ABSTRACT Exposing seeds to agents that elicit tolerance to abiotic stress, such as phytohormones and organic acids, during hydration and dehydration cycles can determine their response to later stimuli, e.g. exposure to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of priming cycles with different eliciting agents of salt stress tolerance on seeds of the cowpea varieties Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 0.0 mM NaCl (control); 100 mM NaCl (salt stress); salt stress + three seed-priming cycles (PC) in water; salt stress + PC in gibberellic acid; salt stress + PC in hydrogen peroxide; salt stress + PC in salicylic acid; salt stress + PC in ascorbic acid. The following variables were analysed: germination, growth, dry weight, salt tolerance index, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced germination, length and biomass accumulation in the Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro varieties. These showed the best response to the priming cycles with gibberellic and salicylic acids, which promoted greater germination potential, length and biomass under a salt stress of 100 mM NaCl, affording greater tolerance via osmotic regulation, especially in the Sempre Verde variety. stimuli eg e g e.g treatments 00 0 0. control (control) 10 stress) seedpriming seed (PC water acid peroxide analysed growth weight index sugars proline (10 potential regulation variety (control 1 (1 (

Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

ABSTRACT Plant growth regulators play an essential role in plants’ biochemical processes. In this study, foliar spray was applied using three growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), to investigate their effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Giza-171’ yield traits and grain biochemical constituents, including sugars, carbohydrates and protein. The assessed growth regulators (GA3, NAA, and BAP) were applied at 100 and 150 mg L-1 concentrations. The results indicated significant improvements in wheat grain yield and 1000-grain weight, which increased by 15.40% and 24.78%, respectively, using GA3 at 150 and 100 mg L-1. In addition, the highest contents of protein and carbohydrates were observed with samples treated by the foliar application of NAA at 150 mg L-1 and BAP at 100 mg L-1, respectively. The fat content in wheat grains increased by 1.97% and 2.73% with foliar spray with 150 mg L-1 NAA and 100 mg L-1 BAP, respectively. The lipid profile showed cis-linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid; the content of linoleic acid slightly increased with GA3 treatment to 50.42%, while palmitic acid significantly increased with 100 mg L-1 NAA. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids recorded 33.64% and 66.30%, respectively; the 150 mg L-1 NAA treatment had the lowest saturated fatty acid content. The SDS-PAGE profiles showed that growth regulators significantly enhanced the wheat protein where new bands appeared, especially in 100 mg L-1 GA3 and 100 mg L-1 BAP treatments. The applied growth regulators improved wheat yield, contents of some compounds, and nutritional value.

ABSTRACT Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles.

Resumen El fosfito (Phi) es un bioestimulante que está recibiendo un interés creciente en la horticultura debido a que su aplicación en cultivos ha mejorado el rendimiento, calidad y la tolerancia a diversos tipos de estrés. Se evaluaron cuatro dosis crecientes de fosfito (0, 0.1, 0.3 y 0.5 mM) durante 30 días en condiciones in vitro en caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) durante la etapa de multiplicación. Se utilizaron las variedades CP 72-2086 y Mex 69-290 en las que se registraron variables de crecimiento (brotes, hojas y biomasa) y bioquímicas (clorofilas, carbohidratos, aminoácidos y proteínas). Para el análisis de datos se realizó análisis de varianza y se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05) para la separación de las medias. La dosis de 0.3 mM Phi en la variedad CP 72-2086 incrementó la longitud, ancho y número de hojas; también incrementó el número de brotes y la concentración foliar de clorofilas a y b. El tratamiento con 0.3 mM Phi en la variedad Mex 69-290 aumentó el tamaño de brotes y longitud de hojas. Por lo tanto, el Phi tiene un papel crucial como bioestimulante inorgánico en variedades de caña de azúcar cultivadas in vitro, al mejorar las variables de crecimiento y bioquímicas.

Summary Phosphite (Phi) is a biostimulant that is receiving increasing interest in horticulture because its application in crops has improved yield, quality and tolerance to various types of stress. Four increasing doses of phosphite (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM) were evaluated for 30 days under in vitro conditions in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) during the multiplication stage. Varieties CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290 were used in which growth (shoots, leaves and biomass) and biochemical (chlorophylls, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins) traits were measured. For data analysis, analysis of variance was performed and Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05) was applied for the separation of means. The dose of 0.3 mM Phi in the variety CP 72-2086 increased the length, width and number of leaves; it also increased the number of shoots and leaf concentration of chlorophyll a and b. Treatment with 0.3 mM Phi in variety Mex 69-290 increased shoot size and leaf length. Therefore, Phi plays a crucial role as an inorganic biostimulant in in vitro-grown sugarcane varieties by improving growth and biochemical variables.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

ABSTRACT In irrigated fields, sugarcane’s vegetative growth and carbohydrate consumption during ripening require ripener management options to improve crop yield. The hypothesis is that ripeners, together with nutrients, biostimulants, and amino acids, improve physiological responses that favor the quality of the raw material and increase the sucrose content. Consequently, the study aimed to evaluate the agro-industrial response of a fertigated sugarcane crop to ripening agents. The treatments consisted of applying chemical ripener (CR), nutritional ripener (NR), and a joint application of NR+CR, besides control with four replicates. Agro-industrial attributes (total soluble solids, apparent sucrose (AS), reducing sugars (RS), total recoverable sugar (TRS), purity, fiber, sucrose in the stalk (SS) were evaluated at 0 (before application), 12, 19, 36, and 60 days after application (DAA). The time modified the technological attributes of sugarcane under ripener application. The highest apparent sucrose and total soluble solids values were obtained with NR+CR compared to the control. The NR and NR+CR treatments presented the highest TRS contents (150 kg Mg-1) at 36 DAA. Furthermore, the NR+CR treatment increased fiber content but did not compromise the quality of the raw material, and it showed high contents of SS and purity percentage, as well as low contents of RS. The chemical and nutritional ripeners efficiently promoted sugarcane ripening in areas without drying off before harvest. NR application at the end of the cycle can potentially increase sugar yield. fields sugarcanes s yield nutrients biostimulants acids Consequently agroindustrial agro industrial agents CR, CR , (CR) NR, (NR) NRCR replicates Agroindustrial Agro AS, AS (AS) RS, RS (RS) TRS, (TRS) (SS application, application) 12 19 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1 3 Furthermore percentage harvest (CR (NR (AS (RS (TRS (DAA 15 (1 Mg- (

RESUMO Em ambientes irrigados, o crescimento vegetativo da cana-de-açúcar e o consumo de carboidratos durante a maturação requerem o manejo de maturadores para aumentar a produtividade da cultura. A combinação de maturadores, com nutrientes e bioestimulantes como os aminoácidos, pode promover respostas fisiológicas que favorecem a qualidade da matéria-prima e aumentam o teor de sacarose. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta agroindustrial da cultura de cana-de-açúcar fertirrigada aos agentes de maturação. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de maturador químico (MQ), nutricional (MN), aplicação conjunta de MN+MQ e controle com quatro repetições. Os atributos agroindustriais (sólidos solúveis totais, sacarose aparente (AS), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR), pureza, fibra, sacarose no colmo (SS) foram avaliados em 0 (antes da aplicação), 12, 19, 36 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA). O tempo modificou os atributos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar sob aplicação de maturador. Os maiores valores de caldo AS e sólidos solúveis totais foram obtidos no MN+MQ em relação ao controle. Os tratamentos MN e MN+MQ apresentaram os maiores teores de ATR (150 kg Mg-1), aos 36 DAA. Além disso, o tratamento MN+MQ aumentou o teor de fibra, mas não comprometeu a qualidade da matéria-prima, e apresentou altos teores de SC e pureza, bem como baixos teores de AR. Os maturadores químicos e nutricionais foram eficientes em promover o amadurecimento da cana-de-açúcar em áreas sem secagem antes da colheita. A aplicação de MN no final do ciclo tem potencial para aumentar a produtividade de açúcar. irrigados canadeaçúcar cana açúcar aminoácidos matériaprima matéria prima forma MQ, MQ , (MQ) MN, (MN) MNMQ repetições AS, (AS) AR, AR (AR) ATR, (ATR) pureza fibra SS (SS aplicação, aplicação) 12 19 3 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1, Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1) disso matériaprima, prima, colheita (MQ (MN (AS (AR (ATR (DAA 15 (1 Mg-1 ( Mg-

Abstract The germination of quinua improves the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamin E, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, making this pseudocereal a nutritious and healthy source for the preparation of functional foods. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of the germination of quinua on the nutritional, biological and functional properties, in turn to be able to analyze the potential that this golden grain has in the food industry. For the systematic review, the databases (Scopus, Scielo and Science Direct) were used, following the PRISMA guideline and the PIO strategy (Population, Intervention, Outputs), which helped to formulate the search equations and to identify the most relevant articles of the last 5 years. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that the germination of quinua improves the nutritional properties and the content of secondary metabolites, also represents a potential source for the development of food products with functional and nutraceutical properties. A recent study confirms that after 4 days of germination the total phenolic content of various types of quinua ranges between 39.29 and 782.15 mg/100 g, indicating a powerful ability to eliminate free radicals, turning this pseudocereal into a raw material with the ability to be applied in the formulation of various food products such as bread, cookies, pizzas, beverages, yogurt, cheeses, etc.

Resumen La germinación de la quinua mejora el contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides, aminoácidos, fibra dietética, vitamina E, antioxidantes y otros compuestos bioactivos, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una fuente nutritiva y saludable para la elaboración de alimentos funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la germinación de quinua sobre las propiedades nutricionales, biológicas y funcionales, a su vez poder analizar el potencial que tiene este grano de oro en la industria alimentaria. Para la revisión sistemática, se empleó las bases de datos (Scopus, Scielo y Science Direct), siguiendo la directriz PRISMA y la estrategia PIO (Población, Intervención, Outputs), los cuales ayudaron a formular las ecuaciones de búsqueda y a identificar los artículos más relevantes de los últimos 5 años. Los resultados del análisis bibliométrico, evidenciaron que la germinación de quinua mejora las propiedades nutricionales y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios, también representa una fuente potencial para el desarrollo de productos alimentarios con propiedades funcionales y nutraceúticas. Un estudio reciente confirmo que después de 4 días de germinación el contenido fenólico total de varios tipos de quinua oscila entre 39,29 y 782,15 mg/100 g, lo que indica una potente capacidad de eliminación de radicales libres, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una materia prima con capacidad de ser aplicada en la formulación de diversos productos alimentarios como panes, galletas, pizzas, bebidas, yogurt, quesos, etc.

Abstract Objectives Narrative review evaluating the use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents. Data source The terms “dietary supplements”, “children” and “adolescents” were used in combination in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases, between 2000 and 2023, evaluating studies in humans, published in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish. Data synthesis The use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents has increased in recent decades. The most commonly used supplements are vitamins, minerals, trace elements, proteins, amino acids, melatonin, fatty acids, probiotics and energy drinks. Conclusion Despite having specific indications, most of the time they are not prescribed by a healthcare professional. The reasons for use are varied. In children, the main reasons are protection against infections, stimulating growth, and poor food intake, with multivitamins and minerals being the most commonly used supplements. In adolescents, they are used to improve athletic performance and attain the “ideal body”, with proteins and amino acids being the most often used nutrients. As they are not regulated by health agencies and are sold without a prescription, their unsupervised use can lead to inadequate doses, with inefficiency or overdose risk. As for compounding formulations, or when available in preparations with multiple nutrients, the chance of errors increases. It is essential that pediatricians advise parents and patients about the indications, risks and benefits, prescribing them when necessary. supplements, , supplements” “children “adolescents PubMed MEDLINE databases 200 2023 humans Portuguese English Spanish decades vitamins elements melatonin drinks indications professional varied infections growth intake ideal body, body body” nutrients prescription doses risk formulations increases benefits necessary 20 202 2

Abstract: The expected population growth will increase global food consumption, particularly meat consumption, which is estimated to increase 14% by 2030. Hence, the efficient utilization of all the resources involved in meat production, predominantly feed additives in livestock, is important due to economic costs and the high environmental in terms of gas production and ammonia excretion. Efforts have been made to increase efficiency in livestock production and improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Nevertheless, advances in technology in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries have barely been used by the livestock and poultry industry. The micro/nano encapsulation process has been used in animal nutrition to protect bioactive compounds or to control the release of feed additives into the animal gastrointestinal tract, avoiding rumen microbes attack, or monogastric digestion in swine and poultry, to be available in the small intestine. However, not all the encapsulation techniques are suitable for applications in animal feeding. For example, spray drying, emulsion and coacervation can be used to control the release of feed additives in ruminants. In this sense, micro encapsulation of different feed additives such as amino acids, fatty acids, and probiotics may face enormous challenges to help improve livestock and poultry nutrition. The objective of this review is to highlight and discuss the techniques, compounds, and key aspects involved in the encapsulation of feed additives and nutrients with potential applications in the livestock and poultry production.

ABSTRACT After 60 days of experimentation, the effect of three diets based on chemical silage (CHS) and black bean sprouts (BS) was evaluated (DC = control diet; D1 = CHS; D2 = BS; D3 = CHS+BS) on enzymatic defense (activity of superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) in the liver of tilapia, and production parameters (weight gain, protein efficiency rate, survival, feed conversion factor), prior chemical characterization of CHS, BS and the experimental diets (proximate chemical analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, anti-nutritional substances, total phenols (TPH), total flavonoids (TFl) and antioxidant capacity (AC). A randomized block design was applied with three replications using 120 masculinized GIFT tilapia juveniles of average weight of 9.6 ± 0.12 g. TPH, TFlv, and AC were analyzed by Pearson, and correlation coefficient, enzymatic activity, and productive parameters were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test (95%). Survival was 100% in all treatments and there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect on diets. The best diet in growth and production parameters in the fish was D3, suggesting a synergy between the components of CHS and BS. This last component was a source of antioxidants that improved SOD and CAT activities, promising health promotion. D3 represents an alternative food for the growth and health promotion of tilapia, prior challenge testing and evaluation with adverse factors, and verifying its efficiency in the following growth stages under real conditions.

RESUMEN Después 60 días de experimentación se evaluó el efecto de tres dietas a base de ensilado químico (EQ) y germinado de frijol negro (GF) (DC = dieta control; D1 = EQ; D2 = GF; D3 = EQ+GF) sobre la defensa enzimática (superóxido dismutasa, SOD, y catalasa, CAT ) del hígado de tilapias y los parámetros de producción (ganancia de peso, tasa de eficiencia proteica, sobrevivencia, factor de conversión alimenticia), previa caracterización química del EQ, GF y las dietas experimentales (análisis químico proximal, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, sustancias antinutrionales, fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FlvT) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Fue aplicado un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas utilizando 120 juveniles de tilapia var GIFT masculinizados con peso promedio 9.6 ± 0.12 g. El CFT, FlvT y CA fueron analizados mediante Pearson y coeficiente de correlación, la actividad enzimática y parámetros productivos con ANOVA de una vía y a posteriori Tukey (95%). La sobrevivencia fue 100% en todos los tratamientos y hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) del efecto entre las dietas, siendo la D3 la mejor en crecimiento y parámetros de producción en los peces, sugiriendo una sinergia entre los componentes del EQ y el GF. Este último fue una fuente de antioxidantes que mejoró las actividades SOD y CAT, prometiendo promoción de la salud. La D3 representa una alternativa alimenticia para el crecimiento y promoción de la salud de la tilapia, previa prueba de desafío y evaluación con factores adversos, y comprobar su eficiencia en las siguientes etapas de crecimiento bajo condiciones reales.

ABSTRACT Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, or vetiver grass, is a deep-rooted perennial grass. An examination of allelopathy using a metabolomic approach offers valuable insights into vetiver extract’s mechanism of action and phytotoxicity. This study utilised an untargeted metabolomics approach through the use of choisum (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt var. parachinensis (L.H. Bailey) Hanelt) as target plant because it is easier to cultivate and susceptible to the extract. Vetiver root methanolic extracts at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg mL-1) were sprayed at 100 mL m-2 on choisum seedlings at the 2 to 3 leaves stage. After 21 d, the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) and chlorophyll content of exposed choisum were measured, and their metabolites were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS)-based metabolomics analysis. The result demonstrated that the 100 mg mL-1 methanolic extract significantly decreased SPAD reading by 57.29% and reduced chlorophyll content by 66.38% (chl a) and 73.49% (chl b) of choisum compared to the control. Furthermore, considerably reduced stomatal length of exposed choisum, up to 34.31%, was observed when exposed to maximum concentration (100 mg mL-1). In total, nine metabolites with variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 and P < 0.05 were found and identified as amino acids and carbohydrates. The highest concentration of extract enriched pathways of propanoate, Se-compound, cysteine, and methionine metabolism in choisum, suggesting the extract induced plant stress. The findings confirm the allelopathic potential of vetiver root and provide insight into the response of choisum to the allelopathic activity of vetiver grass root methanolic extract.

Abstract Baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel) is recognized as a widespread Brazilian tree species, and its almonds and pulp have gained commercial prominence due to their nutritional value. All parts of the baru are important for the environment and are used by traditional communities to treat various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of the nutritional composition, human food applications, ethnopharmacological uses, and chemical and biological properties of Dipteryx alata, “baru” (Fabaceae). This study followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Studies were searched in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases using the descriptors “Dipteryx alata” OR “baru nut” OR “baru almond” OR “cumaru” OR “Coumarouna”. The exclusion criteria included duplicate articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, conference documents, incomplete access to the text, and articles not related to the objective of this review. The initial search yielded 822 results, 127 of which met the inclusion criteria. The almond was the most extensively studied part (59.8%), whereas leaves received the least attention (1.6%). Baru almond is a rich source of proteins (19 to 30 g.100 g-1), unsaturated fatty acids (75 to 81%), and essential amino acids, while the pulp is rich in carbohydrates (22.5 to 75.4%), dietary fiber (4.4 to 41.6 g.100 g-1) and vitamin C (113.48 and 224.5 mg.100 g-1). Phenolic compounds were the main metabolites, with a greater content in the almond (3.1 to 1.306,34 mg GAE g-1) than in the pulp (186 to 477 mg GAE g-1). Terpenes were also detected in the almond, pulp, and bark. The most evaluated biological activity was the antioxidant activity (n = 32.1%), followed by effects on oxidative stress (n = 12.5%). Therefore, emphasis on baru cultivation and bioprospecting could benefit human nutrition and health, strengthen family farming in various regions of the country and favour the achievement of Zero Hunger and Sustainable Agriculture and Health and Well-Being in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Vogel species value diseases composition applications uses Fabaceae. Fabaceae . (Fabaceae) MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA methodology PubMed, PubMed , (PubMed) Scopus SciELO nut cumaru “cumaru Coumarouna. Coumarouna “Coumarouna” reports communications documents text 82 results 12 59.8%, 598 59.8% 59 8 (59.8%) 1.6%. 16 1.6% 1 6 (1.6%) 19 (1 3 g100 g 100 g.10 g1, g1 75 (7 81%, 81 81% 81%) 22.5 225 22 5 (22. 75.4%, 754 75.4% 4 75.4%) 4.4 44 (4. 416 41 41. g-1 113.48 11348 113 48 (113.4 2245 224 224. mg100 mg.10 g1. metabolites 3.1 31 (3. 130634 306 34 1.306,3 186 (18 47 bark n 32.1%, 321 32.1% 32 32.1%) 12.5%. 125 12.5% 12.5%) Therefore health WellBeing Well Being 203 Goals (Fabaceae (PubMed “Coumarouna 59.8 (59.8% 1.6 (1.6% ( g10 10 g.1 7 22. 2 (22 75.4 4. (4 g- 113.4 1134 11 (113. mg10 mg.1 3. (3 13063 1.306, 18 32.1 12.5 20 59. (59.8 1. (1.6 g. (2 75. 113. (113 mg1 mg. 1306 1.306 32. 12. (59. (1. (11 130 1.30 (59 13 1.3 (5

Resumo O baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel), Fabaceae, é reconhecido como uma espécie brasileira de ampla distribuição, e suas amêndoas e polpa ganharam destaque comercial devido ao seu valor nutricional. Todas as partes do baru são importantes para o meio ambiente e são utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais no tratamento de várias doenças. Esta revisão fornece uma visão abrangente e atualizada da composição nutricional, aplicações alimentares humanas, usos etnofarmacológicos e propriedades químicas e biológicas de Dipteryx alata, “baru”. Este estudo seguiu as recomendações da metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Estudos foram buscados nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SciELO e ScienceDirect usando os descritores “Dipteryx alata” OU “baru nut” OU “baru almond” OU “cumaru” OU “Coumarouna”. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram artigos duplicados, artigos de revisão, relatos de casos, comunicações breves, documentos de conferências, acesso incompleto ao texto e artigos não relacionados ao objetivo desta revisão. A busca inicial resultou em 822 artigos, dos quais 127 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A amêndoa foi a parte mais extensivamente estudada (59,8%), enquanto as folhas receberam menos atenção (1,6%). A amêndoa de baru é uma fonte rica em proteínas (19 a 30 g.100 g-1), ácidos graxos insaturados (75 a 81%) e aminoácidos essenciais, enquanto a polpa é rica em carboidratos (22,5 a 75,4%), fibra alimentar (4,4 a 41,6 g.100 g-1) e vitamina C (113,48 e 224,5 mg.100 g-1). Compostos fenólicos foram os principais metabólitos, com um maior conteúdo na amêndoa (3,1 a 1.306,34 mg GAE g-1) do que na polpa (186 a 477 mg GAE g-1). Terpenos também foram detectados na amêndoa, polpa e casca. A atividade biológica mais avaliada foi a atividade antioxidante (n = 32,1%), seguida pelos efeitos sobre o estresse oxidativo (n = 12,5%). Portanto, o destaque para o cultivo de baru e a bioprospecção poderiam beneficiar a nutrição e a saúde humana, fortalecer a agricultura familiar em várias regiões do país e favorecer o alcance da Fome Zero e Agricultura Sustentável e Saúde e Bem-Estar na Agenda 2030 da ONU para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Vogel, Vogel , Vogel) Fabaceae distribuição nutricional doenças humanas baru. . “baru” MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA. PRISMA (PRISMA) PubMed, PubMed (PubMed) Scopus nut almond cumaru “cumaru Coumarouna. Coumarouna “Coumarouna” duplicados casos breves conferências 82 12 inclusão 59,8%, 598 59,8% 59 8 (59,8%) 1,6%. 16 1,6% 1 6 (1,6%) 19 (1 3 g100 g 100 g.10 g1, g1 75 (7 81% 81 essenciais 22,5 225 22 5 (22, 75,4%, 754 75,4% 4 75,4%) 4,4 44 (4, 416 41 41, g-1 113,48 11348 113 48 (113,4 2245 224 224, mg100 mg.10 g1. metabólitos 3,1 31 (3, 130634 306 34 1.306,3 186 (18 47 casca n 32,1%, 321 32,1% 32 32,1%) 12,5%. 125 12,5% 12,5%) Portanto humana BemEstar Bem Estar 203 (PRISMA (PubMed “Coumarouna 59,8 (59,8% 1,6 (1,6% ( g10 10 g.1 7 22, 2 (22 75,4 4, (4 g- 113,4 1134 11 (113, mg10 mg.1 3, (3 13063 1.306, 18 32,1 12,5 20 59, (59,8 1, (1,6 g. (2 75, 113, (113 mg1 mg. 1306 1.306 32, 12, (59, (1, (11 130 1.30 (59 13 1.3 (5 1.

Abstract The article presents the results of the study of biochemical composition of sheep milk in the summer lactation period for 4 sheep breeds. According to research results, 18 amino acids were found in sheep milk. During the summer lactation period, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both the Ordabasy breed and the South Kazakh merino exhibit higher levels (ranging from 6349 to 6989) compared to the Kazakh fine-fleeced and meat Merino breeds (ranging from 5835 to 5500). When analyzing sheep milk, a tendency towards a higher content of vitamin A (59.91 μg/100 g) and B6 (73.0 μg/100 g) was noted. The highest calcium content was found in the milk of the Kazakh fine-fleeced sheep, while the lowest was observed in the South Kazakh merino breed. Better milk productivity, along with increased fat and protein content, has been noted in sheep of the Ordabasy and South Kazakh merino breeds. 1 ranging 634 6989 finefleeced fine fleeced 583 5500. 5500 . 5500) 59.91 5991 59 91 (59.9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73.0 730 73 0 (73. productivity 63 698 58 550 59.9 599 5 9 (59. μg10 10 μg/1 73. 7 (73 6 69 55 59. (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo da composição bioquímica do leite de 4 raças ovinas durante o período de lactação no verão. De acordo com os resultados da presente pesquisa, 18 aminoácidos foram encontrados no leite de ovelha aqui analisado. Durante o período de lactação no verão, a quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, tanto a raça Ordabasy quanto o Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão exibem níveis mais elevados (variando de 6,349 a 6,989) em comparação com as raças Merino de carne e lã fina do Cazaquistão (variando de 5,835 a 5,500) . Ao analisar o leite de ovelha, notou-se uma tendência à apresentação de um maior teor de vitamina A (59,91 μg/100 g) e B6 (73,0 μg/100 g). O maior teor de cálcio foi encontrado no leite das ovelhas de lã fina do Cazaquistão, enquanto o menor foi observado na raça Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. A melhor produtividade de leite, juntamente com maior teor de gordura e proteína foram observadas em ovelhas das raças Ordabasy e Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. verão pesquisa 1 analisado poliinsaturados variando 6349 6 349 6,34 6,989 6989 989 5835 5 835 5,83 5,500 5500 500 notouse notou se 59,91 5991 59 91 (59,9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73,0 730 73 0 (73, g. 634 34 6,3 6,98 698 98 583 83 5,8 5,50 550 50 59,9 599 9 (59, μg10 10 μg/1 73, 7 (73 63 3 6, 6,9 69 58 8 5, 5,5 55 59, (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Abstract The mutations of pncA gene encoding pyrazinamidase/PZase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are often associated with pyrazinamide/PZA resistance. The H and R1 isolates showed significant phenotypic differences to PZA. The H isolate was PZA sensitive, but R1 was PZA resistant up to 100 ug/ml. The paper reports the pncA profile for both isolates and the activity of their protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The 0.6 kb of each pncA genes have been subcloned successfully into the 5.4 kb pET30a vector and formed the pET30a-pncA recombinant with a size of 6.0 kb. The pncAR1 profile exhibited base mutations, but not for pncAH against to pncA from the PZA-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37RV published in Genbank ID: 888260. Three mutations were found in pncAR1, ie T41C, G419A, and A535G that subsequently changed amino acids of Cys14Arg, Arg140His and Ser179Gly in its protein level. The mutant PZase R1 that expressed as a 21 kDa protein in E. coli Bl21(DE3) lost 32% of its performance in activating PZA drug to pyrazinoic acid/POA compared to the wild-type PZase H. The mutation in the pncAR1 gene that followed by the decreasing of its PZase activity underlies the emergence of pyrazinamide resistance in the clinical isolate. Structural studies for the R1 mutant PZase protein should be further developed to reveal more precise drug resistance mechanisms and design more effective TB drugs. pyrazinamidasePZase pyrazinamidase pyrazinamidePZA R sensitive 10 ugml ug ml ug/ml BL21DE3. BL21DE3 BLDE BL21 DE3 . BL DE BL21(DE3) 06 0 6 0. 54 5 4 5. pETa pET pET30apncA pETapncA 60 6. pncAR PZAsensitive M HRV RV ID 888260 T41C TC T C G419A GA G A AG Cys14Arg CysArg Cys Arg ArgHis His SerGly Ser Gly level 2 E Bl21DE3 BlDE Bl21 Bl Bl21(DE3 32 acidPOA acid POA wildtype wild type drugs 1 BL21DE BL2 BL21(DE3 apncA 88826 Bl21DE Bl2 Bl21(DE 3 BL21(DE 8882 888 88 8

Resumo As mutações do gene pncA que codifica a pirazinamidase (PZase) no Mycobacterium tuberculosis estão frequentemente associadas à resistência à pirazinamida (PZA). Os isolados H e R1 apresentaram diferenças fenotípicas significativas em relação à PZA. O isolado H foi sensível à PZA, mas o R1 foi resistente à PZA até 100 ug/ml. O artigo relata o perfil pncA para ambos os isolados e a atividade de sua proteína expressa em Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Em cada gene pncA, 0,6 kb foi subclonado com sucesso no vetor pET30a de 5,4 kb, formando o recombinante pET30a-pncA com tamanho de 6,0 kb. O perfil pncAR1 exibiu mutações de base, mas não para pncAH contra pncA do M. tuberculosis H37RV sensível à PZA publicado no Genbank ID: 888260. Três mutações foram encontradas em pncAR1: T41C, G419A e A535G, que posteriormente alteraram aminoácidos de Cys14Arg, Arg140His e Ser179Gly em seu nível proteico. O mutante PZase R1, que se expressa como uma proteína de 21 kDa em E. coli Bl21 (DE3), perdeu 32% de seu desempenho na ativação do medicamento PZA para ácido pirazinoico (POA) em comparação com a PZase H de tipo selvagem. A mutação no gene pncAR1, seguida pela diminuição de sua atividade PZase, está subjacente ao surgimento de resistência à pirazinamida no isolado clínico. Mais estudos estruturais para a proteína PZase mutante R1 devem ser desenvolvidos com o objetivo de revelar mecanismos de resistência aos medicamentos mais precisos e projetar medicamentos mais eficazes para a TB. (PZase . (PZA) R 10 ugml ug ml ug/ml BL BL2 DE3. DE3 DE (DE3) 06 0 6 0, pETa pET 54 5 4 5, pET30apncA pETapncA 60 6, pncAR base M HRV RV ID 888260 T41C TC T C GA G A535G AG Cys14Arg CysArg Cys Arg ArgHis His SerGly Ser Gly proteico 2 E Bl Bl2 DE3, , 32 POA (POA selvagem clínico TB (PZA 1 (DE3 apncA 88826 3 (DE 8882 888 88 8