Resumen El fosfito (Phi) es un bioestimulante que está recibiendo un interés creciente en la horticultura debido a que su aplicación en cultivos ha mejorado el rendimiento, calidad y la tolerancia a diversos tipos de estrés. Se evaluaron cuatro dosis crecientes de fosfito (0, 0.1, 0.3 y 0.5 mM) durante 30 días en condiciones in vitro en caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) durante la etapa de multiplicación. Se utilizaron las variedades CP 72-2086 y Mex 69-290 en las que se registraron variables de crecimiento (brotes, hojas y biomasa) y bioquímicas (clorofilas, carbohidratos, aminoácidos y proteínas). Para el análisis de datos se realizó análisis de varianza y se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05) para la separación de las medias. La dosis de 0.3 mM Phi en la variedad CP 72-2086 incrementó la longitud, ancho y número de hojas; también incrementó el número de brotes y la concentración foliar de clorofilas a y b. El tratamiento con 0.3 mM Phi en la variedad Mex 69-290 aumentó el tamaño de brotes y longitud de hojas. Por lo tanto, el Phi tiene un papel crucial como bioestimulante inorgánico en variedades de caña de azúcar cultivadas in vitro, al mejorar las variables de crecimiento y bioquímicas.

Summary Phosphite (Phi) is a biostimulant that is receiving increasing interest in horticulture because its application in crops has improved yield, quality and tolerance to various types of stress. Four increasing doses of phosphite (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM) were evaluated for 30 days under in vitro conditions in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) during the multiplication stage. Varieties CP 72-2086 and Mex 69-290 were used in which growth (shoots, leaves and biomass) and biochemical (chlorophylls, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins) traits were measured. For data analysis, analysis of variance was performed and Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05) was applied for the separation of means. The dose of 0.3 mM Phi in the variety CP 72-2086 increased the length, width and number of leaves; it also increased the number of shoots and leaf concentration of chlorophyll a and b. Treatment with 0.3 mM Phi in variety Mex 69-290 increased shoot size and leaf length. Therefore, Phi plays a crucial role as an inorganic biostimulant in in vitro-grown sugarcane varieties by improving growth and biochemical variables.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

ABSTRACT In irrigated fields, sugarcane’s vegetative growth and carbohydrate consumption during ripening require ripener management options to improve crop yield. The hypothesis is that ripeners, together with nutrients, biostimulants, and amino acids, improve physiological responses that favor the quality of the raw material and increase the sucrose content. Consequently, the study aimed to evaluate the agro-industrial response of a fertigated sugarcane crop to ripening agents. The treatments consisted of applying chemical ripener (CR), nutritional ripener (NR), and a joint application of NR+CR, besides control with four replicates. Agro-industrial attributes (total soluble solids, apparent sucrose (AS), reducing sugars (RS), total recoverable sugar (TRS), purity, fiber, sucrose in the stalk (SS) were evaluated at 0 (before application), 12, 19, 36, and 60 days after application (DAA). The time modified the technological attributes of sugarcane under ripener application. The highest apparent sucrose and total soluble solids values were obtained with NR+CR compared to the control. The NR and NR+CR treatments presented the highest TRS contents (150 kg Mg-1) at 36 DAA. Furthermore, the NR+CR treatment increased fiber content but did not compromise the quality of the raw material, and it showed high contents of SS and purity percentage, as well as low contents of RS. The chemical and nutritional ripeners efficiently promoted sugarcane ripening in areas without drying off before harvest. NR application at the end of the cycle can potentially increase sugar yield. fields sugarcanes s yield nutrients biostimulants acids Consequently agroindustrial agro industrial agents CR, CR , (CR) NR, (NR) NRCR replicates Agroindustrial Agro AS, AS (AS) RS, RS (RS) TRS, (TRS) (SS application, application) 12 19 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1 3 Furthermore percentage harvest (CR (NR (AS (RS (TRS (DAA 15 (1 Mg- (

RESUMO Em ambientes irrigados, o crescimento vegetativo da cana-de-açúcar e o consumo de carboidratos durante a maturação requerem o manejo de maturadores para aumentar a produtividade da cultura. A combinação de maturadores, com nutrientes e bioestimulantes como os aminoácidos, pode promover respostas fisiológicas que favorecem a qualidade da matéria-prima e aumentam o teor de sacarose. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta agroindustrial da cultura de cana-de-açúcar fertirrigada aos agentes de maturação. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de maturador químico (MQ), nutricional (MN), aplicação conjunta de MN+MQ e controle com quatro repetições. Os atributos agroindustriais (sólidos solúveis totais, sacarose aparente (AS), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR), pureza, fibra, sacarose no colmo (SS) foram avaliados em 0 (antes da aplicação), 12, 19, 36 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA). O tempo modificou os atributos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar sob aplicação de maturador. Os maiores valores de caldo AS e sólidos solúveis totais foram obtidos no MN+MQ em relação ao controle. Os tratamentos MN e MN+MQ apresentaram os maiores teores de ATR (150 kg Mg-1), aos 36 DAA. Além disso, o tratamento MN+MQ aumentou o teor de fibra, mas não comprometeu a qualidade da matéria-prima, e apresentou altos teores de SC e pureza, bem como baixos teores de AR. Os maturadores químicos e nutricionais foram eficientes em promover o amadurecimento da cana-de-açúcar em áreas sem secagem antes da colheita. A aplicação de MN no final do ciclo tem potencial para aumentar a produtividade de açúcar. irrigados canadeaçúcar cana açúcar aminoácidos matériaprima matéria prima forma MQ, MQ , (MQ) MN, (MN) MNMQ repetições AS, (AS) AR, AR (AR) ATR, (ATR) pureza fibra SS (SS aplicação, aplicação) 12 19 3 6 DAA . (DAA) 150 (15 Mg1, Mg1 Mg 1 Mg-1) disso matériaprima, prima, colheita (MQ (MN (AS (AR (ATR (DAA 15 (1 Mg-1 ( Mg-

Abstract The germination of quinua improves the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamin E, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, making this pseudocereal a nutritious and healthy source for the preparation of functional foods. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of the germination of quinua on the nutritional, biological and functional properties, in turn to be able to analyze the potential that this golden grain has in the food industry. For the systematic review, the databases (Scopus, Scielo and Science Direct) were used, following the PRISMA guideline and the PIO strategy (Population, Intervention, Outputs), which helped to formulate the search equations and to identify the most relevant articles of the last 5 years. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that the germination of quinua improves the nutritional properties and the content of secondary metabolites, also represents a potential source for the development of food products with functional and nutraceutical properties. A recent study confirms that after 4 days of germination the total phenolic content of various types of quinua ranges between 39.29 and 782.15 mg/100 g, indicating a powerful ability to eliminate free radicals, turning this pseudocereal into a raw material with the ability to be applied in the formulation of various food products such as bread, cookies, pizzas, beverages, yogurt, cheeses, etc.

Resumen La germinación de la quinua mejora el contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides, aminoácidos, fibra dietética, vitamina E, antioxidantes y otros compuestos bioactivos, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una fuente nutritiva y saludable para la elaboración de alimentos funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la germinación de quinua sobre las propiedades nutricionales, biológicas y funcionales, a su vez poder analizar el potencial que tiene este grano de oro en la industria alimentaria. Para la revisión sistemática, se empleó las bases de datos (Scopus, Scielo y Science Direct), siguiendo la directriz PRISMA y la estrategia PIO (Población, Intervención, Outputs), los cuales ayudaron a formular las ecuaciones de búsqueda y a identificar los artículos más relevantes de los últimos 5 años. Los resultados del análisis bibliométrico, evidenciaron que la germinación de quinua mejora las propiedades nutricionales y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios, también representa una fuente potencial para el desarrollo de productos alimentarios con propiedades funcionales y nutraceúticas. Un estudio reciente confirmo que después de 4 días de germinación el contenido fenólico total de varios tipos de quinua oscila entre 39,29 y 782,15 mg/100 g, lo que indica una potente capacidad de eliminación de radicales libres, convirtiendo a este pseudocereal en una materia prima con capacidad de ser aplicada en la formulación de diversos productos alimentarios como panes, galletas, pizzas, bebidas, yogurt, quesos, etc.

ABSTRACT After 60 days of experimentation, the effect of three diets based on chemical silage (CHS) and black bean sprouts (BS) was evaluated (DC = control diet; D1 = CHS; D2 = BS; D3 = CHS+BS) on enzymatic defense (activity of superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) in the liver of tilapia, and production parameters (weight gain, protein efficiency rate, survival, feed conversion factor), prior chemical characterization of CHS, BS and the experimental diets (proximate chemical analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, anti-nutritional substances, total phenols (TPH), total flavonoids (TFl) and antioxidant capacity (AC). A randomized block design was applied with three replications using 120 masculinized GIFT tilapia juveniles of average weight of 9.6 ± 0.12 g. TPH, TFlv, and AC were analyzed by Pearson, and correlation coefficient, enzymatic activity, and productive parameters were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test (95%). Survival was 100% in all treatments and there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect on diets. The best diet in growth and production parameters in the fish was D3, suggesting a synergy between the components of CHS and BS. This last component was a source of antioxidants that improved SOD and CAT activities, promising health promotion. D3 represents an alternative food for the growth and health promotion of tilapia, prior challenge testing and evaluation with adverse factors, and verifying its efficiency in the following growth stages under real conditions.

RESUMEN Después 60 días de experimentación se evaluó el efecto de tres dietas a base de ensilado químico (EQ) y germinado de frijol negro (GF) (DC = dieta control; D1 = EQ; D2 = GF; D3 = EQ+GF) sobre la defensa enzimática (superóxido dismutasa, SOD, y catalasa, CAT ) del hígado de tilapias y los parámetros de producción (ganancia de peso, tasa de eficiencia proteica, sobrevivencia, factor de conversión alimenticia), previa caracterización química del EQ, GF y las dietas experimentales (análisis químico proximal, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, sustancias antinutrionales, fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FlvT) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Fue aplicado un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas utilizando 120 juveniles de tilapia var GIFT masculinizados con peso promedio 9.6 ± 0.12 g. El CFT, FlvT y CA fueron analizados mediante Pearson y coeficiente de correlación, la actividad enzimática y parámetros productivos con ANOVA de una vía y a posteriori Tukey (95%). La sobrevivencia fue 100% en todos los tratamientos y hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) del efecto entre las dietas, siendo la D3 la mejor en crecimiento y parámetros de producción en los peces, sugiriendo una sinergia entre los componentes del EQ y el GF. Este último fue una fuente de antioxidantes que mejoró las actividades SOD y CAT, prometiendo promoción de la salud. La D3 representa una alternativa alimenticia para el crecimiento y promoción de la salud de la tilapia, previa prueba de desafío y evaluación con factores adversos, y comprobar su eficiencia en las siguientes etapas de crecimiento bajo condiciones reales.

Abstract Weed resistance to herbicides affects the main rice producing countries in the Iberian Peninsula. Over-reliance on acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicides, as well as low diversity of cultural practices have increased selection pressure towards resistant populations. Recently, the emergence of weeds with multiple resistance has also been observed. In the Iberian Peninsula, different populations of Echinochloa spp. have shown resistance to penoxsulam and profoxydim. The main objective of this work is to study the mechanisms involved in the resistance present in these populations through the sequencing of ALS and ACCase genes and gene expression studies by means of qRT-PCR. The study encompasses three populations of Echinochloa sp. from Portugal and seven from Spain, all of which had previously confirmed herbicide resistance through dose-response assays. None of the populations exhibited mutations already described as involved in resistance to ALS and ACCase inhibitors. However, in three resistant Portuguese accessions, mutations in the ACCase gene causing amino acid substitutions in the protein were found, but have not yet been confirmed to confer herbicide resistance. The relative expression of ALS1 and ACCase genes was also assessed. Our study reveals the existence of different levels of overexpression among accessions and differences between roots and leaves within the same accession. These results are indicative of target site type resistance mechanisms, specifically involving gene overexpression between roots and leaves within the same accession. These results are indicative of target site type resistance mechanisms based on gene overexpression.

Resumen La resistencia de las malas hierbas a los herbicidas afecta a los principales países productores de arroz de la Península Ibérica. La excesiva dependencia de herbicidas inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS) y de la acetil-CoA carboxilasa (ACCasa), así como la escasa diversidad de prácticas culturales han aumentado la presión de selección hacia poblaciones resistentes. Últimamente, también se ha observado la aparición de malas hierbas con resistencia múltiple. En la Península Ibérica, diferentes poblaciones de Echinochloa spp. han mostrado resistencia a penoxsulam y profoxidim. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el estudio de los mecanismos implicados en la resistencia presente en estas poblaciones, mediante secuenciación de los genes ALS y ACCasa y estudios de expresión génica mediante qRT-PCR. Se incluyeron 3 poblaciones de Echinochloa sp. de Portugal y 7 de España. La resistencia a los herbicidas se confirmó previamente mediante ensayos dosis-respuesta. No se encontró en ninguna población las mutaciones ya descritas como implicadas en la resistencia a los inhibidores de ALS y ACCasa. Sin embargo, en tres accesiones portuguesas resistentes, se encontraron mutaciones en el gen ACCasa que causan sustituciones de aminoácidos en la proteína, pero aún no se ha confirmado que confieran resistencia a herbicidas. También se evaluó la expresión relativa de los genes ALS1 y ACCasa. Nuestro estudio revela la existencia de diferentes niveles de sobreexpresión entre accesiones y diferencias entre raíces y hojas dentro de la misma accesión. Estos resultados son indicativos de mecanismos de resistencia tipo target site, basados en la sobreexpresión génica.

Abstract The flavonoid trans-chalcone (chalcone, 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) is a strong candidate for development of new strategies for weed control (bioherbicides). Previous studies have demonstrated its high phytotoxic capacity on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, inducing programmed cell death in roots after 14 days of growth in agar media supplemented with chalcone 35 µM. To determine the molecular mechanism of action of this phytotoxin, a metabolome monitorization was conducted on Arabidopsis seedlings treated with chalcone (0 and 35 µM) during 3, 10 and 20 hours. Samples were extracted from roots and shoots separately, derivatized and injected in a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) equipment for untargeted metabolomics. Resulted data were analysed by software MS-DIAL for identification of compounds using public Mass Spectral of Electron Ionization Spectra and the Retention Index (RI) libraries. The annotated metabolites data were statistically analysed using Metaboanalyst 5.0 for PCA, two-way ANOVA, time-series multivariate analysis (MEBA), and for metabolic pathway analysis. Results indicated that chalcone affected Arabidopsis metabolome after only 3 hours of treatment. Most impacted routes were related to amino acid and carbon metabolism and were very similar in roots and shoots. However, a detailed approach revealed different mode of action of chalcone on roots and shoots.

Resumen El flavonoide trans-chalcona es un firme candidato para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para el control de malas hierbas (bioherbicidas). Estudios previos han mostrado su alta capacidad fitotóxica sobre plántulas de Arabidopsis thaliana, induciendo muerte celular programada en las raíces tras 14 días de crecimiento en agar con una concentración de chalcona de tan solo 35 µM. Para determinar el mecanismo molecular de acción de esta fitotoxina se ha llevado a cabo una monitorización del metaboloma completo en plántulas de Arabidopsis tratadas con chalcona (0 y 35 µM) durante 3, 10 y 20 horas. Las muestras de raíz y parte aérea se extrajeron y derivatizaron separadamente y se inyectaron en un equipo de cromatografía de gases/masas (CG-EM) para realizar un análisis metabolómico no dirigido. Los datos se analizaron con el software MS-DIAL y se identificaron los compuestos empleando librerías de espectros de masas y de tiempos de retención públicas. Los datos de metabolitos anotados se analizaron con el software Metaboanalyst 5.0 para PCA, Anova de dos factores, análisis multivariante a lo largo del tiempo (MEBA) y el análisis de las rutas metabólicas potencialmente afectadas. Los resultados indicaron que la chalcona afecta el metaboloma de Arabidopsis tras solo 3 horas de exposición. Las rutas más afectadas estaban relacionadas con el metabolismo de aminoácidos y carbono, y fueron muy similares en la raíz y la parte aérea. Sin embargo, una interpretación de los datos más detallada apuntó distintos modos de acción en la raíz y en la parte aérea.

Abstract Glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, amino acid synthesis inhibiting herbicides, share several common physiological effects in their mode of action. Nevertheless, hormonal signalling induced by these herbicide groups has not been studied. Aiming at comparing the hormonal signalling induced by glyphosate and by the ALS inhibitors, and knowing the influence of the target-site resistance to both groups of herbicides on the hormonal response to these herbicides, the content of different hormones has been analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography in four Amaranthus palmeri populations (glyphosate-sensitive, glyphosate-resistant, ALS-inhibitor sensitive, and ALS-inhibitor resistant) treated with different doses of glyphosate or the ALS inhibitor nicosulfuron. Results showed different hormonal responses to both herbicides. In the case of glyphosate, abscisic acid synthesis was induced in both sensitive and resistant plants. This hormone is linked to the response to abiotic stress, and is related with growth arrest. This result evidences that, even though herbicide doses were not lethal in resistant plants, they suffered a mild stress. On the other hand, nicosulfuron induced gibberellins and auxins, growth-promoting hormones, in sensitive plants. In summary, despite the similarity in the mode of action of both herbicides, there is a clear disparity in the hormonal signalling they induce.

Resumen El glifosato y los inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS), herbicidas inhibidores de la síntesis de aminoácidos, presentan varios efectos fisiológicos comunes en su modo de acción. Sin embargo, la señalización hormonal inducida por estos grupos de herbicidas no se ha estudiado. El objetivo principal fue comparar la señalización hormonal inducida por el glifosato y la inducida por los inhibidores de la ALS, y conocer la influencia de la resistencia target-site a estos herbicidas en la respuesta hormonal a los mismos. Se trabajó con cuatro poblaciones de la mala hierba Amaranthus palmeri (sensible a glifosato, resistente a glifosato, sensible a inhibidores de la ALS, resistente a inhibidores de la ALS), que se trataron con diferentes dosis de glifosato o del inhibidor de la ALS nicosulfurón, y en las que se analizó por cromatografía líquida de ultra-alto rendimiento el contenido de las diferentes hormonas. Los resultados mostraron respuestas hormonales diferentes a ambos herbicidas. En el caso del glifosato, se indujo la síntesis de ácido abscísico, tanto en plantas sensibles como resistentes. Es una hormona muy ligada a la respuesta al estrés abiótico, relacionada con una reducción del crecimiento. Este resultado evidencia que a pesar de no resultar letales las dosis de glifosato en las plantas resistentes, estas llegaron a sufrir cierto estrés. En cambio, el nicosulfurón indujo, en las plantas sensibles, la síntesis de las giberelinas y las auxinas, hormonas promotoras del crecimiento. Se concluye que, a pesar de la similitud en el modo de acción de ambos herbicidas, existe una clara disparidad en la señalización hormonal que inducen.

Abstract Glyphosate (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase or EPSPS inhibitor) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors inhibit two different amino acid synthesis pathways, but share several physiological effects in their mode of action, including a moderate oxidative stress and alterations in glutathione metabolism. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes which catalyse the conjugation of xenobiotics with glutathione, and perform antioxidant functions. Therefore, they are closely linked to the response to abiotic stress. Aiming at understanding the implication of GSTs in the response to these herbicides, GST activity and gene expressions have been analysed in five Amaranthus palmeri populations: glyphosate-sensitive, glyphosate-resistant, ALS-inhibitor sensitive, ALS-inhibitor resistant, and multiple resistant (to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors). Resistance was conferred by target-site mechanisms in all the cases. Plants were treated with different doses of glyphosate or the ALS inhibitors nicosulfuron and pyrithiobac. Both glyphosate and ALS inhibitors provoked an increase of GST activity and Phi GST gene expression, proportionally to the herbicide dose in sensitive plants. Probably, this GST induction was due to an increased antioxidant demand in treated sensitive plants. No remarkable changes were found in target-site resistant populations, evidencing that GST induction is an effect of the enzymatic inhibition of EPSPS or ALS.

Resumen El glifosato (inhibidor de la 5-enolpiruvil-siquimato-3-fosfato sintasa, EPSPS) y los inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS) inhiben dos rutas de biosíntesis de aminoácidos diferentes, pero comparten varios efectos fisiológicos en su modo de acción, incluidos un moderado estrés oxidativo y alteraciones en el metabolismo del glutatión. Las glutatión S-transferasas (GSTs) son enzimas que catalizan la conjugación de xenobióticos con el glutatión, y tienen funciones antioxidantes, por lo que están relacionadas con la respuesta al estrés abiótico. Con el objetivo de conocer la implicación de las GSTs en la respuesta a estos herbicidas, se han analizado la actividad y la expresión de las GSTs en cinco poblaciones de Amaranthus palmeri: sensible y resistente a glifosato; sensible y resistente a inhibidores de la ALS; y resistente múltiple (al glifosato y los inhibidores de la ALS). En todos los casos la resistencia era por mecanismos target-site. Las plantas fueron tratadas con diferentes dosis de glifosato o los inhibidores de la ALS nicosulfurón y piritiobac. En las plantas sensibles tanto el glifosato como los inhibidores de la ALS provocaron un incremento de la actividad GST y de la expresión génica de la subfamilia de las Phi GSTs, proporcional a la dosis de tratamiento. Probablemente, esta inducción de las GSTs está relacionada con un aumento de la demanda antioxidante en las plantas sensibles tratadas. No se observaron cambios destacables en las plantas resistentes target-site, evidenciando que la inducción de las GSTs es un efecto de la inhibición enzimática de la EPSPS o la ALS.

Abstract Baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel) is recognized as a widespread Brazilian tree species, and its almonds and pulp have gained commercial prominence due to their nutritional value. All parts of the baru are important for the environment and are used by traditional communities to treat various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of the nutritional composition, human food applications, ethnopharmacological uses, and chemical and biological properties of Dipteryx alata, “baru” (Fabaceae). This study followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Studies were searched in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases using the descriptors “Dipteryx alata” OR “baru nut” OR “baru almond” OR “cumaru” OR “Coumarouna”. The exclusion criteria included duplicate articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, conference documents, incomplete access to the text, and articles not related to the objective of this review. The initial search yielded 822 results, 127 of which met the inclusion criteria. The almond was the most extensively studied part (59.8%), whereas leaves received the least attention (1.6%). Baru almond is a rich source of proteins (19 to 30 g.100 g-1), unsaturated fatty acids (75 to 81%), and essential amino acids, while the pulp is rich in carbohydrates (22.5 to 75.4%), dietary fiber (4.4 to 41.6 g.100 g-1) and vitamin C (113.48 and 224.5 mg.100 g-1). Phenolic compounds were the main metabolites, with a greater content in the almond (3.1 to 1.306,34 mg GAE g-1) than in the pulp (186 to 477 mg GAE g-1). Terpenes were also detected in the almond, pulp, and bark. The most evaluated biological activity was the antioxidant activity (n = 32.1%), followed by effects on oxidative stress (n = 12.5%). Therefore, emphasis on baru cultivation and bioprospecting could benefit human nutrition and health, strengthen family farming in various regions of the country and favour the achievement of Zero Hunger and Sustainable Agriculture and Health and Well-Being in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Vogel species value diseases composition applications uses Fabaceae. Fabaceae . (Fabaceae) MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA methodology PubMed, PubMed , (PubMed) Scopus SciELO nut cumaru “cumaru Coumarouna. Coumarouna “Coumarouna” reports communications documents text 82 results 12 59.8%, 598 59.8% 59 8 (59.8%) 1.6%. 16 1.6% 1 6 (1.6%) 19 (1 3 g100 g 100 g.10 g1, g1 75 (7 81%, 81 81% 81%) 22.5 225 22 5 (22. 75.4%, 754 75.4% 4 75.4%) 4.4 44 (4. 416 41 41. g-1 113.48 11348 113 48 (113.4 2245 224 224. mg100 mg.10 g1. metabolites 3.1 31 (3. 130634 306 34 1.306,3 186 (18 47 bark n 32.1%, 321 32.1% 32 32.1%) 12.5%. 125 12.5% 12.5%) Therefore health WellBeing Well Being 203 Goals (Fabaceae (PubMed “Coumarouna 59.8 (59.8% 1.6 (1.6% ( g10 10 g.1 7 22. 2 (22 75.4 4. (4 g- 113.4 1134 11 (113. mg10 mg.1 3. (3 13063 1.306, 18 32.1 12.5 20 59. (59.8 1. (1.6 g. (2 75. 113. (113 mg1 mg. 1306 1.306 32. 12. (59. (1. (11 130 1.30 (59 13 1.3 (5

Resumo O baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel), Fabaceae, é reconhecido como uma espécie brasileira de ampla distribuição, e suas amêndoas e polpa ganharam destaque comercial devido ao seu valor nutricional. Todas as partes do baru são importantes para o meio ambiente e são utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais no tratamento de várias doenças. Esta revisão fornece uma visão abrangente e atualizada da composição nutricional, aplicações alimentares humanas, usos etnofarmacológicos e propriedades químicas e biológicas de Dipteryx alata, “baru”. Este estudo seguiu as recomendações da metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Estudos foram buscados nas bases de dados Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SciELO e ScienceDirect usando os descritores “Dipteryx alata” OU “baru nut” OU “baru almond” OU “cumaru” OU “Coumarouna”. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram artigos duplicados, artigos de revisão, relatos de casos, comunicações breves, documentos de conferências, acesso incompleto ao texto e artigos não relacionados ao objetivo desta revisão. A busca inicial resultou em 822 artigos, dos quais 127 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A amêndoa foi a parte mais extensivamente estudada (59,8%), enquanto as folhas receberam menos atenção (1,6%). A amêndoa de baru é uma fonte rica em proteínas (19 a 30 g.100 g-1), ácidos graxos insaturados (75 a 81%) e aminoácidos essenciais, enquanto a polpa é rica em carboidratos (22,5 a 75,4%), fibra alimentar (4,4 a 41,6 g.100 g-1) e vitamina C (113,48 e 224,5 mg.100 g-1). Compostos fenólicos foram os principais metabólitos, com um maior conteúdo na amêndoa (3,1 a 1.306,34 mg GAE g-1) do que na polpa (186 a 477 mg GAE g-1). Terpenos também foram detectados na amêndoa, polpa e casca. A atividade biológica mais avaliada foi a atividade antioxidante (n = 32,1%), seguida pelos efeitos sobre o estresse oxidativo (n = 12,5%). Portanto, o destaque para o cultivo de baru e a bioprospecção poderiam beneficiar a nutrição e a saúde humana, fortalecer a agricultura familiar em várias regiões do país e favorecer o alcance da Fome Zero e Agricultura Sustentável e Saúde e Bem-Estar na Agenda 2030 da ONU para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Vogel, Vogel , Vogel) Fabaceae distribuição nutricional doenças humanas baru. . “baru” MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA. PRISMA (PRISMA) PubMed, PubMed (PubMed) Scopus nut almond cumaru “cumaru Coumarouna. Coumarouna “Coumarouna” duplicados casos breves conferências 82 12 inclusão 59,8%, 598 59,8% 59 8 (59,8%) 1,6%. 16 1,6% 1 6 (1,6%) 19 (1 3 g100 g 100 g.10 g1, g1 75 (7 81% 81 essenciais 22,5 225 22 5 (22, 75,4%, 754 75,4% 4 75,4%) 4,4 44 (4, 416 41 41, g-1 113,48 11348 113 48 (113,4 2245 224 224, mg100 mg.10 g1. metabólitos 3,1 31 (3, 130634 306 34 1.306,3 186 (18 47 casca n 32,1%, 321 32,1% 32 32,1%) 12,5%. 125 12,5% 12,5%) Portanto humana BemEstar Bem Estar 203 (PRISMA (PubMed “Coumarouna 59,8 (59,8% 1,6 (1,6% ( g10 10 g.1 7 22, 2 (22 75,4 4, (4 g- 113,4 1134 11 (113, mg10 mg.1 3, (3 13063 1.306, 18 32,1 12,5 20 59, (59,8 1, (1,6 g. (2 75, 113, (113 mg1 mg. 1306 1.306 32, 12, (59, (1, (11 130 1.30 (59 13 1.3 (5 1.

Abstract The article presents the results of the study of biochemical composition of sheep milk in the summer lactation period for 4 sheep breeds. According to research results, 18 amino acids were found in sheep milk. During the summer lactation period, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both the Ordabasy breed and the South Kazakh merino exhibit higher levels (ranging from 6349 to 6989) compared to the Kazakh fine-fleeced and meat Merino breeds (ranging from 5835 to 5500). When analyzing sheep milk, a tendency towards a higher content of vitamin A (59.91 μg/100 g) and B6 (73.0 μg/100 g) was noted. The highest calcium content was found in the milk of the Kazakh fine-fleeced sheep, while the lowest was observed in the South Kazakh merino breed. Better milk productivity, along with increased fat and protein content, has been noted in sheep of the Ordabasy and South Kazakh merino breeds. 1 ranging 634 6989 finefleeced fine fleeced 583 5500. 5500 . 5500) 59.91 5991 59 91 (59.9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73.0 730 73 0 (73. productivity 63 698 58 550 59.9 599 5 9 (59. μg10 10 μg/1 73. 7 (73 6 69 55 59. (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do estudo da composição bioquímica do leite de 4 raças ovinas durante o período de lactação no verão. De acordo com os resultados da presente pesquisa, 18 aminoácidos foram encontrados no leite de ovelha aqui analisado. Durante o período de lactação no verão, a quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, tanto a raça Ordabasy quanto o Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão exibem níveis mais elevados (variando de 6,349 a 6,989) em comparação com as raças Merino de carne e lã fina do Cazaquistão (variando de 5,835 a 5,500) . Ao analisar o leite de ovelha, notou-se uma tendência à apresentação de um maior teor de vitamina A (59,91 μg/100 g) e B6 (73,0 μg/100 g). O maior teor de cálcio foi encontrado no leite das ovelhas de lã fina do Cazaquistão, enquanto o menor foi observado na raça Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. A melhor produtividade de leite, juntamente com maior teor de gordura e proteína foram observadas em ovelhas das raças Ordabasy e Merino do Sul do Cazaquistão. verão pesquisa 1 analisado poliinsaturados variando 6349 6 349 6,34 6,989 6989 989 5835 5 835 5,83 5,500 5500 500 notouse notou se 59,91 5991 59 91 (59,9 μg100 μg 100 μg/10 g B 73,0 730 73 0 (73, g. 634 34 6,3 6,98 698 98 583 83 5,8 5,50 550 50 59,9 599 9 (59, μg10 10 μg/1 73, 7 (73 63 3 6, 6,9 69 58 8 5, 5,5 55 59, (59 μg1 μg/ (7 (5 (

Abstract The mutations of pncA gene encoding pyrazinamidase/PZase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are often associated with pyrazinamide/PZA resistance. The H and R1 isolates showed significant phenotypic differences to PZA. The H isolate was PZA sensitive, but R1 was PZA resistant up to 100 ug/ml. The paper reports the pncA profile for both isolates and the activity of their protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The 0.6 kb of each pncA genes have been subcloned successfully into the 5.4 kb pET30a vector and formed the pET30a-pncA recombinant with a size of 6.0 kb. The pncAR1 profile exhibited base mutations, but not for pncAH against to pncA from the PZA-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37RV published in Genbank ID: 888260. Three mutations were found in pncAR1, ie T41C, G419A, and A535G that subsequently changed amino acids of Cys14Arg, Arg140His and Ser179Gly in its protein level. The mutant PZase R1 that expressed as a 21 kDa protein in E. coli Bl21(DE3) lost 32% of its performance in activating PZA drug to pyrazinoic acid/POA compared to the wild-type PZase H. The mutation in the pncAR1 gene that followed by the decreasing of its PZase activity underlies the emergence of pyrazinamide resistance in the clinical isolate. Structural studies for the R1 mutant PZase protein should be further developed to reveal more precise drug resistance mechanisms and design more effective TB drugs. pyrazinamidasePZase pyrazinamidase pyrazinamidePZA R sensitive 10 ugml ug ml ug/ml BL21DE3. BL21DE3 BLDE BL21 DE3 . BL DE BL21(DE3) 06 0 6 0. 54 5 4 5. pETa pET pET30apncA pETapncA 60 6. pncAR PZAsensitive M HRV RV ID 888260 T41C TC T C G419A GA G A AG Cys14Arg CysArg Cys Arg ArgHis His SerGly Ser Gly level 2 E Bl21DE3 BlDE Bl21 Bl Bl21(DE3 32 acidPOA acid POA wildtype wild type drugs 1 BL21DE BL2 BL21(DE3 apncA 88826 Bl21DE Bl2 Bl21(DE 3 BL21(DE 8882 888 88 8

Resumo As mutações do gene pncA que codifica a pirazinamidase (PZase) no Mycobacterium tuberculosis estão frequentemente associadas à resistência à pirazinamida (PZA). Os isolados H e R1 apresentaram diferenças fenotípicas significativas em relação à PZA. O isolado H foi sensível à PZA, mas o R1 foi resistente à PZA até 100 ug/ml. O artigo relata o perfil pncA para ambos os isolados e a atividade de sua proteína expressa em Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Em cada gene pncA, 0,6 kb foi subclonado com sucesso no vetor pET30a de 5,4 kb, formando o recombinante pET30a-pncA com tamanho de 6,0 kb. O perfil pncAR1 exibiu mutações de base, mas não para pncAH contra pncA do M. tuberculosis H37RV sensível à PZA publicado no Genbank ID: 888260. Três mutações foram encontradas em pncAR1: T41C, G419A e A535G, que posteriormente alteraram aminoácidos de Cys14Arg, Arg140His e Ser179Gly em seu nível proteico. O mutante PZase R1, que se expressa como uma proteína de 21 kDa em E. coli Bl21 (DE3), perdeu 32% de seu desempenho na ativação do medicamento PZA para ácido pirazinoico (POA) em comparação com a PZase H de tipo selvagem. A mutação no gene pncAR1, seguida pela diminuição de sua atividade PZase, está subjacente ao surgimento de resistência à pirazinamida no isolado clínico. Mais estudos estruturais para a proteína PZase mutante R1 devem ser desenvolvidos com o objetivo de revelar mecanismos de resistência aos medicamentos mais precisos e projetar medicamentos mais eficazes para a TB. (PZase . (PZA) R 10 ugml ug ml ug/ml BL BL2 DE3. DE3 DE (DE3) 06 0 6 0, pETa pET 54 5 4 5, pET30apncA pETapncA 60 6, pncAR base M HRV RV ID 888260 T41C TC T C GA G A535G AG Cys14Arg CysArg Cys Arg ArgHis His SerGly Ser Gly proteico 2 E Bl Bl2 DE3, , 32 POA (POA selvagem clínico TB (PZA 1 (DE3 apncA 88826 3 (DE 8882 888 88 8

Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar a quantidade percentual de proteínas e aminoácidos em escamas e músculos de Pampus argenteus e Parastromateus niger coletados no mercado de peixes local do distrito de Quetta, no Baluchistão. Cerca de 80 exemplares dessas duas espécies, ou seja, Pampus argenteus (N=40) e Parastromateus niger (N=40), foram coletadas de abril de 2017 a maio de 2018. Em geral, o teor de proteína bruta foi alto em escamas, ou seja, 71,03% em Parastromateus niger e 52,11% em Pampus argenteus, bem como em músculos de duas espécies de peixes Pomfret, ou seja, 63,44% em Pampus argenteus e 60,99% em Parastromateus niger em base de peso seco, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, os músculos e escamas de Parastromateus niger revelam que as composições de aminoácidos que incluem prolina são altas, e a metionina é menor do que outros aminoácidos, enquanto a treonina foi encontrada alta nas escamas de Pampus argenteus, mas a metionina foi observada em quantidade menor. No entanto, os aminoácidos encontrados nos músculos de Pampus argenteus também apresentaram composições diferentes, como a lisina foi alta, mas a histidina foi menor, respectivamente. Em comparação, aminoácidos como triptofano e cisteína não foram detectados em ambas as escamas e músculos dessas espécies de peixes Pomfret. Assim, este estudo procurou analisar a utilização de ambas as espécies Pomfret de escamas e carne, e se eles poderiam ter valores como bons suplementos de proteína e certos tipos de aminoácidos essenciais em dietas de animais.

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the percentage quantity of protein and amino acids in scales and muscles of Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger gathered from the local fish market of district Quetta of Balochistan. About 80 specimens of these two species, i.e., Pampus argenteus (N=40) and Parastromateus niger (N = 40), were collected from April 2017 to May 2018. In general, crude protein content was high in scales, that is, 71.03% in Parastromateus niger and 52.11% in Pampus argenteus, as well as in muscles of two Pomfret species of fishes i.e., 63.44% in Pampus argenteus and 60.99% in Parastromateus niger on a dry-weight basis, respectively. Likewise, the muscles and scales of Parastromateus niger reveal well compositions of amino acids that include proline was found to be high, and methionine was less than other amino acids, whereas threonine was found high in the scales of Pampus argenteus, but methionine was observed in lesser amount. However, the amino acids found in Pampus argenteus muscles also showed different compositions, such as lysine was found to be high, but histidine was less, respectively. In comparison, amino acids like tryptophan and cysteine were not detected in both scales and muscles of thesePomfret species of fishes. Thus, this study was based on analyzing the utilization of both Pomfret species of scales and meat whether they could have values as good supplements of both protein and certain kinds of essential amino acids in animal diets.

Resumo O farelo de soja é uma proteína de origem vegetal de baixo custo que tem sido usada em dietas práticas como um substituto da proteína animal, como farinha de peixe ou farinha de frango, devido ao preço não econômico das dietas com proteína animal. Consequentemente, um estudo/pesquisa foi realizado com algumas espécies comerciais de carpas principais indianas, ou seja, Catla (Cattla cattla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) e Mrigala (Cirhinus mrigala) (Hamilton, 1822), para estimar a necessidade ideal de proteína dietética de farelo de soja na dieta em uma policultura intensiva. Três dietas diferentes (SBM I, SBM II e SBM III) foram formuladas por 80%, 50% e 20% de substituição de farinha de peixe por farelo de soja de uma dieta de 45% de farinha de peixe (controle). O maior ganho de peso médio mensal foi obtido por SBM II (com 35% PB e cerca de 50% de substituição de farinha de peixe), enquanto SBM III (45% de proteína bruta e cerca de 20% de substituição de farinha de peixe) ficou em segundo lugar. Todas as dietas testadas respondem enormemente produzindo alto rendimento em comparação com a dieta controle, embora SBM II tenha gerado o maior rendimento entre todas. Com base na pesquisa a seguir, foi revelado que o SBM pode substituir até 50% da farinha de peixe sem qualquer aumento de outros aminoácidos na dieta das carpas principais indianas.

Abstract Soybean meal is an inexpensive plant origin protein which has been used in practical diets as a replacement of animal protein such as fish meal or chicken meal, due to the uneconomical price of animal protein diets. Consequently, a research study was conducted on some commercial species of Indian major carps i.e. Catla (Cattla cattla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigala (Cirhinus mrigala) (Hamilton, 1822) to estimate optimum dietary protein requirement of soy bean meal in diet in an intensive polyculture. Three different diets (SBM I, SBM II and SBM III) were formulated by 80%, 50% and 20% replacement of fish meal with soybean meal from a 45% fish meal diet (control).Highest monthly mean weight gain was obtained by SBM II (with 35% CP and about 50% substitution of fish meal), while SBM III (45% Crude Protein and about 20% substitution of fish meal) was stood second. All tested diets respond enormously by producing high yield as compare to control diet, though SBM II generated highest yield among all. On the bases of the following research, it was revealed that the SBM can surrogate even50% fish meal without any augmentation of other amino acids in the diet of Indian major carps.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol sobre os principais indicadores de qualidade da carne ovina obtida de animais infectados e desparasitados. Um total de 20 cabeças de carne Akzhaik e ovelhas de lã (ou seja, 2 anos de idade, de sexo diferente) foi usado em um experimento de 20 dias e dois grupos de 10 cabeças foram formados (n = 4). As ovelhas foram alimentadas com dieta básica (ou seja, controle, grupo CON), sem adicionar nada, e o segundo grupo foi alimentado com dieta básica por via oral com a adição de uma dose de 1,2 g / cabeça (um grupo experimental). Ao final do experimento, foi realizado um abate controle de cada grupo para estudar a composição bioquímica da carne e sua qualidade. O aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol não teve efeito significativo sobre os indicadores (organolépticos e físico-químicos) de qualidade da carne (P > 0,04). No entanto, a proporção de gordura e cinzas na carne do grupo de controle tem diferenças nos indicadores e é reduzida em 24,81% e 0,03%, respectivamente. A droga teve efeito significativo sobre o valor biológico da carne no grupo experimental, onde há maior teor de aminoácidos essenciais (P = 0,06), concentrações não essenciais (P = 0,05) em comparação com os grupos CON. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a carne dos grupos experimentais de ovinos, ao utilizar o aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol, não teve efeito significativo nos parâmetros organolépticos, mas influenciou positivamente de forma significativa no metabolismo, ganho de peso vivo e valor biológico da carne.

Abstract This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.