Abstract Given the environmental impacts associated with the production of conventional Portland cement, the study of special cements with reduced environmental impact has been a trend. In this context, cements containing ye'elimite (YCC) stand out due to their low CO 2 emissions. Despite the environmental advantages, the high demand for aluminum economically limits the production of these cements.An alternative to making its production feasible is using residual raw materials as a source of Al 2 O 3 , such as SFCC (spent fluidized catalytic cracking).In view of this, this work aims to evaluate hydration at the initial age of cements. For this, six clinkers were produced with different ye'elimite contents, with and without SFCC. These were characterized by XRD/Rietveld. The pastes were evaluated by TG/DTG and XRD/Rietveld to understand the hydration mechanism on the third day of these cements. It was possible to synthesize the main phases of YCC, in clinkers with and without SFCC. In addition, at the age evaluated, the pastes with and without SFCC presented comparable phase composition, indicating the potential for co-processing this residue. cement trend context yeelimite ye elimite YCC (YCC emissions advantages cementsAn An spent cracking.In crackingIn cracking .In contents XRDRietveld XRD Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG addition composition coprocessing co processing residue

Resumo Diante dos impactos ambientais associados à produção do cimento Portland convencional, o estudo de cimentos especiais de reduzido impacto ambiental tem sido uma tendência. Neste contexto, os cimentos contendo ye’elimita (YCC) se destacam devido à baixa emissão de CO2. Apesar das vantagens ambientais, a alta demanda por alumínio limita economicamente a produção destes cimentos. Uma alternativa para viabilizar a sua produção é o uso de matérias-primas residuais como fonte de Al2O3, a exemplo do SFCC (catalizador gasto do craqueamento catalítico de leito fluidizado). Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a hidratação na idade inicial de cimentos YCC produzidos a partir do coprocessamento do SFCC. Para isso, foram produzidos seis clínqueres com diferentes teores de ye’elimita, com e sem SFCC. Estes foram caracterizados por DRX/Rietveld. As pastas foram avaliadas por TG/DTG e DRX/Rietveld para compreender o mecanismo de hidratação em idade inicial destes cimentos. Foi possível sintetizar as principais fases dos YCC, nos clínqueres com e sem SFCC. Além disso, na idade avaliada, as pastas com e sem SFCC apresentaram composição de fases comparáveis indicando o potencial de coprocessamento do SFCC neste tipo de cimento. convencional tendência contexto yeelimita ye elimita (YCC CO2 CO matériasprimas matérias primas Al2O3 AlO Al O catalizador fluidizado. fluidizado . fluidizado) disso isso yeelimita, elimita, DRXRietveld DRX Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG avaliada Al2O

Abstract Textile sludge is a waste from the effluent treatment of textile laundries and its incorporation into alternative materials has been proposed as a possibility for its disposal. A systematic search was carried out in literature from this perspective, aiming to observe concentrations of waste material and its preparation, matrices used, technological performance and immobilization of textile waste. The matrices used were mortars, concretes and ceramic bricks, in general, deleterious effects were observed on mechanical characteristics of the materials produced. In concrete and mortars, the fineness had an impact on increase in water demand, which increased mixtures porosity; and organic matter and heavy metals, in cement hydration. Recent studies therefore proposed waste material pre-treatment as a favorable alternative. Increases in porosity also occurred in ceramic bricks, however, due to high organic matter content. Regarding waste immobilization, cementitious materials showed satisfactory performance; ceramic bricks, on the other hand, obtained some results outside the normative limits. Therefore, it is necessary to expand discussions regarding the pre-treatment carried out on textile sludge, as well as its impacts on mechanical and environmental performance. disposal perspective preparation mortars bricks general produced demand metals hydration pretreatment pre however content hand limits Therefore

Resumo Olodo têxtil é um resíduo do tratamento do efluente das lavanderias têxteis e sua incorporação em materiais alternativos tem sido proposta como possibilidade para sua destinação. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática na literatura nesta perspectiva, visando observar as concentrações de material residual e seu preparo, as matrizes utilizadas, o desempenho tecnológico e imobilização do resíduo têxtil. As matrizes empregadas foram argamassas, concretos e tijolos cerâmicos, sendo observados, de maneira geral, efeitos deletérios nas características mecânicas dos materiais produzidos. Em concretos e argamassas, a finura impactou no aumento da demanda de água, o que elevou a porosidade das misturas; e a matéria orgânica e metais pesados, na hidratação do cimento. Estudos recentes propuseram, então, o pré-tratamento do material residual como uma alternativa favorável. Incrementos na porosidade também ocorreram nos tijolos cerâmicos, porém, devido ao elevado teor de matéria orgânica. Quanto a imobilização do resíduo, os materiais cimentícios apresentaram desempenho satisfatório; já os tijolos cerâmicos, obtiveram alguns resultados fora dos limites normativos. Portanto, é necessário ampliar as discussões quanto ao pré-tratamento realizado no lodo têxtil, bem como seus impactos no desempenho mecânico e ambiental. destinação perspectiva preparo utilizadas argamassas cerâmicos observados geral produzidos água misturas pesados cimento propuseram então prétratamento pré favorável porém satisfatório normativos Portanto ambiental

Abstract The use of supplementary cementitious materials to replace Portland clinker is one of the most effective strategies adopted by cement companies to reduce CO 2 emission on large-scale. However, due to the limited availability of traditional materials, alternative options are being investigated. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristics and effect of different replacement levels of cement by dregs and grits on compressive strength. The wastes were ground and particles smaller than 75 µm were used. Chemical and physical were performed to characterize the dregs and grits. For both wastes, replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of cement mass were evaluated in the mortar production. The water-cement ratio and superplasticizer admixture content were kept constant. In fresh state, the consistency index and incorporated air content were obtained. Mortars made with dregs had higher strength compared to grits due to the higher combined water content. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 36% of cement with dregs to obtain a strength of 25 MPa; and 15% for 40 MPa. largescale. largescale large scale. scale large-scale However investigated 7 used 0 5 10 30 production watercement constant state obtained 36 MPa 15 4 1 3

Resumo Ouso de adições minerais em substituição ao clínquer Portland é uma das medidas mitigadoras de emissão de CO2, mais promissoras em larga escala, adotadas pelas cimenteiras. Dada a limitação de disponibilidade de algumas, materiais alternativos vêm sendo investigados. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o efeito de diferentes teores de dregs e grits em substituição parcial ao cimento na resistência à compressão. Os resíduos foram submetidos à moagem, utilizando-se partículas inferiores a 75 µm. Foram realizados ensaios para caracterização química e física dos dregs e grits. Para ambos os resíduos, foram analisados os teores de 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30% em substituição à massa de cimento na produção de argamassas. A relação água/finos e o teor de aditivo superplastificante foram mantidos constantes. No estado fresco, foram avaliados o índice de consistência e o teor de ar incorporado. As argamassas com dregs proporcionaram maior resistência em relação às com grits devido ao maior teor de água combinada. Os resultados mostraram que é possível substituir até 36% do cimento por esse resíduo para obtenção de resistência à compressão de 25 MPa e 15% para 40 MPa. CO2 CO escala cimenteiras algumas investigados moagem utilizandose utilizando se 7 µm 0 5 10 2 30 águafinos finos constantes fresco incorporado combinada 36 15 4 1 3

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10

Abstract Long-life packaging is being used informally as an alternative to improve thermal insulation in single-family wooden houses. Its usage is backed by environmental concerns to reuse these solid residues as a radiant barrier for heat transmission. However, some published studies have only analyzed its thermal insulation efficiency, without considering the material performance in fire situations. Given this scenario, the objective of this research is to present the analysis and classification to a fire reaction of long-life packaging. In addition to the non-combustibility test, ignitability, radiant wall panel, optical smoke density and single burn item (SBI) tests were carried out. The results showed that the material is combustible and is classified as fire reaction class VI, according to the criteria for special materials. Thus, on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that long-life packaging should not be used as a lining for the internal surfaces of buildings. Longlife Long life singlefamily family houses transmission However efficiency situations scenario longlife long noncombustibility non combustibility test ignitability panel SBI (SBI out VI materials Thus study buildings

Resumo As embalagens do tipo “longa-vida” estão sendo utilizadas, informalmente, como alternativa para melhorar o isolamento térmico em edificações residenciais unifamiliares de madeira. Sua utilização é justificada por questões ambientais, a fim de reaproveitar estes resíduos sólidos urbanos, e por sua caraterística como barreira radiante na transmissão de calor. Porém, alguns estudos publicados analisaram apenas sua eficiência no isolamento térmico, sem considerar o comportamento do material em situações de incêndio. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a análise e classificação de reação ao fogo de embalagens cartonadas do tipo “longa vida”. Além do ensaio de não combustibilidade, foram realizados testes de ignitabilidade, painel radiante de parede, densidade ótica de fumaça e single burn item (SBI). Os resultados evidenciaram que o material é combustível, sendo classificado com classe de reação ao fogo VI, conforme critérios para materiais especiais. Sendo assim, com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se indicar que as embalagens cartonadas não devem ser utilizadas como um produto para revestir o interior de edificações. longavida longa vida “longa-vida informalmente madeira ambientais urbanos calor Porém incêndio assim vida. . vida” combustibilidade ignitabilidade parede SBI. SBI (SBI) combustível VI especiais encontrados podese pode se (SBI

Abstract The use of sandwich panels in construction is a viable alternative in the search for materials with low self-weight, lower thermal conductivity, and resistance to compression. To increase the sustainability of this solution, it is necessary to replace the steel reinforcement of the faces and the EPS core with materials that have lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions during production. In this context, this study aims to develop a sandwich panel with a lightweight concrete core made from oil palm endocarp as a substitute for conventional coarse aggregate and faces with mortar reinforced with short sisal fibers. The bioconcrete was produced with two levels of oil palm endocarp (100% and 150% of the binder mass) and two water/binder ratios, 0.35 and 0.45. The increase in the content of endocarp results in increased water absorption and reduced mechanical strength, but the panels had a specific mass lower than 1480 kg/m³ and compressive strength greater than 7 MPa, qualifying them for use as infill masonry. The use of sisal fibers allowed an increase in toughness under flexure even after the initiation of panel cracking. selfweight, selfweight self weight, weight self-weight conductivity compression solution production context 100% 100 (100 150 waterbinder ratios 035 0 35 0.3 045 45 0.45 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m MPa masonry cracking 10 (10 15 03 3 0. 04 4 0.4 14 1 (1 (

Resumo O uso de painéis sanduíche na construção civil é uma alternativa viável na busca por materiais com baixo peso próprio, menor condutividade térmica e resistentes à compressão. Para aumentar a sustentabilidade dessa solução, é preciso substituir o reforço de aço das faces e o núcleo em EPS por materiais que apresentem menor custo energético e redução da emissão de gases do efeito estufa durante a produção. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, desenvolver um painel sanduíche com núcleo de concreto leve feito com endocarpo do dendê em substituição do agregado graúdo convencional e faces com argamassa reforçada com fibras curtas de sisal. O bioconcreto foi produzido com dois teores de endocarpo do dendê (100% e 150% da massa de aglomerante) e duas relações água/aglomerante, de 0,35 e 0,45. O aumento do teor de endocarpo resulta em aumento da absorção de água e redução da resistência mecânica, mas os painéis apresentaram massa específica menor que 1480 kg/m³ e resistência a compressão maior que 7 MPa o que os qualifica para uso como alvenaria de vedação. O uso de fibras vegetais permitiu o aumento da tenacidade sob flexão mesmo após o início da fissuração do painel. próprio solução produção contexto objetivo sisal 100% 100 (100 150 aglomerante águaaglomerante água/aglomerante 035 0 35 0,3 045 45 0,45 mecânica 148 kgm³ kgm kg m³ m kg/m vedação 10 (10 15 03 3 0, 04 4 0,4 14 1 (1 (

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Abstract Introduction. Supply chain issues have increased the costs of raw material and reduced the availability of materials for the production of biological control agents. This can result in greater disease pressure and lower yields on farms. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients in small- and large-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask experiments were performed to investigate the reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Fermentation vessel trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, which included three treatments: 1) commercial medium as a control, 2) 10 % molasses medium, and 3) 10 % molasses with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10 % of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch resulted in uneven growth during fermentation. Molasses produced approximately half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium but exceeded the threshold of 107 CFU/mL used in studies for the biological control of plant pathogens. Results obtained in a commercial-scale fermenter were similar to those of pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. Reducing starch content in the commercial medium did not affect growth, but the absence of starch led to solid mycelium clumps. The use of a local molasses-based medium on a commercial scale feasible as long as the required viable spore count for field use is maintained.

Resumen Introducción. Los problemas en la cadena de suministro aumentaron los costos de las materias primas y redujeron la disponibilidad de materiales para la producción de agentes de control biológico. Esto puede ejercer mayor presión de enfermedades y menores rendimientos en las granjas. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de diferentes cantidades de almidón y el uso de ingredientes locales en procesos de fermentación a pequeña y gran escala para Trichoderma harzianum. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se ralizó en San José, Costa Rica, entre 2016 y 2018. Se realizaron ensayos en matraces para investigar la reducción o eliminación de almidón en medios de fermentación comerciales. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en recipientes de fermentación para evaluar la efectividad de un medio local alternativo, que incluyó tres tratamientos: 1) medio comercial como control, 2) melaza al 10 % y 3) melaza al 10 % con 0,5 % de extracto de levadura. Se realizaron recuentos de esporas viables para determinar las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/mL). Resultados. La reducción de almidón al 10 % del medio original no tuvo impacto en las UFC/mL. Sin embargo, la ausencia de almidón resultó en un crecimiento desigual durante la fermentación. La melaza produjo aproximadamente la mitad de las UFC/mL en comparación con el medio comercial, pero superó el umbral de 107 UFC/mL utilizado en estudios para el control biológico de patógenos de plantas. Los resultados obtenidos en un fermentador a escala comercial fueron similares a los de la fermentación a escala piloto. Conclusión. La reducción del contenido de almidón en el medio comercial no afectó al crecimiento, pero la ausencia de almidón provocó acumulaciones sólidas de micelio. El uso de un medio de melaza de origen local a escala comercial parece factible mientras se mantenga un recuento de esporas viables requeridas para su uso en el campo.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, there are few studies on the use of microbial inoculants for the sustainable production common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objective. To evaluate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on productive and economic variables of P. vulgaris. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the La Argelia Experimental Station in Loja, Ecuador, from February to July 2022. Using loamy soil, the common bean cultivar “Mantequilla” was employed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: T1) absolute control, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, and T7) chemical fertilization. The effect of the treatments on growth, development, and yield components in the evaluated cultivar was assessed. Additionally, an economic analysis of the application of beneficial microorganisms versus chemical fertilization was conducted. Results. Treatment T6 (R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis) shortened the phenological phases (days), promoted a higher number of nodules, emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, nitrogen content, and agricultural yield without statistical differences (p<0.05) compared to chemical fertilization (T7). The economic analysis showed that T6 generated higher income and greater profitability compared to chemical fertilization. Conclusion. Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms positively affected the productive and economic variables of common beans and can be a valid alternative to the conventional use of chemical fertilizers.

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador, existen pocos estudios sobre la utilización de inoculantes microbianos para la producción sostenible del fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) en variables productivas y económicas de P. vulgaris . Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador, durante el periodo de febrero a julio de 2022. En un suelo de textura Franca, se empleó el cultivar de fríjol común Mantequilla bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron: T1) control absoluto, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, y T7) fertilización química. Se evaluó el efecto de los tratamientos sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y componentes de rendimiento en el cultivar evaluado. Además, se realizó un análisis económico de la aplicación de los microorganismos benéficos frente a la fertilización química. Resultados. El tratamiento: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (T6) acortó las fases fenológicas (días), promovió un mayor número de nódulos, porcentaje de emergencia, altura de la planta, área foliar, número de vainas por planta, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de nitrógeno y rendimiento agrícola sin diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) con respecto a la fertilización química (T7). Mediante el análisis económico se estableció que el T6 generó mayores ingresos, y una mayor rentabilidad frente a la fertilización química. Conclusión. La inoculación con microorganismos benéficos afectó positivamente las variables productivas y económicas de frijol común y puede ser una alternativa válida al uso convencional de fertilizantes químicos.

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

Abstract Alternatives have been studied in order to minimize the major environmental impacts arising from the production of cement and steel. Alternatives include adopting composite cements with the incorporation of alternative materials, to reduce the need for cement in the mixtures. Therefore, this study worked on the viability of incorporating steel residues in the mechanical performance of mortar and durability, evaluating the partial and total replacement of Portland Cement (PC) by granulated blast furnace slag (EGAF) and residue from the Desulfurization process of flue gases (FGD). The results found show that the association of these residues in place of cement improved the mechanical performance of the mortars by around 40%. In addition to having a lower modulus of elasticity and lower absorption of water by capillarity, properties that significantly increase the durability of the matrices. The contaminant leaching results did not show any contaminants in harmful amounts. The studies presented demonstrate that the simultaneous use of FGD and EGAF to replace Portland cement were satisfactory, obtaining better mechanical and durability performances than the reference ones, enabling the use of these residues in the production of mortars with low cement content. materials mixtures Therefore PC (PC (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 40% capillarity matrices amounts satisfactory ones content (FGD 4

Resumo Alternativas vêm sendo estudadas com o intuito de minimizar os grandes impactos ambientais provenientes da produção do cimento e aço. Inclusive, adotando cimentos compostos, com incorporação de materiais alternativos, diminuindo a necessidade de cimento nas misturas. Por conseguinte, este trabalho estudou a viabilidade de incorporação de resíduos siderúrgicos no desempenho mecânico e de durabilidade de argamassas, avaliando a substituição parcial e total do Cimento Portland por escória granulada de alto-forno moída (EGAF) e resíduo proveniente do processo de Dessulfurização de Gases de Combustão (FGD). Os resultados encontrados mostram que a associação desses resíduos em substituição ao cimento melhorou cerca de 40% o desempenho mecânico das argamassas. Além de apresentarem um menor módulo de elasticidade e menor absorção de água por capilaridade, propriedades que aumentam significantemente a durabilidade das matrizes. Os resultados de lixiviação de contaminantes não apresentaram nenhum contaminante em quantidade prejudicial. Os estudos apresentados demonstram que a utilização de FGD e EGAF simultâneos para substituir o Cimento Portland foram satisfatórios, obtendo desempenhos mecânicos e de durabilidade superiores aos de referência, viabilizando a utilização desses resíduos na produção de argamassas com baixo teor de cimento. aço Inclusive compostos alternativos misturas conseguinte altoforno alto forno (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 capilaridade matrizes prejudicial satisfatórios referência (FGD 4

Abstract Introduction Myringoplasty is a common otologic procedure to restore the integrity of the tympanic membrane in cases of traumatic or pathologic perforations. Many grafting materials have been used with different techniques. Objective In the present work, we evaluate the surgical and audiological outcomes of periosteal graft overlying the mastoid cortex through a retroauricular incision in a pediatric cohort. Methods A retrospective study was carried out involving all children aged ≤ 16 years who underwent periosteal graft myringoplasty for the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media with dry central perforation in our hospital from April 2019 to April 2021. All patients were followed up for one year to assess the anatomical success and functional outcomes by comparing the preoperative and postoperative (after six months) results of pure tone audiometry (PTA). Results The sample was composed of 36 patients; 20 of them were female (55.6%) and 16 were male (44.4%) subjects, with ages ranging from 7 to 16 (mean: 12.7) years. Four patients underwent surgery in both ears (with an interval of 6 to 9 months). Out of 40 surgeries performed, 38 ears have shown anatomical success (95%). A highly significant improvement in hearing was obtained (the mean difference between the pre- and postoperative results of the PTA was of 14.6 ± 3.45 dB (p < 0.001). Conclusion We advocate the use of periosteal graft in the pediatric population as a good alternative for other types of grafts, with comparable and even better functional and anatomical outcomes. perforations techniques work cohort 1 201 2021 after months PTA. . (PTA) 3 2 55.6% 556 55 (55.6% 44.4% 444 44 4 (44.4% subjects (mean 12.7 127 12 months. performed 95%. 95 95% (95%) pre 146 14 14. 345 45 3.4 p 0.001. 0001 0.001 0 001 0.001) grafts 202 (PTA 55.6 5 (55.6 44.4 (44.4 12. (95% 34 3. 000 0.00 00 55. (55. 44. (44. (95 0.0 (55 (44 (9 0. (5 (4 (

Abstract Traditional removable partial dentures (RPDs) with cobalt-chromium frameworks have been used for several decades, restoring the masticatory function. However, these frameworks have been documented as aesthetically unacceptable due to the display of metal clasps. The patients' increased demands regarding the aesthetic aspects of rehabilitation treatment led to the introduction of new, more aesthetic materials in clinical practice. One of the main materials is polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This clinical report presents PEEK as an alternative material for fabricating RPD frameworks for a Class III Kennedy partial edentulous mandible. The framework was constructed using CAD/CAM manufacturing, and the process combined laboratory scanning, digital framework design, resin try-in milling, and PEEK framework milling. The framework showed good adaptation to the abutment teeth and surrounding tissues. The patient was followed for 2 years without complaints and was grateful for the aesthetics. During this period, there were no signs of degradation in the framework, and the clasps were still as retentive as they were at the initial appointment, with only some pigmentation of the structure being observed.

Resumo As estruturas das próteses parciais removíveis (PPR) em cobalto-crómio (Co-Cr), utilizadas há várias décadas, têm permitido devolver a função mastigatória aos pacientes parcialmente desdentados. No entanto, estas estruturas não preenchem na totalidade o critério estético, sendo uma queixa recorrente a visibilidade do metal das unidades gancho. Com a crescente exigência estética imposta pelos pacientes em relação ao tratamento reabilitador, surgiu a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos materiais com esta capacidade. Um material que tem permitido dar resposta a este requisito é o poliéter-éter-cetona (PEEK). O caso clínico apresentado descreve o fabrico da estrutura de uma PRR para a reabilitação de uma desdentação mandibular Classe III de Kennedy, usando o PEEK como material alternativo ao Co-Cr. A estrutura foi construída com tecnologia CAD/CAM. O processo combinou a digitalização dos modelos de gesso em laboratório, desenho digital da estrutura, fresagem duma estrutura de prova em resina e fresagem da estrutura em PEEK. A estrutura mostrou-se bem-adaptada aos dentes pilares e tecidos de suporte. A paciente foi seguida durante 2 anos, tendo-se mostrado muito satisfeita em relação ao tratamento reabilitador, quer quanto ao conforto e função, quer quanto ao resultado estético. Passado este período, a estrutura da PPR não mostrou sinais de degradação e os ganchos apresentavam-se retentivos como na consulta de inserção, observando-se apenas alguma pigmentação da estrutura.