RESUMEN Estados Unidos y China son ahora rivales en una amplia gama de ámbitos. Uno de los más relevantes ahora es la inteligencia artificial (IA), donde el potencial de los dos Estados líderes es también bastante comparable. La IA es una industria extremadamente intensiva en conocimientos y requiere un gran número de especialistas altamente cualificados capaces de desarrollar e implantar este tipo de sistemas. Así pues, el futuro de la IA depende directamente de la calidad de la educación, especialmente de la enseñanza superior, y del planteamiento de su organización. Este artículo describe cómo China y Estados Unidos integran la formación en IA en la enseñanza superior. Los autores concluyen que actualmente la formación en IA en China y Estados Unidos se encuentra a un nivel comparable. Sin embargo, en China observan un enfoque centralizado, mientras que en Estados Unidos el enfoque es más flexible y libre. Además, los autores ofrecen un análisis de las ventajas e inconvenientes del enfoque de cada país y de cómo pueden influir en el futuro de la ciencia, la tecnología y la educación en ellos. El sistema centralizado chino permite formar en streaming al personal científico y técnico necesario, el estadounidense no puede conseguirlo, pero tiene más potencial en el desarrollo de la innovación y la libertad académica. Para concluir, los autores ofrecen una previsión de las medidas que debería tomar cada una de las partes para aprovechar eficazmente las ventajas de su enfoque de la educación y superar sus deficiencias.

ABSTRACT The USA and China are now rivals in a wide range of areas. One of the most relevant now is artificial intelligence (AI), where the potential of the two leading states is also quite comparable. AI is an extremely knowledge-intensive industry and requires a large number of highly qualified specialists capable of developing and implementing such systems. Thus, the future of AI directly depends on the quality of education, especially higher education, and on the approach to its organization. This paper describes how China and the United States integrate AI training at the higher level of education. The authors conclude that now AI education in China and the United States is at a comparable level. However, in China they observe a centralized approach, while in the USA the approach is more flexible and freer. Further, the authors provide an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each country’s approach and how they can influence the future of science, technology, and education there. Chinese centralized system allows the necessary scientific and technical personnel to be trained in a streaming mode, the US system cannot achieve this, but it has more potential in the development of innovation and academic freedom. In conclusion, the authors provide a forecast of measures that should be taken by each of the parties to effectively use the advantages of their approach to education and overcome its shortcomings.

ORIENTATION: Spiritual leadership has been proposed as an alternative to lead a generation where personal values and beliefs are central to employee contentment and organisational success. RESEARCH PURPOSE: To critically analyse organisational spiritual leadership (SpL) from an African Management Philosophies (AMP) perspective and whether these are secular or non-secular. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Knowledge would be drawn from two bodies of scholarly literature, namely SpL and AMP. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: Literature will be systematically reviewed, focusing on three aspects of the body on knowledge, namely concepts, definitions and typologies (elements). MAIN FINDINGS: The concept of SpL seems empirically much more operationalised than AMP. Central to organisational spiritual leadership are the leader's values, attitudes and behaviours that intrinsically motivate followers to have a sense of spiritual survival through membership and calling, while AMP emphasise traditionalism, communalism, co-operative teamwork and mythologies. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The research seeks to highlight the existing gaps in literature of a contextualised African measure of SpL. CONTRIBUTION OR VALUE ADD: A secular and non-secular approach to spirituality emerges, which looks at AMP as emboldened by Ubuntu ideality that is contrary to extant literature on organisational spiritual leadership.

ORIENTATION: Globalisation and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in a change in leadership in the work environment - this necessitated a relook into classical leadership constructs, but importantly, with the consideration of contextual influences. Spiritual leadership (SpL), which is the focus of this article, has however been predominantly viewed from a Eurocentric perspective. RESEARCH PURPOSE: To develop and validate an instrument to measure SpL within the South African context. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: It is argued that SpL is important for organisational performance, employee contentment and wellness. Albeit the theory of SpL carries academic rigour and potency, it has not yet converted into an empirically developed and tested instrument within the South African organisational context. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This empirical study was conducted from a quantitative positivist paradigm, utilising a cross-sectional design. A total of 5308 participants completed the self-administered survey from organisations in both the public and private sectors. The analysis includes item screening, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), test for common method bias (CMB), determination of convergent validity and invariance analysis (configural, metric and scalar). MAIN FINDINGS: The results yielded reliable and valid SpL instrument, which is invariant with regards to the private and public sectors used in this study. The results of the study were also not influenced by CMB. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides a validated contextualised scale that can be used to measure leadership efficiency and efficacy. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The practical and academic value is the newly developed SpL instrument for the context of South African organisations. It can thus be used with confidence by organisational researchers and academics.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess prescription patterns for short-acting b2 agonists (SABAs) and other asthma medications in asthma patients treated by specialists and participating in the SABA use IN Asthma (SABINA) study in Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study conducted at five sites in different regions of Brazil. The primary endpoints were to record SABA prescriptions and obtain data on over-the-counter (OTC) SABA purchases at the pharmacy. Results: Data on 218 asthma patients were analyzed. Of those 218 patients, 80.3% were prescribed SABAs in addition to their maintenance therapy, with a mean of 11.2 SABA canisters in the previous 12 months. Of those patients, 71.4% were prescribed ≥ 3 canisters and 42.2% were prescribed ≥ 10 canisters. None of the patients were prescribed SABA monotherapy. A total of 14.2% of the patients reported purchasing SABAs OTC at a pharmacy without a prescription. Of those, 48.4% purchased ≥ 3 SABA canisters. A fixed-dose combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting b2 agonist was prescribed to 95.0% of the patients. In the year before the study visit, 45.0% of the patients received at least one course of oral corticosteroid burst treatment. Asthma was well controlled in 43.1% of the patients, partly controlled in 34.9%, and uncontrolled in 22.0%. Patients reported a mean of 1.1 severe asthma exacerbations, with 49.1% experiencing 1 or more severe exacerbations. Conclusions: Overprescription and OTC purchases of SABAs are common in Brazil, possibly leading to the need for courses of oral corticosteroids. The health care community should collaborate to implement evidence-based recommendations and promote health education to improve asthma management in Brazil. Objective shortacting short acting b (SABAs SABINA (SABINA Brazil Methods observational crosssectional cross sectional overthecounter over counter (OTC Results 21 analyzed 803 80 80.3 therapy 112 11 2 11. months 714 71 4 71.4 422 42 42.2 monotherapy 142 14 14.2 484 48 48.4 fixeddose fixed dose longacting long 950 95 0 95.0 visit 450 45 45.0 treatment 431 43 43.1 349 34 9 34.9% 220 22 22.0% 1. exacerbations 491 49 49.1 Conclusions corticosteroids evidencebased evidence based 8 80. 7 71. 42. 14. 48. 95. 45. 43. 34.9 22.0 49. 34. 22.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os padrões de prescrição de short-acting b2 agonists (SABAs, b2-agonistas de curta duração) e outros medicamentos para asma em pacientes tratados por especialistas e participantes do estudo SABA use IN Asthma (SABINA) no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional realizado em cinco locais em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Os desfechos primários foram registrar as prescrições de SABAs e obter dados a respeito da compra de SABAs sem receita médica na farmácia. Resultados: Foram analisados dados a respeito de 218 pacientes com asma. Dos 218 pacientes, 80,3% receberam prescrição de SABA além da terapia de manutenção, com uma média de 11,2 frascos de SABA nos 12 meses anteriores. Destes, 71,4% receberam prescrição de ≥ 3 frascos e 42,2% receberam prescrição de ≥ 10 frascos. Nenhum dos pacientes recebeu prescrição de monoterapia com SABA. Do total de pacientes, 14,2% relataram que compraram SABAs sem receita médica na farmácia. Destes, 48,4% compraram ≥ 3 frascos de SABA. Foram prescritas doses fixas combinadas de corticosteroide inalatório e b2-agonista de longa duração para 95,0% dos pacientes. No ano anterior à visita do estudo, 45,0% dos pacientes receberam pelo menos um ciclo de tratamento de curta duração com corticosteroide oral. A asma estava bem controlada em 43,1% dos pacientes, parcialmente controlada em 34,9% e não controlada em 22,0%. Os pacientes relataram uma média de 1,1 exacerbações graves da asma, sendo que 49,1% apresentaram uma ou mais exacerbações graves. Conclusões: A prescrição excessiva e a compra de SABAs sem receita médica são comuns no Brasil e possivelmente levam à necessidade de uso de corticosteroides orais. A comunidade de profissionais de saúde deve colaborar para implantar recomendações baseadas em evidências e promover a educação em saúde para melhorar o manejo da asma no Brasil. Objetivo shortacting short acting b SABAs, (SABAs b2agonistas bagonistas agonistas SABINA (SABINA Métodos Tratase Trata se farmácia Resultados 21 803 80 80,3 manutenção 112 11 2 11, 1 anteriores Destes 714 71 4 71,4 422 42 42,2 142 14 14,2 484 48 48,4 b2agonista bagonista agonista 950 95 0 95,0 450 45 45,0 oral 431 43 43,1 349 34 9 34,9 220 22 22,0% 1, 491 49 49,1 Conclusões orais 8 80, 7 71, 42, 14, 48, 95, 45, 43, 34, 22,0 49, 22,

Historical information indicates that Sardelli's shop at Sabiepoort, built before the South African War because of its proximity to an existing trade route, was utilised by Steinaecker's Horse during the war (1899-1902). This shop was likely a satellite of another site, the Gaza Gray outpost. Steinaecker's Horse was a British volunteer unit operating in the Lowveld and eSwatini. Research on the Sabiepoort site forms part of a larger project, the Steinaecker's Horse research project, aimed at undertaking archaeological and historical research of sites associated with this unit. The site was excavated with the aim of contributing to the contextualisation of information and to show the extent of the connection between historical information and archaeological evidence with regard to Steinaecker's Horse at Sabiepoort. Dateable artefacts from the site represent the period of the late 19th to the early 20th century, coinciding with the dates of the war. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of indigenous people present during the same period, most likely Tsonga. Indigenous pottery at the site is similar to those discovered from the Gaza Gray site, confirming concurrent occupation. Research findings were compared to outcomes from the Makhadzi outpost, indicating social differentiation between the different units stationed at this outpost close to the Letaba Rest Camp and gave evidence of the role of black soldiers and local inhabitants during the war. There is a distinction between the main aim of the Steinaecker's Horse project and the aim at this site. The latter is described here with the former aimed at writing the history of this unit.

Abstract Objective: To investigate clinical, pathology, and imaging findings associated with inguinal lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective single-center study of patients with PCa who underwent imaging and inguinal LN biopsy between 2000 and 2023. We assessed the following aspects on multimodality imaging: inguinal LN morphology; extrainguinal lymphadenopathy; the extent of primary and recurrent tumors; and non-nodal metastases. Imaging, clinical, and pathology features were compared between patients with and without metastatic inguinal LNs. Results: We evaluated 79 patients, of whom 38 (48.1%) had pathology-proven inguinal LN metastasis. Certain imaging aspects— short-axis diameter, prostate-specific membrane antigen uptake on positron-emission tomography, membranous urethra involvement by the tumor, extra-inguinal lymphadenopathy, and distant metastases—were associated with pathology-proven inguinal LN metastases (p < 0.01 for all). Associations with long-axis diameter, fatty hilum, laterality, and uptake of other tracers on positronemission tomography were not significant (p = 0.09–1.00). The patients with metastatic inguinal LNs had higher prostate-specific antigen levels and more commonly had castration-resistant PCa (p < 0.01), whereas age, histological grade, and treatment type were not significant factors (p = 0.07–0.37). None of the patients had inguinal LN metastasis in the absence of locally advanced disease with membranous urethra involvement or distant metastasis. Conclusion: Several imaging, clinical, and pathology features are associated with inguinal LN metastases in patients with PCa. Isolated metastasis to inguinal LNs is extremely rare and unlikely to occur in the absence of high-risk imaging, clinical, or pathology features. Objective clinical (LN . (PCa) Methods singlecenter single center 200 2023 morphology lymphadenopathy tumors nonnodal non nodal Imaging Results 7 3 48.1% 481 48 1 (48.1% pathologyproven proven shortaxis short axis diameter prostatespecific specific positron emission tumor extra metastaseswere p 001 0 01 0.0 all. all all) longaxis long hilum laterality 0.09–1.00. 009100 0.09–1.00 09 00 0.09–1.00) castrationresistant castration resistant 0.01, , 0.01) age grade 0.07–0.37. 007037 0.07–0.37 07 37 0.07–0.37) Conclusion highrisk high risk (PCa 20 202 48.1 4 (48.1 0. 00910 0.09–1.0 00703 0.07–0.3 2 48. (48. 0091 0.09–1. 0070 0.07–0. (48 009 0.09–1 007 0.07–0 (4 0.09– 0.07– ( 0.09 0.07

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar achados clinicopatológicos e de imagem associados a metástases linfonodais inguinais em pacientes com câncer de próstata (CaP). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma única instituição de pacientes com CaP submetidos a exames de imagem e biópsia inguinal de linfonodos em 2000–2023. A imagem multimodalidade foi avaliada para morfologia inguinal do linfonodo, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal, extensão do CaP primário/recorrente e sítios metastáticos não nodais. Características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem linfonodos inguinais metastáticos pela patologia. Resultados: Entre 79 pacientes estudados, 38 (48,1%) apresentaram metástase inguinal de linfonodo comprovada patologicamente. Certos achados de imagem – diâmetro do eixo curto, captação do antígeno de membrana prostático específico na tomografia por emissão de pósitrons, envolvimento da uretra membranosa pelo tumor, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal e metástases a distância – foram associados com metástases inguinais no linfonodo pela patologia (p < 0,01). Diâmetro de eixo longo, hilo gorduroso, lateralidade, captação em outros traçadores de tomografia por emissão de pósitrons não foram significativos (p = 0,09–1,00). Clinicopatologicamente, os pacientes com linfonodos inguinais metastáticos apresentaram maior antígeno prostático específico e foram mais resistentes à castração (p < 0,01); idade, grau histológico e tipo de tratamento não foram estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,07–0,37). Nenhum paciente apresentou metástase inguinal isolada no linfonodo na ausência de doença localmente avançada com envolvimento da uretra membranosa ou metástase a distância. Conclusão: Várias características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram associadas a metástases em LNs inguinais em pacientes com CaP. A metástase isolada para os LNs inguinais é extremamente rara e é improvável que ocorra na ausência de características de imagem e clinicopatológicas de alto risco. Objetivo . (CaP) Métodos 20002023 2000 2023 2000–2023 primáriorecorrente primário recorrente nodais Resultados 7 estudados 3 48,1% 481 48 1 (48,1% patologicamente curto tumor p 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) longo gorduroso lateralidade 0,09–1,00. 009100 0,09–1,00 09 00 0,09–1,00) Clinicopatologicamente idade 0,07–0,37. 007037 0,07–0,37 07 37 0,07–0,37) Conclusão risco (CaP 2000202 200 202 2000–202 48,1 4 (48,1 0,0 00910 0,09–1,0 00703 0,07–0,3 200020 20 2000–20 48, (48, 0, 0091 0,09–1, 0070 0,07–0, 20002 2 2000–2 (48 009 0,09–1 007 0,07–0 2000– (4 0,09– 0,07– ( 0,09 0,07

Resumen Este artículo describe una investigación realizada para conocer si hay un impacto discriminatorio del covid-19 en las comunidades afrodescendientes del Ecuador, y qué le corresponde hacer al Estado, tomando en cuenta las necesidades y demandas de este grupo étnico. Se analizaron datos relativos a los derechos a la vida, salud, educación, comunicación e información, trabajo, nivel adecuado de vida y la no violencia en hombres y mujeres, triangulando datos cuantitativos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos y del Registro Civil, con datos cualitativos brindados por informantes cualificados de comunidades afrodescendientes. Se encontró que los afrodescendientes empiezan desde una condición de discriminación respecto a todos los derechos evaluados, la cual se ensancha significativamente en el marco del covid-19. Sin embargo, es esencial, en un marco de derechos, que el Estado tome acciones concretas para reparar las injusticias discriminatorias históricas junto a las nuevas.

Abstract This article describes research carried out in order to know if there is a discriminatory impact by covid-19 on Afro-American communities of Ecuador and what corresponds to the state to do, taking into account the needs and demands of this ethnic group. Quantitative data from the National Institute of Statistics and Census and the Civil Registry was triangulated with qualitative data from qualified informants on the rights to life, health, education, communication and information, work, adequate standard of living and security in males and females. Afro-Americans were found to begin in a state of discrimination with respect to all rights evaluated, and this state of affairs is significantly enlarged in the context of covid-19. However, in a state of rule of rights, it is essential that the state perform concrete efforts to repair the historic and new discriminatory injustices.

In this text I analyze, in a comparative approach, the potentialities and limitsof Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theory of hegemony and the conception ofcommon good from the perspective of Hartmut Rosa's theory of resonance, as theoretical and analytical instruments for the construction of an anti-essentialist theory of class struggle, based on the concepts of liberal and individualist work ethics and socialist ethics of collectively organized work. The starting point of this comparison is to realize the absence of sociological analysis in the thought of Laclau and Mouffe and, on the other hand, the absence of a debate on hegemony in Rosa's political thought. Finally, an issue shared by these three authors is the lack of an anti-essentialist concept of social class, although all three agree that the social management of the means of production is one of the necessary goals to be achieved to overcome the contemporary civilizational crisis.

Neste texto analiso, de modo comparativo, as potencialidades e os limites da teoria da hegemonia de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe e da concepção de bem comum na perspectiva da teoria da ressonância, de Hartmut Rosa, como instrumentos teóricos e analíticos para a construção de uma teoria antiessencialista da luta de classes, a partir dos conceitos de ética liberal e individualista do trabalho e de ética socialista do trabalho coletivamente organizado. O ponto de partida desta comparação é perceber a ausência deanálise sociológica no pensamento de Laclau e Mouffe e, por outro lado, a ausência de um debate sobre hegemonia no pensamento político de Rosa. Por fim, em comum nesses três autores, a falta de um conceito antiessencialista de classe social, embora todos estejam de acordo que a gestão social dos meios de produção é uma das metas necessárias de ser alcançada para a superação da crise civilizacional contemporânea

Given a growing global population and shift to embrace the blue economy, a need for marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged in South Africa to sustainably resolve the rising conflicts over the use of marine and seabed resources and services. A well-developed marine spatial plan yields numerous ecological, social and economic benefits. These are achieved through mediating between spatially conflicting economic drivers' interests (e.g. commercial fishing, tourism, mining), preventing their activities from compromising thresholds of an environment's sustainability. Within the MSP framework, high-resolution geospatial datasets are required to document and describe the seabed in the highest possible detail. At any scale, integrated analysis of seabed geomorphology and habitats is anticipated to greatly improve the understanding of ecosystem functioning from a multidisciplinary perspective, whilst improving MSP procedures and management of marine space. South Africa is the first of few African countries to have an approved and implemented MSP framework, but is still somewhat behind globally in implementing large-scale regional hydroacoustic surveys to cover the country's vast offshore territory. The deficiency of hydroacoustic surveys is perhaps due to a relative lack of funds and poor communication about the value of multibeam echo-sounder (MBES) derived data, whilst marine geoscience remains a scarce skill in the country. This review paper presents a geological perspective of MSP and explores (1) the value that seabed mapping offers MSP specifically and (2) the need to increase seabed mapping with MBES, using a recently initiated project from the South African east coast as a case study. SIGNIFICANCE: The collected MBES data (our case study) provides unprecedented seabed detail of the complex reef habitat and adjacent areas within specific management zones of the uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area. We reveal seabed features and their spatial distribution at a scale not possible using earlier (singlebeam) seabed mapping techniques. These high-resolution data will enable a better understanding of east coast marine habitats whilst contributing to improved spatial management of areas within and around the uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area.

This is a series of three papers revealing many important new connections between known historical documents and Alta California’s early maritime discovery. It brings new data about the complex network of individuals and events leading to this epic voyage, while focusing on the nationality of João Rodrigues Cabrilho and other Portuguese shipowners in Alvarado-Mendoça’s 1540-1543 fleet. Remarkably, Part I presents Bartolome Ferrer’s unpublished 1547 testament, where Cabrilho’s pilot-major declares to be natural (likely as in being born, not naturalized) of Albissola, near Savona. Ferrer was Genoese, not Spanish, correcting what is currently accepted. Furthermore, Part I critically reviews Cabrilho’s epoch international context, and gives many examples of naturalized foreigners who were not Spanish-born, seriously questioning the simplistic and premature conclusions about Cabrilho being Spanish-born based on W. Kramer’s 2015 important documental findings. Part II details categoric evidence about Alvar Nunes, a Portuguese pilot, co-owner of the Santa María de Buena Esperança, very likely Cabrilho’s fleet second largest ship (perhaps rebaptized as Santa María de La Victoria). Noticeable, António Fernandes may have been the Portuguese owner of another ship in Alvarado’s fleet - the Anton Hernandez, alternatively indicated as Cabrilho’s fleet second largest ship. Adding to Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas’ sole confirmation (c. 1615) of Cabrilho’s Portuguese nationality, Part II details an extremely important 1604 map of California, done by the Florentine cartographer Matteo di Jacopo Neroni da Peccioli. Based on Spanish sources, this “novel” 1604 map (introduced in Part I) shows the toponym Cabrilho’s Bay, with the navigator’s name written in its Portuguese form (with lh), thus significantly reinforcing Cabrilho’s Portuguese nationality. Clearly, Herrera is not alone anymore. Most crucially, supporting Cabrilho’s Portuguese nationality, new, diversified, and strong circumstantial evidence is documented regarding Juan Rodríguez(s) portugués (who was Cabrilho, in all verisimilitude) in Honduras and Nicaragua. While António Fernandes was a Portuguese neighbor of Granada (Nicaragua), Alvar Núñez portugués and Juan Rodríguez portugués (their names in Castilian written documents) met in León de Nicaragua, at least by October 1529. Part II also presents Cabril’s parish (north of Portugal) ecclesiastic archive records of a Rodrigues family from the 1520’s. Furthermore, past centuries forgotten documents about nearby Mount Cabrilho, confirm that Cabrilho as a name did exist in Portugal.   Part II ends by discussing remarkable new Carbon-14 radioisotope chronological data strongly supporting early 1530’s as the time when Cabrilho offered a crucifix to his Rodrigues family in Lapela (de Cabril), in agreement with their ancestral oral tradition.   Part III addresses homonymous of Juan Rodríguez(s) portugués (like Panama’s rich Portuguese merchant) who were not Cabrilho, and homonymous of other key individuals in many of Cabrilho’s life events, including Francisco López portugués, perhaps also naturalized in nowadays Palma del Río. Finally, Part III also discusses what likely is the very first evidence about the existence of Cabrilho’s own testament.

Esta es una serie de tres artículos que revela muchas conexiones nuevas e importantes entre los documentos históricos conocidos y los albores del descubrimiento marítimo en Alta California. Trae nuevos datos sobre la compleja red de personas y eventos que culminaron en este viaje épico, centrándose en la nacionalidad de João Rodrigues Cabrilho y otros armadores portugueses en la flota Alvarado-Mendoça, en 1540-1543. En la parte I, destaca la presentación del testamento inédito de Bartolome Ferrer (fechado en 1547), en el que el piloto mayor de Cabrilho declara que es natural (probablemente nacido, no naturalizado) de Albissola, cerca de Savona. Ferrer era genovés y no español, corrigiendo lo que actualmente se acepta. La parte I también hace una revisión crítica del contexto internacional en la época de Cabrilho, dando muchos ejemplos de extranjeros naturalizados que no nacieron en España, cuestionando así seriamente las conclusiones simplistas y prematuras sobre el nacimiento de Cabrilho en España, basándose en importantes hallazgos documentales de W. Kramer en 2015. La parte II detalla la evidencia categórica de que Alvar Nunes era un piloto portugués y copropietario del Santa María de Buena Esperança, probablemente el segundo buque más grande de la flota de Cabrilho (quizás rebautizado como Santa María de La Victoria). Notoriamente, António Fernandes pudo haber sido el propietario portugués de otro buque en la flota de Alvarado: el Anton Hernandez, que alternativamente se dice que es el segundo más grande en la flota de Cabrilho. Sumándose a la única confirmación de la nacionalidad portuguesa de Cabrilho, hecha por Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (c. 1615), la parte II detalla un mapa muy importante de California, hecho por el cartógrafo florentino Matteo di Jacopo Neroni da Peccioli. Basado en fuentes españolas, este mapa “redescubierto” de 1604 (introducido en la parte I) muestra el topónimo Baía de Cabrilho, con el nombre del navegante escrito en portugués (con lh), fortaleciendo así significativamente la nacionalidad portuguesa de Cabrilho. Claramente, Herrera ya no está solo. Crucialmente, en la parte II, respaldando la nacionalidad portuguesa de Cabrilho, se documenta evidencia circunstancial nueva, diversificada y fuerte sobre Juan Rodríguez(s) portugués (que sería Cabrilho, con toda probabilidad) en Honduras y Nicaragua. Siendo António Fernandes vecino portugués de Granada (Nicaragua), Alvar Núñez portugués y Juan Rodríguez portugués (sus nombres, tal como están escritos en documentos castellanos) se conocieron en León de Nicaragua, al menos en octubre de 1529.  La parte II también presenta documentos del archivo eclesiástico de la parroquia de Cabril (norte de Portugal) relativos a una familia Rodrigues hacia 1520. Además, documentos “olvidados” de siglos pasados, sobre el vecino Monte Cabrilho, confirman que el nombre Cabrilho existió en Portugal.   La parte II termina discutiendo nuevos datos cronológicos de suma relevancia, basados ​​en el radioisótopo carbono-14, que permiten validar la primeros años de la década de 1530 como aquellos en los que Cabrilho ofreció un crucifijo a su familia Rodrigues en Lapela (de Cabril), de acuerdo con su ancestral tradición oral.   La parte III analiza los homónimos de Juan Rodríguez(s) portugués (como el rico comerciante portugués de Panamá) que no eran Cabrilho, y los homónimos de otras personas prominentes en muchos de los eventos de la vida de Cabrilho, incluido Francisco López portugués, que quizás también haya sido naturalizado en la actual Palma del Río. Finalmente, la parte III discute lo que muy probablemente será la primera prueba de la existencia del testamento de Cabrilho.

Esta é uma série de três artigos que revela muitas conexões novas e importantes entre documentos históricos conhecidos e o dealbar da descoberta marítima da Alta Califórnia. Traz novos dados acerca da complexa rede de indivíduos e acontecimentos que culminaram nesta viagem épica, focando-se na nacionalidade de João Rodrigues Cabrilho e noutros portugueses donos de navios na frota de Alvarado-Mendoça, em 1540-1543. Na parte I destaca-se a apresentação do testamento inédito de Bartolome Ferrer (datado de 1547), onde o piloto-mor de Cabrilho declara ser natural (provavelmente como nascido, não como naturalizado) de Albissola, perto de Savona. Ferrer era genovês e não espanhol, corrigindo o que é aceite actualmente. Na parte I faz-se ainda uma revisão critica do contexto internacional à época de Cabrilho, dando-se muitos exemplos de estrangeiros naturalizados que não eram nascidos em Espanha, questionando-se assim seriamente as conclusões simplistas e prematuras acerca do nascimento de Cabrilho em Espanha, com base nas importantes descobertas documentais de W. Kramer em 2015. A parte II detalha as provas categóricas acerca de Alvar Nunes ser um piloto português e coproprietário do Santa María de Buena Esperança, muito provavelmente o segundo maior navio na frota de Cabrilho (talvez rebaptizado como Santa María de La Victoria). Notoriamente, António Fernandes poderá ter sido o português dono de ainda um outro navio na frota de Alvarado - o Anton Hernandez, alternativamente indicado como sendo o segundo maior na frota de Cabrilho. Acrescentando à única confirmação da nacionalidade portuguesa de Cabrilho, feita por Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (c. 1615), a parte II detalha um mapa da Califórnia de extrema importância, feito pelo cartógrafo florentino Matteo di Jacopo Neroni da Peccioli. Baseado em fontes espanholas, este “redescoberto” mapa de 1604 (introduzido na parte I) mostra o topónimo Baía de Cabrilho, com o nome do navegador escrito em português (com lh), robustecendo assim significativamente a nacionalidade portuguesa de Cabrilho. Claramente, Herrera já não está só. Crucialmente, na parte II, dando suporte à nacionalidade portuguesa de Cabrilho, documentam-se ainda novas, diversificadas e fortes provas circunstanciais acerca de Juan Rodríguez(s) portugués (que seria Cabrilho, com toda a verossimilhança) nas Honduras e Nicarágua. Enquanto António Fernandes era um vizinho português de Granada (Nicarágua), Alvar Núñez portugués e Juan Rodríguez portugués (os seus nomes, como escritos em documentos castelhanos) conheceram-se em León da Nicarágua, pelo menos em Outubro de 1529. Na parte II apresentam-se também documentos dos arquivos eclesiásticos da freguesia de Cabril (norte de Portugal) relativos a uma família Rodrigues em torno de 1520. Adicionalmente, documentos “esquecidos” de séculos passados, acerca do vizinho Monte Cabrilho, confirmam que o nome Cabrilho existia em Portugal.   A parte II termina discutindo novos dados cronológicos de suprema relevância, baseados no radioisótopo carbono-14, que permitem validar os anos iniciais da década de 1530 como sendo aqueles em que Cabrilho ofereceu um crucifixo à sua família Rodrigues em Lapela (de Cabril), em concordância com a sua tradição oral ancestral.   Na parte III discutem-se homónimos de Juan Rodríguez(s) português (como o rico comerciante português do Panamá) que não eram o Cabrilho, e homónimos de outros indivíduos de destaque em muitos dos acontecimentos da vida de Cabrilho, incluindo Francisco López portugués, tendo-se talvez naturalizado igualmente na actual Palma del Río. Finalmente, a parte III discute ainda o que muito provavelmente será a primeira prova da existência do próprio testamento de Cabrilho.

ABSTRACT Background. Plastic production has increased considerably in the last decades, with production during 2019 of 368 million tons, where a considerable amount is discarded into the environment, where it wears out and decomposes into microplastics. Objectives. Quantify and characterize the microplastics on the beaches of the area of influence of the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV). Methods. The present study sampled sand beaches on the coasts of Veracruz, more specifically in La Mancha, Chachalacas, Chalchihuecan, Antón Lizardo, and El Sendero, in the municipalities of Actopan, Úrsulo Galván, La Antigua and Alvarado, respectively. Plastic particles were obtained after drying and sieving the sand and were quantified and characterized by spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron microscopy (SEM). Results. A total of 180 plastic pieces (4.5 pieces /m2) were found in the zone of influence of the PNSAV. El Sendero and Chachalacas’s beaches presented the most plastic pieces. Of the total number of particles in the system, 92.35% were irregularly shaped, and the rest were fibers, pellets, and films. Regarding the type and dominance of plastic polymers found on the beaches, the three primary materials were high and low-density polyethylene (26.67 and 27.22 %, respectively) and polypropylene (23.33 %). Conclusions. Microplastics were found on all the beaches analyzed, most of which were irregular in shape, representing a risk for organisms that ingest them since they serve as vectors of pathogenic microorganisms and dispersers of toxic chemicals.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La producción de plástico se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas, teniendo una producción en 2019 de 368 millones de toneladas, donde una cantidad considerable termina desechada en el medio ambiente, donde se desgasta y descompone en microplásticos. Objetivos. Cuantificar y caracterizar los microplásticos presentes en las playas del área de influencia del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV). Métodos. Se realizó un muestreo mediante cuadrantes ubicados en playas localizadas en la costa de Veracruz: La Mancha, Chachalacas, Chalchihuecan, Antón Lizardo y el Sendero, en los municipios de Actopan, Úrsulo Galván, la Antigua y Alvarado, respectivamente. Las partículas de plástico se obtuvieron después del secado y tamizado de la arena y se cuantificaron y caracterizaron por espectroscopía y microscopia. Resultados. Se encontró un total de 180 piezas de plástico (4.5 piezas/m2) en la zona de influencia del PNSAV. Las playas del Sendero y Chachalacas presentaron la mayor cantidad de piezas de plástico. Del total de partículas en el sistema, el 92.35 % presentó forma irregular, las restantes fueron fibras, “pellets” y películas. Con respecto al tipo y dominancia de polímeros plásticos encontrados en las playas, los tres materiales principales fueron polietileno de alta y baja densidad (26.67 y 27.22 %, respectivamente) y polipropileno (23.33 %). Conclusiones. Se encontraron microplásticos en todas las playas analizadas, la mayor parte presentaron forma irregular. Los microplásticos representan un riesgo para los organismos que los ingieren, ya que se ha reportado que sirven como vectores de microorganismos patógenos y dispersores de sustancias químicas tóxicas.