Abstract Introduction. Evaluating onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) in different environments to understand their adaptation is important due to the crop’s relevance in food supply across various countries, the reduction in its genetic diversity, the loss of beneficial traits, and resistance to diseases and pests. Objective. To assess the agronomic performance of onion cultivars under different environments to identify the best ones in terms of adaptation, yield, and interaction. Materials and methods. From November 2017 to August 2018, at the La Selva Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, twenty-one onion cultivars plus two controls were evaluated: Peruana of the Aggregatum group and Yellow Granex of the Cepa, under open-field and protected conditions with plastic roofing, using multilocation trials in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Evaluations were consucted on categories such as bulb weight, number, length, and diameter, along with the interaction of cultivars and environments. Results. In othe open field, due to lower temperatures compared to those recorded under protected conditions resulted in higher yields of weight and number of bulbs. Under protected environments, Aggregatum group cultivars behaved as if they were from the Cepa group, producing fewer large-size bulbs. The adaptation of cultivars varied by environment: in the open field, L55 and L63 cultivars exhibited the best yields, while under protected conditions, RPT20 and RPT11 showed the best adaptation. Conclusion. Environments significantly influenced the behavior of Aggregatum group cultivars, with higher production of extra-large bulbs. Temperature contrasts in protected enviroments with plastic roofing affected cultivars yields, while open-field conditions were more favorable.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación de cultivares de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en diferentes ambientes para conocer su adaptación es importante debido a la relevancia del cultivo en la alimentación en diferentes países, la reducción de su diversidad genética, la perdida de sus rasgos benéficos y la resistencia a enfermedades y plagas. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de cebolla bajo diferentes ambientes, para identificar los mejores en adaptación, rendimiento e interacción. Materiales y métodos. De noviembre 2017 a agosto de 2018, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, se evaluaron veintún cultivares más dos testigos de cebolla: Peruana del grupo Aggregatum y Yellow Granex del Cepa, bajo condiciones de campo abierto y protegido con techo plástico, con ensayos multilocacionales en un diseño de bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó por categorías: peso, número, longitud y diámetro de los bulbos; junto con la interacción de los cultivares y los ambientes. Resultados. En campo abierto, por presentar temperaturas menores a las registradas en las condiciones protegidas, se obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos de peso y número de bulbos. En ambientes protegidos, los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum, se comportaron como si fueran del grupo Cepa, al producir pocos bulbos de gran tamaño. La adaptación de los cultivares fue diferente en los ambientes: en campo abierto los cultivares L55 y L63 presentaron los mejores rendimientos, mientras que bajo condiciones protegidas, RPT20 y RPT11 fueron los que mejor se adaptaron. Conclusión. Los ambientes influyeron significativamente en el comportamiento de los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum con una mayor producción de bulbos extragrandes. Los contrastes de temperaturas que se presentaron en los ambientes protegidos con techo plástico, afectaron los rendimientos de los cultivares, mientras que las condiciones ambientales a campo abierto fueron favorables.

ABSTRACT While zinc (Zn) is an essential element for plant metabolism, anthropic activities and poor agricultural practices as well as frequent use of pesticides and fertilizers rich in this element can cause toxic levels of Zn to plants. A study was done under greenhouse conditions in Tunja, Colombia in which bulb onion seedlings (Allium cepa L.) were exposed to 0 (control), 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1 of Zn in mixture with a nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients. The excess Zn in the solution had a rather drastic effect on the accumulation of dry weight and reduced the absolute growth rate, the specific leaf area, the water uptake, the water use efficiency, the leaf area, the length of all roots per plant, and on the contrary, increased the content of total soluble solids in the juice of the bulb. Thus, most growth-related variables were negatively affected from 20 mg L-1 and up of Zn in solution. In addition, the toxic effect of Zn is more drastic on plants growing in nutrient solution compared to those growing in soil. The experiment lasted until 54 days after transplanting, which was the limit for plant survival, especially at higher concentrations of Zn, so it can be inferred that these plants have low tolerance to high Zn contents in the substrate.

RESUMEN A pesar de que el zinc (Zn) es un elemento esencial para el metabolismo de las plantas, las actividades antrópicas y las malas prácticas agrícolas, así como también, el uso frecuente de plaguicidas y fertilizantes ricos en este elemento pueden causar que niveles tóxicos de Zn estén disponibles para las plantas. Se realizó en Tunja, Colombia, un trabajo en invernadero en el que plántulas de cebolla de bulbo (Allium cepa L.) se expusieron a 0 (control), 20, 40, y 80 mg L-1 de Zn en solución nutritiva. El exceso de Zn en la solución tuvo un efecto bastante drástico sobre la acumulación de peso seco, también redujo los valores de la tasa absoluta de crecimiento, del área foliar especifica, del consumo de agua, de la eficiencia en el uso del agua, del área foliar, de la longitud de raíces y, por el contrario, incrementó el contenido de solidos solubles totales en el zumo del bulbo. De este modo, la mayoría de las variables relacionadas con el crecimiento fueron afectadas negativamente a partir de 20 mg L-1 de Zn en la solución. Además, el efecto tóxico del Zn es más drástico cuando las plantas crecen en solución nutritiva en comparación a cuando crecen en suelo. Por otro lado, el experimento duró solo hasta 54 días después del trasplante, dado que fue el momento máximo que pudieron soportar las plantas, especialmente aquellas que se expusieron a contenidos de Zn más elevados, con lo que se puede inferir que estas plantas tienen baja tolerancia a contenidos elevados de Zn en el sustrato.

ABSTRACT The hidden hunger for Se in the world population is well known. As a strategy to address this issue, this study aimed to biofortify onion (Allium cepa L.), since it is a condiment vegetable consumed by different economic classes and is widely used in the food industry. To this end, Se doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and application forms (soil and foliar) were evaluated on the biofortification of the bulb and crop yield. The Se source was sodium selenate. Via soil, Se was applied together with NPK fertilizer in the pre-transplantation of the seedlings. Via foliar application, Se was sprayed 77 d after seedlings were transplanted. The Se increased yield up to 99 g ha-1, which was 14.7% higher than the yield obtained in the crop not fertilized with Se. Foliar application of Se was more efficient than soil application in the biofortification of onion, although both were effective. With the dose that promoted the highest yield, the Se concentrations reached 0.487 and 0.317 mg Se kg-1 in onion dry mass, when the supply was made via foliar and soil applications, respectively. The increase in Se supply did not influence bulb quality, as demonstrated by the macro- and micronutrients content and pungency.

ABSTRACT The common climatic characteristics in semi-arid regions can cause abiotic stress and be a limiting factor for crops. Under these conditions, the use of beneficial elements such as selenium (Se) is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increase yield. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of onion grown in a semi-arid region under the application of Se. A field experiment was performed in a randomized block design, where five doses of Se (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g ha-1), by foliar application, were tested on two onion hybrids (Andrômeda and Rio das Antas). Growth, nutritional and yield variables were analyzed. Se increased the height and accumulation of dry mass in onion plants, with a maximum at the 60 g ha-1 dose of Se, the same dose at which the highest commercial (78.15 t ha-1) and total (86.03 t ha-1) bulb yields were obtained in Rio das Antas; however, for Andrômeda, there was no effect of Se on yield. Applied Se doses also increased the content of this element in the bulbs. Despite increasing bulb yields only in the Rio das Antas hybrid, 60 g ha-1 of Se is recommended for onions due to its effects on plant growth and the biofortification of bulbs with Se. semiarid semi arid crops conditions (Se Therefore design 0, 0 (0 15 30 45 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , Andrômeda Antas. . Antas) Growth analyzed plants ha- 78.15 7815 78 (78.1 86.03 8603 86 03 (86.0 however hybrid ( 3 4 78.1 781 7 (78. 86.0 860 8 (86. 78. (78 86. (86 (7 (8

RESUMO As características climáticas comuns em regiões semiáridas podem causar estresse abiótico e ser um fator limitante ao cultivo agrícola. Nessas condições, o uso de elementos benéficos como o selênio (Se) é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos deletérios dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cebola cultivada em região semiárida sob aplicação de Se. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo, delineado em blocos casualizados completos, onde foram testadas cinco doses de Se (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1), por aplicação foliar, em dois híbridos de cebola (Andrômeda e Rio das Antas). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, nutricional e produtividade. O Se aumentou a altura e o acúmulo de massa seca em plantas de cebola, com máxima na dose 60 g ha-1 de Se, mesma dose em que foi obtida a maior produtividade comercial (78,15 t ha-1) e total (86,03 t ha-1) de bulbos em Rio das Antas, todavia, para Andrômeda, não ocorreu efeito do Se sobre a produtividade. As doses de Se também aumentaram o teor desse elemento nos bulbos. Apesar de aumentar a produtividade de bulbos apenas em Rio das Antas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 60 g ha-1 de Se em cebola devido aos efeitos no crescimento da planta e na biofortificação dos bulbos com Se. agrícola condições (Se Portanto campo completos 0, 0 (0 15 30 4 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , foliar Andrômeda Antas. Antas . Antas) ha- 78,15 7815 78 (78,1 86,03 8603 86 03 (86,0 todavia recomendase recomenda se ( 3 78,1 781 7 (78, 86,0 860 8 (86, 78, (78 86, (86 (7 (8

ABSTRACT: Several over-the-counter drugs are offered to patients, and they do not have information on the side effects due to their frequent consumption. This stimulated us to evaluate the antitoxicological effect of potato tocosh (Solanum tuberosum) compared to sulfamethoxasol-trimethopin in onion roots (Allium cepa). Rootlets of 3.0 cm were developed in 20 onion bulbs, which were sustained in four procedures: control (100 ml of distilled water), problem 1 (20 uL of tocosh), problem 2 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethoxasol 1%) and problem 3 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethopine 1% plus 20 uL of tocosh.). The Tjio and Levan staining technique was applied for cellular observation. Group 3 presented: clastogenic chromosomal anomalies: bridges (2.3%), multiple bridges (1.2%), chromosome in c-metaphase (0.5%) and aneugenic: sticky chromosome (1.1%) and yolk nuclear (1.3%) and without aberrations (99.6%) while the group that received antibiotic plus tocosh expressed a lack of chromosomal abnormalities. Under laboratory conditions, at a dose of 2uL of tocosh, the best antitoxicological effect was perceived in roots of Allium cepa which shows tocosh as an antitoxicological alternative to the toxic power of certain drugs.

RESUMEN: Varios fármacos de venta libre son ofrecidos a pacientes y no les alcanzan información de los efectos secundarios por su consumo frecuente. Ello estimuló a valorar el efecto antitoxicológico del tocosh de papa (Solanum tuberosum) frente al sulfametoxasol-trimetropina en raíces de cebolla (Allium cepa). Se desarrollaron raícillas de 3,0 cm en 20 bulbos de cebolla, las cuales se sostuvieron en cuatro procedimientos: testigo (100 ml de agua destilada), problema 1 (20 uL de tocosh), problema 2 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1%) y problema 3 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1% más 20 uL de tocosh.). Se aplicó la técnica de coloración de Tjio y Levan para la observación celular. El grupo 3 presentó: anomalías cromosómicas clastogénicas: puentes (2,3%), puentes múltiples (1,2%), cromosoma en c-metafase (0,5%) y aneugénicas: cromosoma pegajoso (1,1%) y yema nuclear (1,3%) y sin aberraciones (99,6%) mientras la agrupación que recibió antibiótico más tocosh expresó falta de anormalidades cromosómicas. En las condiciones de laboratorio, a una dosis de 2uL de tocosh se percibió el mejor efecto antitoxicológico en raicillas de Allium cepa lo cual muestra al tocosh como una alternativa antitoxicológica ante el poder tóxico de ciertos fármacos.

Abstract Moisture in the soil can be studied in several ways, but a fundamental way is the suction with which the water is retained. The retention exerted by the soil or soil substrate in its pore space on moisture is a representation of the amount of negative pressure that the plant must exert through its roots to suck the water found in it. If this magnitude of suction is high, then it can become restrictive to plant growth. The water found in the porous space, usually called soil solution, is not found in a pure state, but is normally found in solution and has chemical elements that the plant may or may not need for its growth and development, whereby absorbing said water, also absorbs the chemical elements in solution. For these reasons, 4 treatments were planted which consisted of maintaining the soil in ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa of water retention and quantifying the nutritional absorption. With respect to nutritional uptake which was present in the soil substrate, Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the soil water suction ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa and Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Sulfur (S) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa ranges but showed no significant difference (Pvalue > 0,05) in the 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa ranges. Therefore, it was concluded that there is an inverse effect of the increase of water suction in the soil on the decrease of nutritional absorption capacity.

Resumen La humedad en el suelo se puede estudiar de varias maneras, pero una forma fundamental es la succión con que el agua es retenida. La retención que ejerce el suelo o sustrato de suelo en su espacio poroso sobre la humedad es una representación de la cantidad de presión negativa que debe ejercer la planta por medio de sus raíces para poder succionar el agua que se encuentra en el mismo. Si esta magnitud de succión es alta, entonces puede llegar a ser restrictiva para el crecimiento de la planta. El agua que se encuentra en el espacio poroso llamada usualmente solución del suelo, no se encuentra en estado puro, sino que se encuentra normalmente en disolución y posee elementos químicos que puede o no necesitar la planta para su crecimiento y desarrollo donde al absorber dicha agua, absorbe también los elementos químicos en disolución. Por estas razones se plantaron 4 tratamientos que consistieron en mantener el suelo en ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa (kilo pascales), 15 – 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa de retención de agua. Con respecto a la absorción nutricional que se presentó en el sustrato de suelo, el nitrógeno (N) y el Fósforo (P) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de succión de agua en el suelo de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa y el Potasio (K), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg) y Azufre (S) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa, pero no mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue > 0,05) en los ámbitos de 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa. Por lo anterior, se concluyó que si existe un efecto inverso del aumento de la succión de agua en el suelo en la disminución de la capacidad de absorción nutricional.

Abstract Onion is considered a major vegetable crops all over the world. In arid zones water deficit can affect the yield of crops such as onion. Through this research, four levels of irrigation were used (100% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET100, 80% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET80, 70% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET70, and 60% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration ET60) in combination with two levels of fertilization (100% of the recommended fertilization NPK100 and 75% of the recommended fertilization NPK75). The total yield (fresh weight) of each experimental unit were harvested, weighed, and then sorted into marketable and unmarketable and both the overall and the marketable water use efficiency were calculated. The results were statically analyzed using the ANOVA analysis and the means were compared using the Duncan LSD method. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to classify the treatments into clusters. Results used indicated that the water use efficiency of onion increase if a mild drought stress (85% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration) were exerted on the plants at 100% of the recommended fertilization level. The availability of fertilizers helps the plant manage the drought stress while keeping an adequate level of yield. The lack of fertilizers combined with the drought stress resulted in rapid decrease in the yield thus decreasing the water use efficiency. The recommended water deficit level under these circumstances would be 88.9% of the plant water requirements. world research 100 (100 ET100 ET 80 ET80 70 ET70 60 ET60 NPK NPK10 75 NPK75. NPK75 . NPK75) fresh weight harvested weighed method PCA (PCA clusters 85% 85 (85 889 88 9 88.9 requirements 10 (10 ET10 8 ET8 7 ET7 6 ET6 NPK1 NPK7 (8 88. 1 (1 ET1 (

Resumo A cebola é considerada uma das principais hortaliças em todo o mundo. Nas zonas áridas, o déficit hídrico pode afetar o rendimento de culturas como a cebola. Nesta pesquisa foram utilizados quatro níveis de irrigação (100% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET100, 80% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET80, 70% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET70 e 60% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura ET60) em combinação com dois níveis de adubação (100% da adubação recomendada NPK100 e 75% da adubação recomendada NPK75). A produção total (peso fresco) de cada unidade experimental foi colhida, pesada e, em seguida, classificada em comercializável e não comercializável e calculada a eficiência geral e a comercializável do uso da água. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise ANOVA, e as médias foram comparadas pelo método Duncan LSD. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) foi utilizada para classificar os tratamentos em clusters. Os resultados utilizados indicaram que a eficiência do uso da água pela cebola aumenta se um leve estresse hídrico (85% da evapotranspiração calculada da cultura) for exercido sobre as plantas a 100% do nível de fertilização recomendado. A disponibilidade de fertilizantes ajuda a planta a gerir o estresse hídrico, mantendo um nível adequado de rendimento. A falta de fertilizantes, combinada com o estresse hídrico, resultou numa rápida diminuição do rendimento, diminuindo assim a eficiência do uso da água. O nível de déficit hídrico recomendado nestas circunstâncias seria de 88,9% das necessidades hídricas da planta. mundo áridas 100 (100 ET100 ET 80 ET80 70 ET7 60 ET60 NPK NPK10 75 NPK75. NPK75 . NPK75) peso fresco colhida seguida ANOVA LSD PCA (PCA clusters 85% 85 (85 889 88 9 88,9 10 (10 ET10 8 ET8 7 6 ET6 NPK1 NPK7 (8 88, 1 (1 ET1 (

There are many stilts and industry, which discharge sewage, domestic garbage and industrial effluents in the Pouca Saúde River from the port environment of Santos, São Paulo (SP) State. However, ecotoxicological studies in this river are rare. In this study, we seek to fill this gap by analyzing physicochemical, toxicological, and chemical conditions. Surface water and sediment samples were collected at 2 sampling sites with riparian community activities and industrial activities in the summer, autumn, winter and spring. The parameters analyzed were pH, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, oils, greases, dissolved oxygen (DO), toxicological and cytotoxicity with mitotic index (MI) of onion roots using Allium cepa roots, and concentration of Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni and Cd. Our results showed alterations in the DO, turbidity, oils/greases and reduction of MI when compared to the respective control. Ni and Zn in sediment samples presented concentrations exceeding levels occasionally associated with adverse biological effects “threshold effect level”. These results suggested that the water quality of the Pouca Saúde River is influenced by both presences of heavy metals contamination and the seasons, i.e. by the tide. Thus, the toxic potential monitoring carried out in this study is of paramount importance to this river. industry sewage Santos SP (SP State However rare physicochemical conditions summer autumn spring pH alkalinity turbidity salinity oils greases DO , (DO) (MI Pb Hg Cd oilsgreases control threshold level. level . level” seasons ie i e i.e tide Thus (DO

Abstract In this study, our objective was to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical analysis, determine toxicity levels, and assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts derived from the leaves of Dipteryx alata Vogel, a native species of the Brazilian cerrado flora. Three distinct extracts were prepared utilizing assisted ultrasound and the Soxhlet apparatus, namely, Ultrasound Crude Extract (UCE), Soxhlet Crude Extract (SCE), and the Soxhlet Ethanol Extract (SEE). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, and saponins in all extracts. Additionally, alkaloids were specifically identified in the SCE and SEE extracts. In the analysis using LC-DAD, the compounds gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kampefrol were determined in higher concentrations in the SCE, followed by the SEE and UCE, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in all extracts, with UCE and SCE showing a higher concentration of β-sitosterol. SCE showed the highest concentration of all identified compounds. In the analysis of antioxidant activity by DPPH• and ABTS•+, SEE showed greater efficiency (IC50 = 2.98 ± 2.92 and 6.57 ± 0.89 μg/mL, respectively). In the toxicity test with Allium cepa, all extracts stimulated root growth at 50 g/mL; UCE and SEE stimulated root growth at 250 g/mL; and SEE inhibited root growth at 750 g/mL. In the Artemia salina toxicity, all extracts were non-toxic. Antibacterial activity was identified in the microorganisms S. aureus and S. mutans; however, the extracts did not show antifungal action against the strain of C. albicans. The extracts of D. alata have therapeutic potential for applicability in dentistry. study levels Vogel flora apparatus namely , (UCE) (SCE) SEE. . (SEE) flavonoids tannins phytosterols Additionally LCDAD, LCDAD LC DAD, DAD LC-DAD acid rutin quercetin respectively GCMS GC MS campesterol βsitosterol β sitosterol βsitosterol. sitosterol. DPPH ABTS ABTS•+ IC50 IC (IC5 298 2 98 2.9 292 92 657 6 57 6.5 089 0 89 0.8 μgmL μg mL μg/mL respectively) cepa 5 g/mL gmL g 25 75 nontoxic. nontoxic non toxic. toxic non-toxic S mutans however C albicans D dentistry (UCE (SCE (SEE ABTS• IC5 (IC 29 9 2. 65 6. 08 8 0. 7

Resumo Neste estudo o objetivo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica, determinar a toxicidade, e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos da folha da Dipteryx alata Vogel, uma espécie nativa da flora do cerrado brasileiro. Three extracts were prepared using assisted ultrasound and the Soxhlet apparatus, namely, Crude Ultrasound Extract (UCE), Crude Soxhlet Extract (SCE), and the Ethanol Soxhlet Extract (SEE). A análise fitoquímica identificou a presença de flavonoides, taninos, fitoesteróis e saponinas em todos os extratos; alcaloides foram identificados nos extratos SCE e SEE. Na análise using LC-DAD os compostos ácido gálico, rutina, quercetina, luteolina e kampefrol foram determinados em maior concentração no SCE, seguido pelo SEE e UCE, respectivamente. Já a análise by GC-MS revelou a presença de campesterol, estigmasterol e β-sitosterol em todos os extratos, sendo que o UCE e o SCE apresentaram maior concentração de β-sitosterol. O SCE apresentou a maior concentração de todos os compostos identificados. Na análise da atividade antioxidante por DPPH• e ABTS•+, o SEE apresentou maior eficiência (IC50 = 2,98 ± 2,92 e 6,57 ± 0,89 μg/mL, respectivamente). No teste de toxicidade com Allium cepa, todos os extratos estimularam o crescimento radicular na concentração de 50 g/mL; UCE e SEE estimularam o crescimento radicular a 250 g/mL; e o SEE inibiu o crescimento radicular a 750 g/mL. Na análise de toxicidade usando Artemia salina, todos os extratos foram atóxicos. Foi identificada atividade antibacteriana nos microrganismos S. aureus e S. mutans; entretanto, os extratos não apresentaram ação antifúngica contra a cepa de C. albicans. Os extratos da D. alata apresentam potencial terapêutico para aplicabilidade em odontologia. Vogel brasileiro apparatus namely , (UCE) (SCE) . (SEE) flavonoides taninos LCDAD LC DAD gálico rutina quercetina respectivamente GCMS GC MS campesterol βsitosterol β sitosterol βsitosterol. sitosterol. DPPH ABTS ABTS•+ IC50 IC (IC5 298 2 98 2,9 292 92 657 6 57 6,5 089 0 89 0,8 μgmL μg mL μg/mL respectivamente) 5 g/mL gmL g 25 75 salina atóxicos S mutans entretanto C albicans D odontologia (UCE (SCE (SEE ABTS• IC5 (IC 29 9 2, 65 6, 08 8 0, 7

RESUMO: O estado de Santa Catarina é o maior produtor nacional de cebola. O consumo de cebola (Allium cepa) por animais domésticos pode causar anemia hemolítica, hiper-hemoglobinemia de corpúsculos de Heinz nos eritrócitos. Os dados epidemiológicos e o quadro clínico-patológico foram obtidos em visita à propriedade onde a enfermidade ocorreu. Um rebanho de 54 bovinos de corte de uma propriedade localizada no município de Bom Retiro/SC, foi colocado em uma lavoura de cebola, a qual não havia sido completamente colhida por estar fora do padrão desejado para o comércio. Os animais permaneceram por um período de oito dias nesta lavoura e, ao final deste período, todos apresentaram apatia, anorexia, urina e mucosas de coloração marrom e odor de cebola na expiração. As alterações macroscópicas observadas foram mucosas pálidas, sangue com viscosidade diminuída e aumento do tempo de coagulação, fígado com padrão lobular evidente e restos de cebola no rúmen. A carcaça exalava forte odor de cebola. Pela análise histológica havia, no fígado, necrose de coagulação centrolobular em ponte e nos rins havia gotas hialinas intracitoplasmáticas em células do epitélio tubular e depósito de material eosinofílico na luz de túbulos. Para o diagnóstico da intoxicação por cebola deve-se levar em conta principalmente os dados epidemiológicos associados aos sinais clínicos, como palidez de mucosas com evidências de pigmentação por hemoglobina (mucosa marrom) e hemoglobinúria. Este artigo parece ser o primeiro relato de intoxicação por cebola em bovinos no Brasil. RESUMO Allium cepa hemolítica hiperhemoglobinemia hiper hemoglobinemia eritrócitos clínicopatológico clínico patológico ocorreu 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC comércio apatia anorexia expiração pálidas rúmen túbulos devese deve se clínicos mucosa hemoglobinúria Brasil

ABSTRACT: The state of Santa Catarina is the largest national producer of onions. The consumption of onion (Allium cepa) by domestic animals can cause hemolytic anemia and hyperhemoglobinemia of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. The epidemiological data and the pathological clinical picture were obtained during a visit to the property where the disease occurred. A herd of 54 beef cattle from a property in the municipality of Bom Retiro/SC, was placed in an onion crop, which had not been completely harvested because it was outside the desired standard for trade. The animals remained in this field for eight days. At the end of this period, all of them presented apathy, anorexia, brown urine and mucous membranes and an onion odor on expiration. The macroscopic changes observed were pale mucous membranes, blood with decreased viscosity and increased clotting time, liver with an evident lobular pattern and remains of onion in the rumen. The carcass gave off a strong onion odor. By histological analysis, there was central lobular coagulation necrosis in bridging in the liver. In the kidneys, there were intracytoplasmic hyaline droplets in tubular epithelial cells and a deposit of eosinophilic material in the lumen of the tubules. For the diagnosis of onion poisoning, epidemiological data associated with clinical signs, such as pale mucous membranes with evidence of hemoglobin pigmentation (brown mucosa) and hemoglobinuria, should be taken into account. This article seems to be the first report of onion poisoning in cattle in Brazil. ABSTRACT onions Allium cepa erythrocytes occurred 5 RetiroSC Retiro SC Retiro/SC crop trade days period apathy anorexia expiration time rumen analysis kidneys tubules signs mucosa hemoglobinuria account Brazil

The purpose of the study was to calculate the effects of urban untreated wastewater irrigation on the heavy metals accumulation in vegetable samples consisting turnip (Brassica rapa), radish (Raphanus sativus), spinach (Spinacia olerácea), pumpkin (Cucúrbita moschata), cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), onion (Allium cepa), smooth luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), vegetable gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus). This was accomplished by monitoring waste as well as fresh water-irrigated agricultural fields of Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was used to assess the concentrations of these heavy metals. The concentration of a total of six metals including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected and quantified in vegetable samples. Concentration of Pb was very low, while Fe concentration was higher in all the samples under investigation in the waste water-irrigated vegetables. The highest concentrations of Zn were observed in onion (441.3±2.7 mg.kg-1), and smooth luffa (293.1±0.5 mg.kg-1). Onion (361.95±2.3 mg.kg-1), turnip (292.15±5.6 mg.kg-1) and Spinach (280.25±4.8 mg.kg-1) showed exceedingly higher concentrations of Fe. Daily intakes of metals (DIM) were calculated for both adults as well as children. The DIM values for Ni and Cd exceeded the recommended value. The concentration of Fe and Zn was higher in wastewater-irrigated area samples as compared to fresh water-irrigated vegetables. The data obtained displayed a trend of heavy metal Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Pb. Our findings have demonstrated the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables irrigated by the wastewater as confirmed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Abstract Cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is the leading cause of death among skin neoplasms. Hence, this study focused on developing a 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM)-loaded pomegranate oil (PO) nanocapsule suspensions and their potential effects on melanoma cells. Nanocapsule suspensions were prepared by the interfacial deposition method (Eudragit ® RS100). Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) nanocapsules were produced for comparison. The of nanocapsule suspensions showed nanometric size (<180 nm), low polydispersity index (<0.12) (as measured by dynamic light scattering), positive zeta potential (tested by capillary microelectrophoresis), pH below 5.0 (as measured by potentiometry), DIM content, and nearly 100% encapsulation efficiency (evaluated by HPLC). The formulations were considered non-irritating (according to HET-CAM) regardless of the core constitution. Notably, PO-based nanocapsules showed a superior performance compared to the MCT-containing formulation in delaying DIM light degradation (tested by UVC radiation), lowering genotoxicity (determined by Allium cepa ), and increasing in vitro antioxidant action (measured by ABTS and FRAP). Additionally, the PO-based formulation demonstrated higher in vitro antitumoral activity in B16F10 than MCT nanocarriers (IC 50 of 6.49 and >24 µg/mL, respectively), and antimetastatic capacity by reducing B16F10 cell adhesion, colonization, and migration. Based on these results, this study suggests that the nanoencapsulation of DIM into PO nanocapsules may be a promising approach in melanoma treatment. cancer neoplasms Hence 3,3diindolylmethane 33diindolylmethane diindolylmethane 3,3 3 DIMloaded loaded (PO cells Eudragit RS100. RS100 RS . RS100) Mediumchain Medium chain (MCT comparison <180 180 (<18 nm, nm , nm) <0.12 012 0 12 (<0.12 as scattering, scattering scattering) tested microelectrophoresis, microelectrophoresis microelectrophoresis) 5 5. potentiometry, potentiometry potentiometry) content 100 evaluated HPLC. HPLC HPLC) nonirritating non irritating according HETCAM HET CAM HET-CAM constitution Notably PObased based MCTcontaining containing radiation, radiation radiation) determined ) FRAP. FRAP FRAP) Additionally BF B F B16F1 IC 649 6 49 6.4 24 >2 µgmL µg mL µg/mL respectively, respectively respectively) adhesion colonization migration results treatment 3diindolylmethane 33 3, RS10 <18 18 (<1 <0.1 01 1 (<0.1 10 B16F 64 4 6. 2 > RS1 <1 (< <0. (<0. < ( <0 (<0

Abstract Basil has aroused biological, pharmacological, agronomic and industrial interests, and stand out in the essential oil production. This study aimed to conduct cytogenetoxicity analysis through the Allium cepa L. test, of aqueous extracts and essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. “Basilicão”) grown under the conditions of presence or absence of induction to saline stress. The basil was grown in a greenhouse in two seasons, summer and winter, in which some of the plants received induction to saline stress (solution of electrical conductivity of 5 dSm-1) and the other part did not receive induction to saline stress (electric conductivity 1 dSm-1). With the collected plants, was prepare the aqueous extracts of the leaves (5 e 10 gL-1) and the extraction of essential oil of the leaves and inflorescences (0.10%) of basil, which were used for the cytogenetoxicity analysis by A. cepa test. Only the treatment with aqueous extract (5 gL-1) of basil grown under induction to saline stress and the treatment with aqueous extract (10 gL-1) of basil grown without induction to saline stress (both during the winter) are shown to have antiproliferative potential. As for the genotoxic potential, only the treatment with essential oil (0.10%) of plants which received induction to saline stress during the summer has that effect. The other treatments have not cytogenotoxic potential. biological pharmacological interests production L test Ocimum Basilicão “Basilicão” seasons winter solution dSm1 dSm dSm-1 electric dSm1. . ( gL1 gL gL-1 0.10% 010 0 (0.10% A (1 both potential effect “Basilicão dSm- gL- 0.10 01 (0.10 0.1 (0.1 0. (0. (0

Abstract The need to know the water consumption of a crop during its vegetative period, be it annual or perennial, is fundamental due to the climate change underway, which manifests both a decrease in the amount of precipitation in different areas of our country and a concentration of this precipitation. In addition, it is necessary to be efficient and effective in the use of water resources for irrigation in agriculture, both in open and protected environments, and thus to strive for sustainable development. To achieve this, it is necessary to know the values of reference evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in order to estimate and project water applications through irrigation systems as close to reality as possible. For generations, crop coefficient values of a crop have been used independently of the mathematical method of estimating reference evapotranspiration without knowing whether or not there are differences in the results obtained in the estimated water consumptions. However, by means of mathematical methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration using data on relative humidity, temperature and solar radiation inside a greenhouse, a significant difference in crop coefficient values was found. The methodologies of Ivanov and Camargo did not show significant differences (0,05) with respect to the methodologies of Benavidez, Linacre, Hargreaves and Turc; the methodologies of Benavidez and Linacre presented significant differences (0,05) both among them and with respect to the methodologies of Ivanov, Camargo, Hargreaves and Turc; and Hargreaves and Turc did not present significant differences among them but significant differences (0,05) were found with respect to the methodologies of Ivanov, Camargo, Benavidez and Linacre.

Resumen La necesidad de conocer el consumo de agua que un cultivo tiene en el transcurso de su periodo vegetativo sea este anual o perenne, es fundamental debido al cambio climático en desarrollo el cual manifiesta tanto una baja en la cantidad de agua precipitada en diferentes zonas de nuestro país como una concentración de estas precipitaciones. Además, es necesario ser eficiente y eficaz en el uso del recurso hídrico para riego en la agricultura tanto en ambientes abiertos como protegidos y por medio de ello, procurar el desarrollo sostenible. Para lograr esto, es menester conocer los valores de evapotranspiración de referencia, evapotranspiración real y el coeficiente del cultivo con el fin de estimar y proyectar aplicaciones de agua por medio de sistemas de riego lo más ajustadas a la realidad posible. Por generaciones se ha utilizado valores del coeficiente del cultivo independientemente del método matemático de estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia sin conocer si existen diferencias o no en los resultados obtenidos en los consumos de agua estimados. No obstante, por medio de métodos matemáticos de estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia utilizando datos de la humedad relativa, temperatura y radiación solar dentro de un invernadero, se encontró diferencia significativa en los valores del coeficiente del cultivo. En las metodologías de Ivanov y Camargo no se encontró diferencia significativa entre ellos pero si se encontró diferencias significativas (0,05) con respecto a las metodologías de Benavidez, Linacre, Hargreaves y Turc; las metodologías de Benavidez y Linacre presentaron diferencias significativa (0,05) tanto entre ellos y como con respecto a las metodologías de Ivanov, Camargo, Hargreaves y Turc; y Hargreaves y Turc no presentaron diferencia significativa entre ellos pero si se encontró diferencias significativas (0,05) con respecto a las metodologías de Ivanov, Camargo, Benavidez y Linacre.

Resumen Introducción. Los trips (Thysanoptera) incluyen una diversidad de especies fitófagas que tienen un impacto sobre el desarrollo de plantas de interés agrícola. Objetivo. Identificar la especie y daños del trips asociado al cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en la región del Arco Seco de Panamá. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante el periodo de diciembre de 2020 hasta abril de 2021, en dos localidades con producción de cebolla en el Arco Seco de Panamá. Se realizaron cincuenta muestreos de plantas de cebolla por localidad. Se identificó la especie de trips presente, el número de especímenes de trips por estadio capturados, porcentaje de plantas con daños y características de los daños encontrados. Resultados. La especie Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaeothripinae) causó laceraciones, manchas y secado de hojas de cebolla en el 80 % de las muestras de las plantas provenientes de la localidad de El Ejido. De los especímenes capturados, el 47,69 % eran hembras, 46,30 % inmaduros y 6,02 % machos. Conclusión. Se registró por primera vez daños en cebolla causados por C. phaseoli en la república de Panamá. El conocimiento que se generó constituye el paso inicial para la vigilancia fitosanitaria de dicha plaga en el cultivo de cebolla.

Abstract Introduction. Thrips (Thysanoptera) encompass a variety of phytophagous species that have an impact on the development of agriculturally important plants. Objective. To identify the species and damage caused by thrips associated with onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivation in the Arco Seco region of Panama. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from December 2020 to April 2021 in two onion-producing locations in the Arco Seco region of Panama. Fifty onion plant samples were taken per location. The species of thrips present, the number of thrips specimens captured in each life stage, the percentage of plants with damage and the characteristics of the damage were identified. Results. The species Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaeothripinae) caused lacerations, spots, and leaf drying in 80 % of the onion plant samples from El Ejido locality. Among the captured specimens, 47.69 % were female, 46.30 % were immature, and 6.02 % were male. Conclusions. Damage to onions caused by C. phaseoli was recorded for the first time in the Republic of Panama. The knowledge generated represents the initial step for phytosanitary surveillance of this pest in onion cultivation.