraciones de la oclusión que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia fueron la mordida abierta anterior (10%; con mayor frecuencia en mujeres sin diferencias significativas) y mordida cruzada anterior (9,6% con mayor prevalencia en mujeres y diferencias significativas p < 0,05). Los hábitos que presentaron mayor frecuencia fueron: deglución atípica (38%), dificultad en la pronunciación (19%) y onicofagia (15%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor frecuencia de relación molar clase I y los hombres mayor frecuencia de clase II y clase III. CONCLUSIONES:se presentaron algunas variaciones en el diagnóstico de alteraciones de la oclusión por sexo, siendo mayor frecuencia de clase I, mordida cruzada y abierta anterior en mujeres. Se sugieren estrategias específicas que permitan establecer los principales factores de riesgo para estas alteraciones.

INTRODUCTION: the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of occlusion alterations in a population of schoolchildren between the ages of 5 and 16 years in the Genoy Township (Pasto), during 2010. METHODS:a cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 439 children at the Institución Educativa Municipal Francisco de la Villota (public school) of the Genoy Township, Municipality of Pasto (Colombia). A clinical exam was carried out and socio-demographic variables, presence of dental caries, arch characteristics, right and left molar relationships for deciduous and permanent teeth, and occlusion alterations were recorded. A descriptive analysis of total frequencies and by gender was conducted. Calculations of prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were made in order to estimate the association between gender and main occlusion alterations. RESULTS: Caries prevalence was 88%. The occlusion alterations most frequently observed were anterior open bite (10%, more frequent in girls, with no significant differences) and anterior crossbite (9.6%, more frequent in girls, with significant differences, p < 0.05). The most frequent habits were atypical swallowing pattern (38%), pronunciation difficulties (19%) and nail biting (15%). Girls presented Class I molar relationship more frequently than boys. Class II and III molar relationships were observed more frequently in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS:some differences in the diagnosis of occlusion alterations were found by gender, being Class I, crossbite and anterior open bite the most common ones in girls. Specific strategies are suggested in order to establish the principal risk factors for these alterations.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de oclusopatias e o efeito da amamentação e dos hábitos de sucção não nutritivos aos seis anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal aninhado numa coorte de nascidos vivos em Pelotas, RS, em 1999. Crianças com seis anos de idade (n=359) foram examinadas e suas mães entrevistadas. Utilizaram-se os critérios de Foster & Hamilton para a definição dos desfechos mordida aberta anterior e mordida cruzada posterior. Informações sobre amamentação e hábitos de sucção não nutritivos foram coletadas ao nascimento, ao primeiro, terceiro, sexto e 12º meses de vida e aos seis anos de idade. As variáveis de controle incluíram escolaridade materna, peso ao nascer, perímetro cefálico e sexo da criança. Foi realiza a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de mordida aberta anterior foi 46,2% e a de mordida cruzada posterior foi 18,2%. Presença de hábitos de sucção não nutritivos entre 12 meses e quatro anos de idade e presença de sucção digital aos seis anos de idade foram os fatores de risco para mordida aberta anterior. Amamentação por menos do que nove meses e uso regular de chupeta entre 12 meses e quatro anos de idade foram os fatores de risco para mordida cruzada posterior. Identificou-se interação entre duração da amamentação e uso de chupeta para mordida cruzada posterior. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando que a amamentação é um fator de proteção às outras doenças da infância, a abordagem dos fatores de risco comuns pode ser o meio mais apropriado para a prevenção de mordida cruzada posterior na dentição decídua ou início da dentição mista.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite. CONCLUSIONS: Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de oclusopatias e o efeito da amamentação e dos hábitos de sucção não nutritivos aos seis anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal aninhado numa coorte de nascidos vivos em Pelotas, RS, em 1999. Crianças com seis anos de idade (n=359) foram examinadas e suas mães entrevistadas. Utilizaram-se os critérios de Foster & Hamilton para a definição dos desfechos mordida aberta anterior e mordida cruzada posterior. Informações sobre amamentação e hábitos de sucção não nutritivos foram coletadas ao nascimento, ao primeiro, terceiro, sexto e 12º meses de vida e aos seis anos de idade. As variáveis de controle incluíram escolaridade materna, peso ao nascer, perímetro cefálico e sexo da criança. Foi realiza a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de mordida aberta anterior foi 46,2% e a de mordida cruzada posterior foi 18,2%. Presença de hábitos de sucção não nutritivos entre 12 meses e quatro anos de idade e presença de sucção digital aos seis anos de idade foram os fatores de risco para mordida aberta anterior. Amamentação por menos do que nove meses e uso regular de chupeta entre 12 meses e quatro anos de idade foram os fatores de risco para mordida cruzada posterior. Identificou-se interação entre duração da amamentação e uso de chupeta para mordida cruzada posterior. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando que a amamentação é um fator de proteção às outras doenças da infância, a abordagem dos fatores de risco comuns pode ser o meio mais apropriado para a prevenção de mordida cruzada posterior na dentição decídua ou início da dentição mista.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite. CONCLUSIONS: Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.

Abstract Dentofacial deformities have increased in frequency in oral and maxillofacial surgeons practice. This group of deformities are related with bone and dental structures in any of three spacial planes: vertical, sagital and tranverse or a combination of all them. Mandibular hypoplasia is one of the most common problems dentists have to face. Complexity arises when the asym metry becomes more evident as patient grows, with laterognatia and chin deviation, cross bite and posterior open bite; these problems are counteracted by an occlusal plane deviation, re-suiting in functional and esthetic abnormalities. Bone elongation in hypoplasic mandibles is a technique that produces notable changes in bone as well as soft and vascular tissues in a brief period of time, without the need of complex surgical procedures; allowing treatment at its early stages. This paper presents 9 cases of facial asymmetry due to hemifacial microsomia treated by osteogenic elongation of mandibular ramus. Clinical features and pictures, simple cranial views (posteroanterior and lateral), pan oramic view and computerized tomography with three-dimensional scan were evaluated. All cases were treated by mandibular ramus osteogenic elongation under general anesthesia, with favorable esthetic and functional outcomes, resulting in stable occlusion and facial symmetry, with minimum complications such as temporomandibular pain, temporary chin paresthesia, posterior open bite and anterior cross bite. Compensatory maxillary growth was noted, being necessary pre and postsurgical orthodontic treatment. All cases were successful, having control follow ups from 6 months to 2 years. No recurrence or other complications were present.

Resumen Las deformidades dentofaciales, cada vez más frecuentes en la consulta del cirujano maxilofacial, se relacionan siempre con alteraciones de las estructuras óseas y dentales subyacentes en cualquiera de los tres planos del espacio: sagital, vertical y transversal, siendo en muchos casos en todos ellos. La hipoplasia mandibular es uno de los principales problemas con los que clásicamente se enfrenta el cirujano. La dificultad radica en que durante el crecimiento se produce una asimetría cada vez más marcada, con laterodesviación mentoniana, mordida cruzada y mordida abierta posterior, que es compensada por una desviación del plano oclusal, causando problemas estéticos y funcionales. La elongación ósea en las mandíbulas hipoplásicas es una técnica con la cual se logran notables cambios tanto en hueso como en tejidos blandos y vasculares adyacentes en poco tiempo y sin necesidad de grandes procedimientos quirúrgicos, permitiendo el tratamiento precoz de estas deformidades. Se presentan nueve casos con asimetría facial con diagnóstico de microsomia hemifacial, tratados mediante elongación ósea vertical de rama mandibular, se valoraron las características físicas, fotografías clínicas, radiografías convencionales posteroanterior y lateral de cráneo, ortopantomografía y tomografia computarizada con reconstrucción tridimensional. En todos los casos se realizó elongación vertical de rama mandibular bajo anestesia general, obteniendo resultados estéticos y oclusales favorables con simetría facial y oclusión estable, con el mínimo de complicaciones de dolor temporomandibular y parestesia mentoniana temporal, mordida abierta posterior y mordida cruzada anterior, registrando un crecimiento maxilar compensatorio, requiriendo ortodòncia prequirúrgica y posquirúrgica. Todos los procedimientos se llevaron a cabo con éxito, vigilando la evolución de 6 meses a dos años, sin complicaciónes, ni recidivas.