Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. This study demonstrates the direct association of the disposable pipette extraction (DPX) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the analysis of Aβ peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Different parameters were optimized in order to improve detectability in the MS/MS including mobile phase percentage of ammonium hydroxide, mobile phase flow rate and acquisition mode. Also, this method used an electrospray ionization (ESI) low-flow probe and direct infusion of an organic solution in the MS/MS. The DPX-MS/MS method showed adequate linearity for determining Aβ peptides in CSF-linearity ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 ng mL 1. The coefficients of determination were higher than 0.99; the precision coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 0.3 to 12.7%; and the accuracy relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from -13.6 to 13.2%. Alzheimers Alzheimer s AD (AD amyloidβ amyloid β (Aβ brain DPX (DPX MSMS MS (MS/MS CSF (CSF samples hydroxide mode Also ESI (ESI lowflow low DPXMS/MS DPXMSMS CSFlinearity 01 0 1 0. 15 5 0.99 099 99 CV (CV 03 3 12.7% 127 12 7 RSD (RSD 13.6 136 13 6 -13. 132 2 13.2% DPXMS 0.9 09 9 12.7 13. -13 13.2 12. -1 -

Selenium-containing compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cancer preventive effects. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we assessed the toxicity, neuroprotective, antioxidant properties, and impact on longevity of 11 selenoacetylenes. Their toxicity and bioactivities varied based on molecular structure. Selenoacetylenes with butyl substituents were toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae. The presence of but-3-in-2-ol radical increased antiprotozoal activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. Compared to the positive control (Nimitz® EC), selenoacetylenes were less toxic to nematode worms and eggs. Selenoacetylenes significantly reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) paralysis in C. elegans CL4176 worms, increased longevity by 18 to 22%, along with improving survival after oxidative or thermal stress. Galantamine, showed inferior results. These findings enhance our understanding of selenoacetylenes on neuroprotection, antioxidant activity, and longevity in C. elegans. Future mammalian studies will further elucidate mechanisms and explore the potential therapeutic use of selenoacetylenes in treating Alzheimer’s disease and longevity. Seleniumcontaining Selenium containing activities antioxidative antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects organism neuroprotective properties 1 structure larvae but3in2ol butinol but 3 2 ol pyriformis Nimitz® Nimitz (Nimitz EC, EC , EC) eggs Aβ (Aβ C CL CL417 22 22% stress Galantamine results neuroprotection Alzheimers Alzheimer s CL41 CL4

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a most common form of dementia and results in memory loss, disorientation, impaired thinking and changes in personality as well as mood. The dementia cases mostly turn into the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Another disease, the Parkinson’s disease (PD), mainly affects dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. A series of previously synthesized quinolone-triazole hybrids were investigated and evaluated for their anti-acetyl cholinesterase and against monoamine oxidase reactive properties through in silico characterization. The ground state electronic properties were determined by electron density of the compounds through DFTs (density functional theory) calculation. The geometries of all compounds were optimized using Becke-3-parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method and 6-311g basis set. Docking studies were conducted using the AutoDock and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software and the results of the potent derivatives found to be encouraging. The data confirmed that all the compounds have drug-like properties and was further confirmed by ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties. Alzheimers Alzheimer s AD (AD loss disorientation mood AD. . Parkinsons Parkinson PD, PD , (PD) nigra quinolonetriazole quinolone triazole antiacetyl anti acetyl characterization theory calculation Becke3parameterLeeYangParr BeckeparameterLeeYangParr Becke 3 parameter Lee Yang Parr B3LYP BLYP B LYP (B3LYP 6311g g 6 311g set MOE (MOE encouraging druglike drug like absorption, absorption (absorption distribution metabolism toxicity (PD parameterLeeYangParr

Abstract Objective: Expose the complexity of looking after patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as the relevance of opening a space in academic research so that the voice of female caregivers resonates, through methodologies to encourage epistemic justice. Methodology: It is an autoethnography based on the narrative of one author going through the experience of looking after her father, who suffered AD. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out a systematic literature review regarding the narratives of caregivers of AD patients. Argument: AD implies focusing on caregivers, who assume the responsibility of making decisions and taking actions to safeguard the integrity and dignity of their patients. AD care process requires full time and attention to basic needs. Caregivers compromise physical, emotional, and economic health, as well as their creativity and experience. However, caregiver’s voice is in isolation, they are rarely heard in research, in addition, they have little access to the information generated in research institutions, which produces diverse epistemic injustices. Findings: Caregivers of AD patients in Mexico are -essentially- women and, in the different stages of the pathological process, they generate relevant knowledge about the bond and care. However, in published academic research, the voice of caregivers is not clear; on the contrary, the voice of women as the protagonists of caregiving is usually diluted. Furthermore, the concept of “caregiver”, in Spanish, is referred predominantly to males, even though statistics indicate that, most of the times, women perform this unpaid work. This irreplaceable work, as a health issue, should be responsibility of the government, through public institutions.

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar la complejidad del cuidado de pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), así como la relevancia de abrir espacio en las investigaciones académicas para que resuene la voz de las mujeres cuidadoras, mediante metodologías que favorezcan a la justicia epistémica. Metodología: Es una autoetnografía a partir de la narrativa de la experiencia de una de las autoras, tras atravesar por el cuidado y atención de su padre quien padeció la EA. Para ello, fue necesario realizar una revisión de literatura sistemática con respecto de las narrativas de personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA. Argumento: La EA convoca a focalizar la atención en las personas cuidadoras, quienes asumen la responsabilidad de tomar decisiones y actuar para salvaguardar la integridad de sus pacientes, cuyo proceso de cuidado precisa tiempo completo y atención de las necesidades básicas. Con ello, generan condiciones de dignidad de quienes padecen la EA. Las personas cuidadoras comprometen salud física, emocional y económica, además de su creatividad y experiencia. No obstante, existe aislamiento de la voz de las personas cuidadoras, que rara vez se escucha en las investigaciones y, además, tienen poco acceso a la información que se genera en las instituciones de investigación, esto produce diferentes injusticias epistémicas. Hallazgos: Las personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA en México son -esencialmente- mujeres y en las diferentes etapas del proceso patológico generan saberes relevantes en torno al vínculo y atención. Empero, en las investigaciones académicas publicadas, la voz de las personas cuidadoras no es manifiesta, por el contrario, se suele diluir la voz de las mujeres como las protagonistas del cuidado. Además, predomina el concepto de “cuidador”, en masculino, pese a que las estadísticas refieren que son las mujeres quienes se hacen cargo de este trabajo no remunerado, en la mayoría de las circunstancias. Esa irremplazable labor correspondería principalmente al Estado por ser un asunto de salud.

Resumen El incremento de la incidencia y prevalencia de las patologías Parkinson y Alzheimer generan una alarma en los sistemas de salud debido a sus consecuencias en los individuos, familia y sociedad. El desarrollo de tratamientos no farmacológicos dirigidos a la rehabilitación cognitiva abre nuevas posibilidades para el incremento de la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Abstract The increase in the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases is causing alarm in health systems due to their consequences on individuals, families, and society. The development of non-pharmacological treatments aimed at cognitive rehabilitation opens new possibilities for increasing the quality of life of these patients.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract Physical activity shows benefits in cognitive function and the prevention and treatment of depression in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy ones. So, the purpose of this study was to compare cognitive function and depressive symptoms in two groups: a group of older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and a group of older adults without neurodegenerative diseases, by sex and level of physical activity. The sample was 30 participants divided into two groups: 15 participants with Alzheimer’s disease and 15 participants without neurodegenerative diseases. The instruments used were the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The results revealed that older persons with Alzheimer’s disease exhibit a more significant impairment of cognitive skills (p = .001) and a higher incidence of depressive symptoms (p = .001) compared to older persons without neurodegenerative diseases, with no differences between sex (p > .05). Results show that active older person had higher scores in cognitive abilities (p = .001) and a lower incidence of depression (p = .001). It seems that Alzheimer’s disease, typically associated with cognitive abilities decline and incidence of depressive symptoms, and physical activity influence cognitive performance and depressive symptoms in older people with Alzheimer’s disease and without dementia.

Resumo A atividade física demonstra benefícios na função cognitiva e na prevenção e tratamento da depressão em idosos com doença de Alzheimer e em idosos saudáveis. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a função cognitiva e os sintomas depressivos em dois grupos: um grupo de idosos com doença de Alzheimer e um grupo de idosos sem doenças neurodegenerativas, por sexo e nível de atividade física. A amostra foi de 30 participantes divididos em dois grupos: 15 participantes com doença de Alzheimer e 15 participantes sem doenças neurodegenerativas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS) e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE). Os resultados revelaram que os idosos com doença de Alzheimer apresentam um comprometimento mais significativo das capacidades cognitivas (p = .001) e uma maior incidência de sintomas depressivos (p = .001) em comparação com idosos sem doenças neurodegenerativas, sem diferenças entre sexos (p > .05). Os resultados mostram que os idosos ativos tiveram pontuações mais elevadas nas capacidades cognitivas (p = .001) e uma menor incidência de depressão (p = .001). Parece que a doença de Alzheimer, tipicamente associada ao declínio das capacidades cognitivas e à incidência de sintomas depressivos, e a atividade física influenciam o desempenho cognitivo e os sintomas depressivos em idosos com doença de Alzheimer e sem demência.

Abstract Difficulty in proper names retrieval is a frequent complaint in ageing and early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The main aim of this study is to analyze the capacity to retrieve proper names in elderly people with preserved cognition (PC) and with AD. Furthermore, this study intends to examine the effect of intrinsic characteristics of the stimuli used on the performance of these individuals in a retrieval task of proper names, and to distinguish the contribution of semantic and phonological cues in their retrieval. For this purpose, twelve elderly people of both sexes with an average age of 78.66 years (SD=7.72) were distributed in two groups: with AD and with PC. All of them carried out a task of naming faces of famous people with and without clues, both semantic and phonological. The results indicate that individuals with AD significantly showed a lower performance in retrieving proper names than individuals with PC. Besides, the results show that there were significant differences in the number of correct and “don’t know” answers between both groups. On the other hand, phonological cues were more useful than semantic ones to achieve the denomination in the two groups. Finally, the number of correct answers differed according to nationality, epoch, and socio-professional environment of the participants. Specifically, individuals correctly named more Spanish characters than foreigners, more characters from older decades than from more current ones, and more characters from the entertainment field than from the other fields that were investigated.

Resumen La dificultad para recuperar nombres propios es una queja frecuente en el envejecimiento y en las etapas tempranas de la Demencia Tipo Alzheimer (DTA). El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la capacidad para recuperar los nombres propios en personas mayores con cognición preservada (CP) y con DTA. Además, se pretende conocer el efecto de las características intrínsecas de los estímulos empleados sobre el desempeño de estos individuos en una tarea de recuperación de nombres propios y distinguir la contribución de las pistas semánticas y fonológicas en la recuperación de los mismos. Para ello, doce adultos mayores de ambos sexos con edad media de 78,66 años fueron distribuidos en dos grupos de personas: con DTA y con CP. Realizaron una tarea de denominación de rostros de personas famosas sin pistas y con pistas, tanto semánticas como fonológicas. Los resultados indican que los individuos con DTA demostraron un desempeño significativamente menor para recuperar nombres propios que las personas con CP. Además, los datos muestran diferencias significativas en el número de respuestas correctas y respuestas ‘no sé’ entre ambos grupos. Por otro lado, se observa que las pistas fonológicas fueron más útiles que las semánticas para lograr la denominación en los dos grupos. Por último, el número de aciertos difirió según nacionalidad, época y ámbito socioprofesional de los individuos. En concreto, los participantes nombraron correctamente más nombres de personajes españoles que de extranjeros, de personajes de décadas más antiguas que de las más actuales y del ámbito del entretenimiento que de los demás ámbitos investigados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Alzheimer, constituye un problema sanitario y social de gran magnitud; precisa de diagnóstico y terapéutica precoces. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos sobre factores de riesgo y biomarcadores de la enfermedad en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo y Lilacs, y mediante el buscador Google académico; desde el año 2017 hasta el 2023, en idioma español, inglés y portugués. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo y los biomarcadores de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Desarrollo: Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados son edad avanzada, menor educación, poca actividad física, hábito de fumar, consumo excesivo de alcohol, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, obesidad, depresión, pérdida o disminución de la audición, aislamiento social, los traumas craneales y la contaminación ambiental. Los biomarcadores fundamentales son: los marcadores que se utilizan en los estudios de neuroimágenes como la PET Amiloide, PET tau, PET FDG; y en LCR y plasma: Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, y neurofilamentos de cadena ligeras. Conclusiones: Se requieren estudios longitudinales, a partir de la presencia de los factores de riesgo asociados a biomarcador, desde edades pregeriátricas en pacientes sanos, que tengan como salidas el deterioro cognitivo y el desarrollo de la demencia, para construir un modelo de predicción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a health and social problem of great magnitude; it requires early diagnosis and therapy. A search for articles on risk factors and biomarkers of the disease was conducted; in the databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo and Lilacs, and through the Google scholar search engine; from 2017 to 2023, in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Objective: To analyze the risk factors and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Development: The main risk factors found are advanced age, lower education, little physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, depression, hearing loss or decrease, social isolation, head trauma and environmental pollution. The fundamental biomarkers are: markers used in neuroimaging studies such as amyloid PET, tau PET, FDG PET; and in CSF and plasma: Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, and light chain neurofilaments. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies are required, based on the presence of risk factors associated with biomarkers, from pregeriatric ages in healthy patients, which have cognitive impairment and the development of dementia as outputs, to build a prediction model.

Resumo Antecedentes A doença de Alzheimer (DA) leva ao declínio cognitivo e altera a conectividade funcional (CF) em regiões-chave do cérebro. A ressonância magnética funcional em estado de repouso (rs-fMRI) avalia essas alterações usando CF estática para correlação geral e CF dinâmica para variabilidade temporal. Objetivo Na DA, há CF alterada em relação às condições normais. O presente estudo investiga possíveis anormalidades funcionais específicas da região que ocorrem longitudinalmente ao longo de um ano. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a utilidade potencial das abordagens estáticas e dinâmicas na identificação de biomarcadores da progressão da DA. Métodos O estudo envolveu 15 participantes com DA e 20 participantes saudáveis do banco de dados da Iniciativa de Neuroimagem da Doença de Alzheimer 2 (ADNI2), rastreados em duas visitas no período de um ano. Usando análise de componentes independentes e restritos, avaliamos as mudanças de CF em 80 regiões de interesse na DA ao longo do ano, examinando condições estáticas e dinâmicas. Resultados A CF regional média diminuiu na DA em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis no início do estudo e após um ano. A condição dinâmica identifica semelhanças com algumas alterações adicionais na CF em comparação com a condição estática. Em ambas as análises, a avaliação inicial revelou conectividade reduzida entre as seguintes regiões: occipital médio direito e occipital superior esquerdo, hipocampo esquerdo e pós-central direito, lingual esquerdo e fusiforme esquerdo, e precuneus e tálamo esquerdo. Além disso, foi encontrada maior conectividade entre as regiões occipital superior esquerda e precuneus. Na avaliação de DA de um ano, foi observada conectividade aumentada entre o polo temporal superior direito e o insular direito, o hipocampo direito e o caudado esquerdo, occipital médio direito e o polo temporal superior direito, e regiões posteriores do córtex cingulado e do polo temporal médio. Conclusão Mudanças significativas foram observadas no início do estudo nas regiões frontal, occipital e dos gânglios basais centrais, progredindo em direção ao lobo temporal e regiões subcorticais no ano seguinte. Após um ano, observamos as diferenças neurológicas específicas da região acima mencionadas na DA, auxiliando significativamente no diagnóstico e no rastreamento da doença. (DA (CF regiõeschave chave cérebro rsfMRI rs fMRI (rs-fMRI normais 1 ADNI2, ADNI2 ADNI , (ADNI2) restritos 8 análises póscentral pós central disso frontal centrais seguinte (ADNI2 (ADNI

Abstract Background Alzheimer disease (AD) leads to cognitive decline and alters functional connectivity (FC) in key brain regions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) assesses these changes using static-FC for overall correlation and dynamic-FC for temporal variability. Objective In AD, there is altered FC compared to normal conditions. The present study investigates possible region-specific functional abnormalities occurring longitudinally over 1 year. Our aim is to evaluate the potential usefulness of the static and dynamic approaches in identifying biomarkers of AD progression. Methods The study involved 15 AD and 20 healthy participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 (ADNI2) database, tracked over 2 visits within 1 year. Using constrained-independent component analysis, we assessed FC changes across 80-regions of interest in AD over the year, examining both static and dynamic conditions. Results The average regional FC decreased in AD compared to healthy subjects at baseline and after 1 year. The dynamic condition identifies similarities with a few additional changes in the FC compared to the static condition. In both analyses, the baseline assessment revealed reduced connectivity between the following regions: right-middle-occipital and left-superior-occipital, left-hippocampus and right-postcentral, left-lingual and left-fusiform, and precuneus and left-thalamus. Additionally, increased connectivity was found between the left-superior-occipital and precuneus regions. In the 1-year AD assessment, increased connectivity was noted between the right-superior-temporal-pole and right-insular, right-hippocampus and left-caudate, right-middle-occipital and right-superior-temporal-pole, and posterior-cingulate-cortex and middle-temporal-pole regions. Conclusion Significant changes were observed at baseline in the frontal, occipital, and core basal-ganglia regions, progressing towards the temporal lobe and subcortical regions in the following year. After 1 year, we observed the aforementioned region-specific neurological differences in AD, significantly aiding diagnosis and disease tracking. (AD (FC Restingstate Resting state rsfMRI rs fMRI (rs-fMRI staticFC dynamicFC variability conditions regionspecific region specific year progression Alzheimers s ADNI2 ADNI (ADNI2 database constrainedindependent constrained independent analysis 80regions 80 analyses rightmiddleoccipital right middle occipital leftsuperioroccipital, leftsuperioroccipital left superior lefthippocampus hippocampus rightpostcentral, rightpostcentral postcentral, postcentral right-postcentral leftlingual lingual leftfusiform, leftfusiform fusiform, fusiform left-fusiform leftthalamus. leftthalamus thalamus. thalamus left-thalamus Additionally 1year rightsuperiortemporalpole pole rightinsular, rightinsular insular, insular right-insular righthippocampus leftcaudate, leftcaudate caudate, caudate left-caudate rightsuperiortemporalpole, pole, posteriorcingulatecortex posterior cingulate cortex middletemporalpole frontal basalganglia basal ganglia tracking (ADNI 8

Abstract Chocolate is a delectable sweet enjoyed all over the world. Made from dried cocoa beans, through the process of roasting, grinding, and conching, chocolate is known for its taste and flavor. Although the sugar content of chocolate is limiting its reach to the health-conscious population, chocolate is endowed with immense medicinal benefits. The major ingredient of chocolate, cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., is a plant known as the “Food of the Gods” due to the abundance of polyphenols present in it. Processing conditions and parameters affect the polyphenol stability. Roasting process conditions affect the polyphenols of cocoa beans, especially the epicatechin and procyanidin. The variety of cocoa beans, quality and presence of fat, sugar, emulsifiers, drying time, and temperature are the important influencing factors affecting the polyphenol content of chocolate. Chocolate possesses antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti–inflammatory, and good mood food properties but it is also shown to be prebiotic and helps in alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and heart disease. The functional properties of chocolate can be enhanced by the addition of certain foods/ functional ingredients. This paper reviews the role of chocolate as a functional food, the effect of processing on polyphenols, and the recent developments in improving the functional properties of chocolates through fortification. world beans roasting grinding conching flavor healthconscious health conscious population benefits L L. Food Gods stability procyanidin fat emulsifiers time antioxidant antidiabetic anticancer antiinflammatory anti inflammatory anti–inflammatory Alzheimers Alzheimer s disease foods ingredients fortification

Abstract Objective To map national and international scientific evidence regarding driving by older adults. Method Scope review based on the manual proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO databases, and grey literature through Google Scholar. Results Out of 1,194 studies identified, 189 papers meeting eligibility criteria were selected. Pioneering countries in publications were Australia and the United States, with the peak of research occurring between 2013 and 2014. Study participants included healthy older adults (63.49%, 120), followed by those with Alzheimer's disease (17.46%, 33), Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (11.11%, 21), Parkinson's disease (6.88%, 13), and other comorbidities (19.58%, 37). Various interventions were identified, with 94.02% (178) assessing the effectiveness of instruments measuring the fitness of older drivers. Conclusion There was a prevalence of studies aimed at identifying assessment tools to measure the functionality of older drivers. This underscores the importance of standardized, validated, and economically viable assessments that contribute to identifying at-risk drivers. The need for interventions in geriatrics and gerontology was evident, emphasizing the necessity for actions to establish a specialized multidisciplinary team in vehicular driving. This approach seeks to align licensing guidelines with the specific needs of older drivers, taking into account social, economic, political, and educational aspects, particularly within the Brazilian traffic departments. Institute MEDLINE Science Scopus databases Scholar 1194 1 194 1,19 identified 18 selected States 201 2014 63.49%, 6349 63 49 (63.49% 120, 120 , 120) Alzheimers Alzheimer s 17.46%, 1746 17 46 (17.46% 33, 33 33) 11.11%, 1111 11 (11.11% 21, 21 21) Parkinsons Parkinson 6.88%, 688 6 88 (6.88% 13, 13 13) 19.58%, 1958 19 58 (19.58% 37. 37 . 37) 9402 94 02 94.02 178 (178 drivers standardized validated atrisk risk evident social economic political aspects departments 119 1,1 20 63.49% 634 4 (63.49 12 17.46% 174 (17.46 3 11.11% 111 (11.11 2 6.88% 68 8 (6.88 19.58% 195 5 (19.58 940 9 0 94.0 (17 1, 63.49 (63.4 17.46 (17.4 11.11 (11.1 6.88 (6.8 19.58 (19.5 94. (1 63.4 (63. 17.4 (17. 11.1 (11. 6.8 (6. 19.5 (19. ( 63. (63 17. 11. (11 6. (6 19. (19

Resumo Objetivo Mapear evidências científicas nacionais e internacionais sobre a condução veicular por pessoas idosas. Método Revisão de escopo baseada no manual proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. Para as buscas foram acessadas as bases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO e a literatura cinzenta, por meio do Google Scholar. Resultados Dos 1.194 estudos encontrados, selecionaram-se 189 artigos submetidos aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os países precursores nas publicações foram Austrália e Estados Unidos, e o ápice das pesquisas ocorreu entre 2013 e 2014. Os participantes dos estudos eram pessoas idosas saudáveis, 63,49% (120); seguidos de 17,46% (33) com doença de Alzheimer; 11,11% (21) com Transtorno Neurocognitivo Leve; 6,88% (13) com doença de Parkinson; e 19,58% (37) com outras comorbidades. Diferentes tipos de intervenções foram identificadas nos estudos, destas, 94,02% (178) avaliaram a eficácia de instrumentos que mensuram a aptidão do motorista idoso. Conclusão Houve predominância de estudos na busca de instrumentos de avaliação que mensurassem a funcionalidade do condutor idoso. Esse fato ratifica a importância de avaliação padronizada, validada e economicamente viável que colabore na identificação do motorista em risco. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de intervenções para a prática da geriatria e gerontologia, por meio de ações para formação de equipe multidisciplinar especializada em condução veicular, de modo a adequar as diretrizes de licenciamento a fim de atender às especificidades dos condutores idosos, considerando os aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos e educacionais, especialmente nos departamentos de trânsito brasileiro. Institute MEDLINE Science Scopus cinzenta Scholar 1194 1 194 1.19 encontrados selecionaramse selecionaram se 18 elegibilidade Unidos 201 2014 saudáveis 6349 63 49 63,49 120 (120) 1746 17 46 17,46 33 (33 Alzheimer 1111 11 11,11 21 (21 Leve 688 6 88 6,88 13 (13 Parkinson 1958 19 58 19,58 37 (37 comorbidades destas 9402 94 02 94,02 178 (178 idoso padronizada risco Evidenciouse Evidenciou gerontologia idosos sociais econômicos educacionais brasileiro 119 1.1 20 634 4 63,4 12 (120 174 17,4 3 (3 111 11,1 2 (2 68 8 6,8 (1 195 5 19,5 940 9 0 94,0 (17 1. 63, (12 17, ( 11, 6, 19, 94,

ABSTRACT. The disability of cells to react to insulin, causing glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia, is referred to as insulin resistance. This clinical condition, which has been well-researched in organs such as adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) when it occurs in the brain. Objective: The authors aimed to gather data from the current literature on brain insulin resistance (BIR) and its likely repercussions on neurodegenerative disorders, more specifically AD, through a systematic review. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple medical databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), and PubMed®, employing the descriptors: “insulin resistance”, “brain insulin resistance”, “Alzheimer’s disease”, “neurodegeneration”, and “cognition”. The authors focused their search on English-language studies published between 2000 and 2023 that investigated the influence of BIR on neurodegenerative disorders or offered insights into BIR’s underlying mechanisms. Seventeen studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results: The results indicate that BIR is a phenomenon observed in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Studies suggest that impaired glucose utilization and uptake, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and synaptic plasticity changes caused by BIR are linked to cognitive problems. However, conflicting results were observed regarding the association between AD and BIR, with some studies suggesting no association. Conclusion: Based on the evaluated studies, it can be concluded that the association between AD and BIR remains inconclusive, and additional research is needed to elucidate this relationship. ABSTRACT hyperglycemia condition wellresearched well researched tissue muscle liver Alzheimers Alzheimer s (AD Objective (BIR review Methods databases Trials EMBASE Medline, Medline , (Medline) PubMed PubMed® descriptors resistance, resistance” disease, disease” neurodegeneration, neurodegeneration “neurodegeneration” cognition. cognition . “cognition” Englishlanguage English language 200 202 BIRs mechanisms selected Results uptake ATP (ATP production problems However Conclusion inconclusive relationship (Medline “neurodegeneration “cognition 20 2

RESUMO. A incapacidade das células de reagir à insulina, ocasionando intolerância à glicose e hiperglicemia, é chamada de resistência à insulina. Essa condição clínica, que tem sido bem pesquisada em órgãos como tecido adiposo, músculo e fígado, tem sido associada às doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Alzheimer (DA) quando ocorre no cérebro. Objetivo: O objetivo dos autores foi reunir os dados da literatura atual sobre a resistência insulínica cerebral (RIC) e sua provável repercussão em doenças neurodegenerativas, mais especificamente na DA, por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente em vários bancos de dados médicos, incluindo o Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) e PubMed, empregando os descritores: “resistência à insulina”, “resistência insulínica cerebral”, “doença de Alzheimer”, “neurodegeneração” e “cognição”. Os autores concentraram sua busca em estudos no idioma inglês publicados entre 2000 e 2023 que investigaram a influência da RIC em distúrbios neurodegenerativos ou ofereceram insights sobre os mecanismos subjacentes da RIC. Dezessete estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram selecionados. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que a RIC é um fenômeno observado em uma variedade de doenças neurodegenerativas, incluindo a DA. Estudos sugerem que a utilização e captação prejudicadas de glicose, a produção reduzida de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) e as alterações na plasticidade sinápticas causadas pela RIC estão ligadas a problemas cognitivos. No entanto, foram observados resultados conflitantes com relação à associação entre DA e RIC, com alguns estudos sugerindo nenhuma associação. Conclusão: Com base nos estudos avaliados, pode-se concluir que a associação entre DA e RIC ainda é inconclusiva, e pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para elucidar essa relação. RESUMO insulina hiperglicemia clínica adiposo fígado (DA cérebro Objetivo (RIC Métodos médicos Trials EMBASE Medline (Medline PubMed descritores , insulina” cerebral, cerebral” Alzheimer, Alzheimer” neurodegeneração “neurodegeneração cognição. cognição . “cognição” 200 202 selecionados Resultados ATP (ATP cognitivos entanto Conclusão avaliados podese pode se inconclusiva “cognição 20 2

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar el conocimiento de los Agentes Comunitarios de Salud sobre la demencia antes y después de un taller de capacitación para la detección de signos de la enfermedad. Métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con 33 agentes comunitarios, en el que se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos y conocimiento sobre la demencia, evaluados mediante la Escala de Conocimiento de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer, antes y después del taller. Hubo 10 sesiones semanales en línea y sincrónicas. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas y se calculó el tamaño del efecto. Resultados: mientras que la puntuación promedio en la evaluación inicial a través del instrumento de medición fue de 16,3, en la evaluación final fue de 21,24. Se observó un aumento en la puntuación de instrumento después de participar en el taller, con un valor de 4,94. Conclusiones: es urgente invertir en la educación continua de estos profesionales para aumentar la conciencia en la detección oportuna de casos de demencia en atención primaria y la concienciación sobre factores potencialmente modificables. Objetivos enfermedad Métodos 3 comunitarios Alzheimer 1 sincrónicas efecto Resultados 163 16 16,3 2124 21 24 21,24 494 4 94 4,94 Conclusiones modificables 16, 212 2 21,2 49 9 4,9 21, 4,

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the knowledge of Community Health Agents about dementia before and after the training workshop for detecting signs of the disease. Methods: a quasi-experimental study with 33 community agents, in which sociodemographic information and knowledge about dementia were collected and assessed using the Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale before and after the workshop. There were 10 weekly, online, synchronous meetings. The Student’s t-test for related samples was used, and the effect size was calculated. Results: while the average score on the initial assessment, using the measurement instrument, was 16.3, it was 21.24 in the final assessment. An increase in the scale score was observed after participating in the workshop, with a value of 4.94. Conclusions: it is urgent to invest in the ongoing education of these professionals for greater awareness in the timely detection of dementia cases in primary care and awareness of potentially modifiable factors. Objectives disease Methods quasiexperimental quasi experimental 3 agents Alzheimers Alzheimer s 1 weekly online meetings Students Student ttest t test used calculated Results assessment instrument 163 16 16.3 2124 21 24 21.2 494 4 94 4.94 Conclusions factors 16. 212 2 21. 49 9 4.9 4.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar o conhecimento dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde sobre demência antes e após a oficina de capacitação para detecção de sinais da doença. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental com 33 agentes comunitários, no qual foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e de conhecimento sobre demência, avaliadas pela Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale, no pré e pós-oficina. Houve 10 encontros semanais, online e síncronos. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas e calculou-se o tamanho do efeito. Resultados: enquanto a média de pontos na avaliação inicial, por meio do instrumento de medida, foi de 16,3, na avaliação final foi de 21,24. Observou-se aumento na pontuação na escala após a participação na oficina, com um valor de 4,94. Conclusões: é urgente investir na educação permanente desses profissionais para maior conscientização na detecção oportuna de casos de demência ainda na atenção básica e conscientização de fatores potencialmente modificáveis. Objetivos doença Métodos quaseexperimental quase experimental 3 comunitários Alzheimers Alzheimer s Scale pósoficina. pósoficina pós oficina. pós-oficina 1 semanais síncronos Utilizouse Utilizou se calculouse calculou efeito Resultados inicial medida 163 16 16,3 2124 21 24 21,24 Observouse Observou 494 4 94 4,94 Conclusões modificáveis 16, 212 2 21,2 49 9 4,9 21, 4,

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells that facilitate cell signaling. They are categorized based on their biogenesis and size. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), EVs have been extensively studied for their role in both normal physiological functions and diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuronal death. EVs have emerged as potential biomarkers for AD due to their involvement in disease progression. Specifically, EVs derived from neurons, astrocytes, and neuron precursor cells exhibit changes in quantity and composition in AD. Neuron-derived EVs have been found to contain key proteins associated with AD pathology, such as amyloid beta (Aß) and tau. Increased levels of Aß in neuron-derived EVs isolated from the plasma have been observed in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment, suggesting their potential as early biomarkers. However, the analysis of tau in neuron-derived EVs is still inconclusive. In addition to Aß and tau, neuron-derived EVs also carry other proteins linked to AD, including synaptic proteins. These findings indicate that EVs could serve as biomarkers for AD, particularly for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, further research is required to validate their use and explore potential therapeutic applications. To summarize, EVs are small vesicles involved in cell signaling within the CNS. They hold promise as biomarkers for AD, potentially enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Ongoing research aims to refine their use as biomarkers and uncover additional therapeutic applications. (EVs size CNS, CNS , (CNS) Alzheimers Alzheimer s . (AD) death progression Specifically neurons astrocytes Neuronderived Neuron pathology (Aß neuronderived impairment However inconclusive applications summarize (CNS (AD

Resumo As vesículas extracelulares (VEs) são pequenas estruturas liberadas pelas células que agem na sinalização celular. No sistema nervoso central (SNC), as VEs são estudadas em relação à doença de Alzheimer (DA), um distúrbio neurodegenerativo que cursa com declínio cognitivo e morte neuronal. As VEs podem ser biomarcadores potenciais para a DA devido ao seu papel na progressão da doença. As VEs derivadas de neurônios, astrócitos e células precursoras apresentam alterações na DA, contendo proteínas associadas à patologia da DA, como beta-amiloide (Aß) e tau. Níveis elevados de Aß foram observados nas VEs de neurônios de indivíduos com DA, sugerindo seu potencial como biomarcadores precoces. A análise de tau nas VEs de neurônios ainda é inconclusiva. Além disso, as VEs neurais carregam outras proteínas relacionadas à DA, incluindo proteínas sinápticas. As VEs podem ser promissoras como biomarcadores para o diagnóstico precoce e monitoramento da DA, porém mais pesquisas são necessárias para validar seu uso e explorar aplicações terapêuticas. Em resumo, as VEs são vesículas envolvidas na sinalização celular no SNC, com potencial como biomarcadores para a DA. (VEs SNC , (SNC) (DA) neuronal betaamiloide beta amiloide (Aß precoces inconclusiva disso sinápticas terapêuticas resumo (SNC (DA