SUMMARY: During the government of President Patricio Aylwin Azocar in Chile, the Dental Department of the Ministry of Health was created, directed by Dr. Olaya Fernández, allowing the creation of the Dentistry Career at the University of La Frontera in 1992. The study plan was based on the SPICES model and focused on teaching, service, and research, with an emphasis on prevention. Four curricular lines were defined: Public Health, Morphofunction, Semiology, diagnosis and treatment, and Man, culture and society. Professors Dr. Matamala, Dr. Henríquez and Dr. Thomas, have been essential in the training of students for 30 years, promoting academic excellence and an interest in anatomy. They tell us that over the years, student profile has not experienced significant changes in terms of academic excellence. However, challenges have been noted, such as poor preparation in secondary education and fewer students’ responsibilities. They also mention that impediments in training include reduced study hours in Morphological Sciences and the lack of appreciation of Neuroanatomy. Challenges include effective integration of basic sciences along with clinical sciences, comprehensive training in anatomy and availability of anatomical models. Infrastructure, cadaveric material, and audiovisual systems are essential for quality instruction in anatomy, and ongoing investment in these resources is required. In conclusion, these instructors have left an important mark on the training of dentists, and each year they face new challenges. Addressing these issues is crucial to maintaining the quality of dental education and preparing students for success in their future professional practice.

RESUMEN: Durante el gobierno del presidente Patricio Aylwin Azocar en Chile, se creó el Departamento Odontológico del Ministerio de Salud, dirigido por la Dra. Olaya Fernández, permitiendo la creación de la Carrera de Odontología en la Universidad de La Frontera en 1992. El plan de estudios se basó en el modelo SPICES y se centró en la docencia, servicio e investigación, con énfasis en la prevención. Se definieron cuatro líneas curriculares: Salud Pública, Morfofunción, Semiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento, y Hombre, cultura y sociedad. Los docentes de la línea de morfofunción, Dr. Matamala, Dr. Henríquez y Dr. Thomas, han sido esenciales en la formación de los estudiantes durante 30 años, fomentando la excelencia académica y el interés en la anatomía. Nos cuentan que a lo largo de los años, el perfil de los estudiantes no ha experimentado cambios significativos en términos de excelencia académica. Sin embargo, se han observado desafíos, como la preparación deficiente en la enseñanza media y el incumplimiento de las obligaciones estudiantiles. También mencionan que las amenazas en la formación incluyen la reducción de horas de estudio en Ciencias Morfológicas y la falta de reconocimiento de la Neuroanatomía. Los desafíos incluyen la integración efectiva de las ciencias básicas con la clínica, la formación completa en anatomía y la disponibilidad de modelos anatómicos. La infraestructura, el material cadavérico y los sistemas audiovisuales son esenciales para una docencia de calidad en anatomía, y se requiere una inversión continua en estos recursos. En conclusión, estos docentes han dejado una importante huella en la formación de odontólogos, y cada año van enfrentando nuevos desafíos. Abordar estos problemas es crucial para mantener la calidad de la formación odontológica y preparar a los estudiantes para el éxito en su futura práctica profesional.

This article provides information on the reasons for inserting an arterial line, how to insert this line, the equipment required to insert an arterial line, and the possible complications that may arise from this procedure. It is hoped this information will guide primary care practitioners working in the South African environment and increase their confidence for inserting arterial lines.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To create tridimensional (3D) anatomical models of diaphyseal fractures in dogs (3D AMDFD) and to evaluate the models from their radiographs. Methods: The study consisted of six stages: preparation of femur from a healthy dog cadaver; digitalization of the bone through a 3D scanner and creation of the base model; creation of a 3D AMDFD based on the image of the base model, 3D modeling carried out to reproduce five different types of diaphyseal fractures; printing the models produced on a 3D printer with a thermoplastic material; insertion of neodymium magnets in the fracture line to allow the assembly and disassembly of the parts; and radiography of 3D AMDFD in lateromedial and craniocaudal positions. Results: The base model and 3D AMDFD had high precision in the replication of bone structures, like the bone in natura. The radiopacity and radiolucency of the 3D AMDFD did not necessarily correspond to the bone densities found in the radiography of the natural canine femur. Conclusion: The 3D AMDFD and their respective radiographs accurately reproduced the anatomical structures and fracture lines.

Abstract Introduction: The Marginal Mandibular Nerve (MMN), despite being didactically described as being a unique branch of the other branches of the Facial Nerve, has in practice an abundant anatomical variation. Both in relation to its ramifications and the positioning of these in relation to the lower edge of the mandible, as well as its anastomoses along its path, play a fundamental role in the surgical strategy during the approach of this cervicofacial site, and can generate, as underestimated its characteristics, inadvertent injuries and motor consequences to the patient. Objective: To analyze the types of anatomical variations of the MMN in relation to its position, ramification, and distance from reference points, as well as its incidence that could imply technical difficulties in surgery. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the literature in search of anatomical studies, in vivo or in cadavers, between 1981 and 2024, which described the quantification of the MMN branches, their positioning and peculiarities in relation to anastomoses with other peripheral nerves. Results: 511 hemifaces were studied, with the identification of 290 cases of single nerve, 160 cases of double branch, 54 cases of triple branch, and 7 cases of quadruple branch. Of the 456 nerves that were possible to study, the average distance when superior to the lower limit of the mandible was 1.61 cm, while its lower analysis was 2.53 cm. The branches presented different proportions of presentation in relation to this reference point depending on how many branches it had, being more common to remain below it. Anastomoses were identified between the MMN and the buccal and cervical branch of the Facial Nerve, as well as with the Trigeminal Nerve. Conclusion: The varied presentations of the MMN, both in its anatomical positioning and in the number of branches leads us to question whether the surgical thinking when performing an exploration in this site may not be the reason whythe authors verify several motor complaints superior to described injuries.

Abstract: Studying the radial variation of wood density, an essential biophysical property that reflects the quality of commercial species in tropical forests, is crucial. Understanding how these variations relate to wood anatomy provides valuable insights. In this study, we evaluated fiber morphology and radial density variation using X-ray densitometry in two commercial species from southeastern Peru. Ten trees from each species, Drypetes sp. and Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam), were analyzed. Fiber characteristics were assessed using macerated tissue, and density profiles were obtained via X-ray densitometry. The results indicate that in Drypetes sp., density decreases from the pith to the bark, whereas Myroxylon balsamum shows no significant radial variation. These findings are important for the efficient use and processing of these species.

Abstract: The homogeneity of wood growth ring width is associated with greater rigidity and mechanical strength of the material. Therefore, understanding ring width homogeneity would be useful for visually grading sawn wood for structural applications. However, the effect of homogeneity on mechanical performance of wood has not been quantified. In this study, the dispersion of the ring width was analyzed to assess its predictive value for elasticity and axial bending strength in Quercus robur (european oak) wood beams. To carry out the study, 26 adult oak trees were felled in Galicia (northwestern Spain). The stems obtained were cut and sawn to produce planks, which were air-dried and subsequently planned to produce beams with target dimensions 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. For a sample of 52 of these beams, we measured the axial bending strength, the elastic modulus in axial bending, the wood density and moisture content, as well as the percentage of sapwood and the width of each growth ring in the cross section. The descriptive variables of the ring homogeneity, calculated using data from all rings in each beam (standard deviation, variance, interquartile range), were more closely related to mechanical properties. Beams with more homogeneous rings exhibited significantly higher elastic modulus and axial bending strength, with the strongest correlation observed between ring width variance and axial bending elastic modulus (R = -0,41**). However, the correlations observed do not justify developing a predictive model for elasticity or mechanical strength based solely on ring width homogeneity, although mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by ring homogeneity. Consequently, this characteristic could be incorporated into visual strength grading standards for oak wood.

Resumen: La homogeneidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento de la madera se asocia a una mayor rigidez y resistencia mecánica del material. Por ello, conocer la homogeneidad de la anchura de los anillos sería útil en la clasificación visual de la madera aserrada con fines resistentes. Sin embargo, no está cuantificada la influencia de la homogeneidad en el comportamiento resistente de la madera. En este trabajo se analizó la dispersión de la variable anchura de anillos para determinar su valor predictivo sobre la resistencia y la elasticidad a flexión axial en vigas de madera de Quercus robur (roble europeo). Para realizar el estudio se talaron 26 robles adultos en Galicia (noroeste de España). Los fustes obtenidos fueron aserrados para obtener tablones, que fueron secados al aire y posteriormente fueron cepillados hasta obtener vigas de dimensiones nominales 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. En una muestra de 52 de dichas vigas se obtuvo el módulo resistente a flexión axial, el módulo elástico a flexión axial, la densidad y la humedad de la madera, así como el porcentaje de albura y la anchura de cada anillo de crecimiento en la sección transversal de cada viga. Las variables descriptivas de la homogeneidad de anillos en cuyo cálculo intervienen los datos de todos los anillos de la viga (desviación típica, varianza, rango intercuartílico) estaban más relacionadas con las propiedades mecánicas. Las piezas con anillos homogéneos presentaban un módulo elástico y una resistencia a flexión estática significativamente mayores, siendo la correlación más destacada la existente entre la varianza de la anchura de anillos y el módulo elástico a flexión (R = -0,41**). No obstante, el valor de las correlaciones obtenidas no justifica la construcción de un modelo predictivo de la elasticidad o de la resistencia mecánica usando solo la homogeneidad de la anchura de anillos como variable predictora. Sin embargo, dado que el comportamiento mecánico se ve significativamente influenciado por la homogeneidad de los anillos, esta característica podría incorporarse en las normas de clasificación visual de la madera de roble con fines resistentes.

Despite the large genetic diversity within South Africa's sheep population, average productivity on smallholdings remains low. This study therefore aimed to identify the breeding practices and trait preferences of sheep farmers in the Makurung and Lenting villages, Limpopo Province, for use in the development of a community-based breeding programme. Data were collected from 70 purposively sampled farmers in the two villages using a questionnaire survey method. Descriptive analysis, significance testing, and index ranks using SPSS software were employed to describe and analyse the collected data. Most (48.8%) of the sheep farmers in both villages kept sheep for savings and investment, and meat production purposes. The overwhelming majority (90.0%) of sheep farmers in both villages practised uncontrolled mating, but a significant difference in breeding practices was observed between the villages. Knowledge of castration and culling practices did not significantly differ between the villages. The sheep farmers' preferred traits for breeding rams were mating ability (0.3), body size (0.3), and growth rate (0.2), while for breeding ewes they were twinning ability (0.3), mothering ability (0.2), and lambing interval (0.2). We conclude that farmers should focus more on ewe reproductive anatomy traits (such as udder size and shape, and teat size and placement), and ram reproductive anatomy traits (such as scrotal size and circumference, and testicular size and weight), as these can have an impact on long-term flock productivity. These findings could guide interventions such as the establishment of sustainable community-based breeding schemes to improve sheep production in the study area.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the clinical outcomes in patients after type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis surgery and the significance of ultrasound biomicroscopy imaging for postoperative follow-up. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 20 eyes of 19 patients who underwent corneal transplantation with type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis between April 2014 and December 2021. Data on patient demographics, preoperative diagnosis, visual acuity, and postoperative clinical findings were analyzed. Results: Type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis implantation resulted in intermediate- and long-term positive outcomes. However, blindness and other serious complications such as glaucoma, retroprosthetic membrane formation, endophthalmitis, or retinal detachment also occurred. The use of ultrasound biomicroscopy imaging allowed for better evaluation of the back of the titanium plate, anterior segment structures, and the relationship of the prosthesis with surrounding tissues, which provided valuable postoperative information. Conclusion: Regular lifetime monitoring and treatment are necessary in patients who undergo Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis implantation for high-risk corneal transplantation. ultrasound biomicroscopy imaging can be a valuable imaging technique for the evaluation of patients with Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis, providing important information on anterior segment anatomy and potential complications. Further studies and consensus on postoperative follow-up protocols are required to optimize the management of patients with Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis. Purpose followup. followup follow up. up Methods 2 201 2021 demographics diagnosis acuity analyzed Results intermediate longterm long term However glaucoma formation endophthalmitis occurred plate structures tissues Conclusion highrisk high risk 202

RESUMO: O ensino de anatomia vem se modificando ao longo dos anos, introduzindo métodos tecnológicos, principalmente após o período pandêmico. Questiona-se o uso exclusivo da tecnologia em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de dissecação e aulas teóricas presenciais no que diz respeito à aquisição de conhecimento. Este artigo analisou a percepção de conhecimento de alunos de diversos semestres do curso de Medicina Veterinária, comparando alunos que tiveram aulas apenas online com aqueles que tiveram aulas presenciais de Anatomia Descritiva dos Animais Domésticos. Para tanto, questões foram enviadas por meio de formulário, com preenchimento voluntário e anônimo, e posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente. Os resultados indicam que 11,5% dos alunos que cursaram a disciplina remotamente falharam na aplicação dos conhecimentos em outras disciplinas, enquanto nenhum aluno do ensino presencial relatou o mesmo. A maioria dos alunos, tanto dos grupos remotos quanto dos presenciais, lembram-se do assunto, mas revisam o conteúdo com frequência. Em relação ao conhecimento teórico, o grupo online (80,8%) compreendeu melhor à medida que o curso avançava, comparado a 59,6% do grupo presencial. A ligação entre Anatomia e outras disciplinas foi mais destacada pelo grupo presencial (30,8%) em comparação ao online (15,4%). Ambos os grupos concordam que o contacto físico com peças anatômicas é essencial, mas alguns consideram possível ter um primeiro contacto com imagens ou fotografias 3D. Baseado nesse estudo preliminar, conclui-se que as interações iniciais com a área de Anatomia devem incluir técnicas pedagógicas diversificadas com comunicação empática. A utilização de recursos tecnológicos modernos é um aliado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e após a abstração dos conteúdos é possível o uso singular da tecnologia na manutenção e atualização do conhecimento anatômico. RESUMO anos pandêmico Questionase Questiona Veterinária Domésticos formulário anônimo estatisticamente 115 11 5 11,5 mesmo lembramse lembram assunto frequência teórico 80,8% 808 80 8 (80,8% avançava 596 59 6 59,6 30,8% 308 30 (30,8% 15,4%. 154 15,4% . 15 4 (15,4%) essencial 3D D preliminar concluise conclui empática ensinoaprendizagem, ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem, aprendizagem ensino-aprendizagem anatômico 1 11, 80,8 (80,8 59, 30,8 3 (30,8 15,4 (15,4% 80, (80, 30, (30, 15, (15,4 (80 (30 (15, (8 (3 (15 ( (1

ABSTRACT: Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the face-to-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. ABSTRACT years period facetoface face instruction acquisition Animals purpose completion statistically 115 11 5 11.5 same frequently 80.8% 808 80 8 (80.8% progressed 596 59 6 59.6 30.8% 308 30 (30.8% 15.4%. 154 15.4% . 15 4 (15.4%) essential however D feasible communication teachinglearning process Furthermore contents 1 11. 80.8 (80.8 59. 30.8 3 (30.8 15.4 (15.4% 80. (80. 30. (30. 15. (15.4 (80 (30 (15. (8 (3 (15 ( (1

RESUMO: Novas ferramentas didáticas podem ampliar as alternativas pedagógicas para o ensino da anatomia comparada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do resíduo de isopor para a confecção de modelos didáticos viáveis para o ensino de anatomia comparada. A partir de um bloco primário, a escultura foi iniciada com uma faca ou cortador. Em seguida, as arestas foram removidas com lixa até se obter a forma anatómica final do órgão. A superfície da escultura era então coberta com papel embebido em uma solução aquosa de cola branca. Após a secagem, foi aplicada uma camada de resina, seguida de um polimento para uniformizar a superfície. Os modelos são acabados com tinta e selante à prova de água. Através dos protótipos didáticos, foi possível ampliar órgãos e estruturas naturalmente pequenos para dimensões maiores que favorecem o ensino prático. Isso facilita a abordagem didática de detalhes anatômicos indisponíveis em espécimes tradicionais. Além disso, seu uso minimiza os riscos à saúde humana pela exposição aos produtos tóxicos utilizados na conservação dos cadáveres e contribui para a preservação do meio ambiente. A eficácia dos modelos de resina injetada para o ensino da anatomia é já conhecida, o que torna a utilização de modelos anatómicos sintéticos uma metodologia válida, mas estes podem ter limitações em muitos países devido ao seu elevado custo e dificuldade de acesso. A nossa proposta oferece uma alternativa eficaz e de baixo custo para o ensino da anatomia comparada na prática. Quando combinados com outras técnicas, os resíduos de isopor revelaram-se viáveis para a fabricação de protótipos didáticos. RESUMO primário cortador órgão branca secagem água prático tradicionais disso ambiente conhecida válida acesso prática técnicas revelaramse revelaram

ABSTRACT: New teaching tools can expand the pedagogical alternatives for teaching comparative anatomy. This study evaluated the potential of Styrofoam waste for the manufacture of viable didactic models to teach comparative anatomy. From a primary block, the sculpting was started with a knife or cutter. After this, the edges were removed with sandpaper until the final anatomical shape of the organ was obtained. The surface of the sculpture was then covered with paper soaked in an aqueous solution of white glue. After drying, a layer of resin was applied, followed by polishing to even out the surface. The models are finished with paint and waterproof sealant. Through the teaching prototypes, it was possible to enlarge naturally small organs and structures to larger dimensions that favor practical teaching. This facilitates the didactic approach to anatomical details unavailable in traditional specimens. In addition, its use minimizes the risks to human health from exposure to the toxic products used to preserve cadavers and contributes to preserving the environment. The effectiveness of injected resin models for teaching anatomy is already known, which makes the use of synthetic anatomical models a valid methodology, but they may have limitations in many countries due to their high cost and difficulty of access. Our proposal offers an effective, low-cost alternative for teaching comparative anatomy in practice. When combined with other techniques, Styrofoam waste proved to be viable for the manufacture of teaching prototypes. ABSTRACT block cutter this obtained glue drying applied sealant prototypes specimens addition environment known methodology access effective lowcost low practice techniques

Resumen Esta revisión profundiza en el ámbito de la función y disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), arrojando una luz sobre su naturaleza multifacética y ofreciendo información sobre estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas. La ATM, un componente vital del complejo craneofacial, desempeña un papel fundamental en actividades cotidianas como masticar, hablar y bostezar. Comprender su anatomía y fisiología es fundamental en el tratamiento y manejo de la disfunción de la ATM. Se ha explorado exhaustivamente la biomecánica de la función de la ATM, desde el disco articular hasta los ligamentos y músculos circundantes. Un aspecto crítico de esta revisión gira en torno a los diversos factores etiológicos que contribuyen a la disfunción de la ATM. Se analizan predisposiciones genéticas, parafunciones, irregularidades oclusales y estrés psicológico. Estas complejidades generaron la necesidad de un sistema de clasificación sólido que dilucidara las manifestaciones clínicas y los criterios de diagnóstico para diversos trastornos de la ATM. Las modalidades de diagnóstico modernas, incluída la evaluación clínica, las técnicas de imagen y la aspiración articular, son examinadas por su papel indispensable en el diagnóstico preciso. La descripción general integral incluyó estrategias de manejo, desde medidas conservadoras hasta intervenciones quirúrgicas. Al reconocer la influencia fundamental de los factores psicosociales, esta revisión subraya la importancia de la atención centrada en el paciente y las intervenciones cognitivo-conductuales. Además, las terapias regenerativas, las técnicas mínimamente invasivas y la medicina personalizada son tendencias emergentes en la investigación de la ATM. Esta revisión proporciona una hoja de ruta contemporánea para comprender, diagnosticar y tratar las afecciones relacionadas con la ATM.

Abstract This contemporary review delves into the intricate realm of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function and dysfunction, shedding light on its multifaceted nature and offering insights into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The TMJ, a vital component of the craniofacial complex, plays a pivotal role in everyday activities such as chewing, speaking, and yawning. Understanding its anatomy and physiology is paramount in the treatment and management of TMJ dysfunction. The biomechanics of TMJ function, from the articular disc to the surrounding ligaments and muscles, have been explored comprehensively. A critical aspect of this review revolves around the diverse etiological factors contributing to TMJ dysfunction. Genetic predispositions, parafunctions, occlusal irregularities, and psychological stress are dissected to illuminate the roles of these factors in the development of TMJ disorders. These complexities prompted the need for a robust classification system elucidating the clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria for various TMJ disorders. Modern diagnostic modalities, including clinical assessment, imaging techniques, and joint aspiration, are scrutinized for their indispensable roles in accurate diagnosis. The comprehensive overview included management strategies, from conservative measures to surgical interventions. In recognizing the pivotal influence of psychosocial factors, this review underscores the importance of patient-centered care and cognitive-behavioral interventions. Furthermore, regenerative therapies, minimally invasive techniques, and personalized medicine are emerging trends in TMJ research. This review provides a contemporary roadmap for comprehending, diagnosing, and managing TMJ-related conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los condilomas son manifestaciones clínicas del virus del papiloma humano (HPV) trasmitidos por medio de las relaciones sexuales, la gestación compromete el sistema inmunológico con una supresión parcial aumentando la prevalencia del HPV durante la misma. Los condilomas pueden medir de milímetros pasando desapercibidos a varios centímetros. Resultado: Paciente de 36 años. Gestante de término que consulta por dolor en bajo vientre, al examen físico ginecológico se constatan lesiones condilomatosas en vagina de aprox 10 cm de diámetro que obstruye el introito, región perianal lesiones en número de 3, de 1 a 3 cm de diámetro y en región anal lesión de 20 cm de diámetro. Se realiza cirugía de extracción de los condilomas y posterior estudio en anatomía patológica que informa HPV 18 de alto riesgo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Condylomas are clinical manifestations of the human papillomavirus (HPV) transmitted through sexual intercourse, pregnancy compromises the immune system with a partial suppression increasing the prevalence of HPV during pregnancy. Condylomas can measure from millimeters unnoticed to several centimeters. General Objective: To describe condylomatous lesions in a pregnant patient. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional. Results: A 36-year-old patient. A term pregnant woman who consulted for pain in the lower abdomen, the gynecological physical examination revealed condylomatous lesions in the vagina of approximately 10 cm in diameter that obstructed the introitus, perianal region lesions in number of 3, 1 to 3 cm in diameter and in the anal region lesion of 20 cm in diameter. Surgery was performed to remove the condylomas and subsequent study in pathological anatomy that reported high-risk HPV 18.

SUMMARY: One of the most significant challenges facing students of health science is the study of human anatomy. The intricate and multifaceted nature of anatomical structures, coupled with their three-dimensional configuration, renders the subject particularly challenging. Furthermore, the subject is typically introduced during the initial years of health careers, during which students must commit to memory a vast array of concepts pertaining to the various systems that comprise the human body. Additionally, they must grasp the intricacies of how these structures interact and function collectively. The use of ultrasound is a tool that is primarily employed to gain insight into physiological processes or to evaluate, diagnose, and monitor pathologies that lie beneath the skin. However, it has also emerged as an innovative methodology that allows health students to gain a more profound, three-dimensional understanding of anatomical structures. Ultrasound not only provides real-time imaging of tissues and organs, but also facilitates dynamic visualization of the anatomy in function. This approach enables students to correlate anatomical structures with their positions and relationships in the human body in live subjects, thereby significantly improving their ability to understand and retain complex knowledge. This article describes the use of ultrasound as a method of teaching human anatomy in students of Obstetrics and Child Care at the Universidad Austral de Chile during the first semester of the 2023 academic year. It also presents the results of a satisfaction survey, which showed that students greatly appreciated this system of study.

RESUMEN: La comprensión de la anatomía humana representa uno de los mayores desafíos para los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. La complejidad y diversidad de las estructuras anatómicas, junto con su organización tridimensional, hacen que el estudio de la anatomía sea particularmente difícil. Sumado a esto se debe contemplar que esta asignatura generalmente se enseña durante los primeros años de las carreras del ámbito de la salud en el cual los estudiantes deben memorizar una gran cantidad de conceptos sobre los diferentes sistemas que conformar el cuerpo humano, además de entender cómo estas estructuras interactúan y funcionan en conjunto. El uso del ultrasonido es una herramienta que se utiliza principalmente para conocer procesos fisiológicos o evaluar, diagnosticar y monitorizar patologías que subyacen debajo de la piel, no obstante también emerge como metodología innovadora que permite a los estudiantes del área de la salud obtener una comprensión tridimensional más profunda de las estructuras anatómicas. El ultrasonido no solo proporciona imágenes en tiempo real de los tejidos y órganos, sino que también facilita la visualización dinámica de la anatomía en función. A través de este enfoque, los estudiantes pueden correlacionar las estructuras anatómicas con sus posiciones y relaciones en el cuerpo humano en sujetos vivos, lo que mejora significativamente su capacidad para entender y retener conocimientos complejos. En este artículo se describe la utilización de la ecografía cómo método de enseñanza de la anatomía humana en estudiantes de la carrera de Obstetricia y Puericultura de la Universidad Austral de Chile, durante el primer semestre del año académico 2023 y la aplicación de una encuesta de satisfacción que mostró como los estudiantes apreciaron de gran manera este sistema de estudio.

SUMMARY: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex structure relying on bones, muscles, ligaments, and an articular disc for smooth functioning. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) development can be attributed to changes in TMJ anatomy. Several factors, including age, gender, chewing side preference, dentition status, cephalometric relationship, and orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery, contributed to the structural and positional changes of the TMJ components. This review article summarizes the association between TMDs and the changes in morphology and position of the mandibular condyle, articular eminence, and glenoid fossa from various factors. Extensive electronic search was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases with appropriate search filters. After the deduplication process and screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, sixty studies underwent a thorough full-text reading process and were included in this review. Patients with TMDs symptoms tend to have flattened and angled condylar shapes and frequently exhibit a posteriorly positioned condylar head. The steeper inclination of the articular eminence appears to be a notable characteristic of certain TMDs. However, given the multifactorial nature of TMDs, determining a single factor as a primary cause can be challenging. Therefore, recognizing all potential risk factors beyond anatomy-related factors is crucial for accurate diagnosis and successful management of TMDs.

RESUMEN: La articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es una estructura compleja que depende de huesos, músculos, ligamentos y un disco articular para su adecuado funcionamiento. El desarrollo de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) se puede atribuir a cambios en la anatomía de la ATM. Varios factores, entre ellos la edad, el sexo, la preferencia del lado de masticación, el estado de la dentición, la relación cefalométrica y el tratamiento de ortodoncia o la cirugía ortognática, contribuyen a los cambios estructurales y posicionales de los componentes de la ATM. Este artículo de revisión resume la asociación entre los TTM y los cambios en la morfología y la posición del cóndilo mandibular, la eminencia articular y la fosa glenoidea debido a varios factores. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica exhaustiva en las bases de datos PubMed y Scopus con los filtros de búsqueda apropiados. Después del proceso de deduplicación y la selección de títulos, resúmenes y textos completos, sesenta estudios se sometieron a un proceso de lectura de texto completo exhaustivo y se incluyeron en esta revisión. Los pacientes con síntomas de TTM tienden a tener formas condilares aplanadas y anguladas y con frecuencia presentan una cabeza condilar posicionada posteriormente. La inclinación más pronunciada de la eminencia articular parece ser una característica notable de ciertos TTM. Sin embargo, dada la naturaleza multifactorial de los TTM, determinar un solo factor como causa primaria puede ser un desafío. Por lo tanto, reconocer todos los factores de riesgo potenciales más allá de los factores relacionados con la anatomía es fundamental para el diagnóstico preciso y el manejo exitoso de los TTM.

SUMMARY: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition characterized by ectopic bone formation in soft tissues. This study presents a rare case of anterior intercostal HO discovered in a 62-year-old Korean male cadaver during an educational dissection. The HO structure, which connected multiple ribs, underwent radiological examination (X-ray and CT scans) and histological analysis. Radiographic findings revealed that mature bone had formed adjacent to the ribs, surrounded by fibrous tissue. Histological analysis demonstrated a progression from fibrous tissue to mature bone, indicative of endochondral ossification, with no proliferative activity detected in the Ki-67 immunostaining. This case provides valuable insights into intercostal HO's morphological, radiological, and histological characteristics, providing significant information in anatomy and pathology for educational purposes.

RESUMEN: La osificación heterotópica (OH) es una afección patológica caracterizada por la formación de hueso ectópico en los tejidos blandos. Este estudio presenta un caso poco frecuente de osificación heterotópica intercostal anterior descubierta en un cadáver de un individuo masculino coreano de 62 años durante una disección educativa. La estructura de la osificación heterotópica, que conectaba múltiples costillas, se sometió a un examen radiológico (radiografías y tomografías computarizadas) y un análisis histológico. Los hallazgos radiográficos revelaron que se había formado hueso maduro adyacente a las costillas, rodeado de tejido fibroso. El análisis histológico demostró una progresión de tejido fibroso a hueso maduro, indicativo de osificación endocondral, sin actividad proliferativa detectada en la inmunotinción Ki-67. Este caso proporciona información valiosa sobre las características morfológicas, radiológicas e histológicas de las OH intercostales, brindando información significativa en anatomía y patología para fines educativos.