Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumen Introduccción: Los beneficios terapéuticos del fucoidan de algas pardas en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama han despertado gran interés en los últimos años. Sin embargo, las investigaciones con esferoides son limitadas, éstos proporcionan resultados relevantes en ensayos de productos antitumorales e inmunomoduladores porque simulan adecuadamente el microambiente tumoral. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antitumoral e inmunomoduladora del fucoidan de Lessonia trabeculata (LtF), nativa del Mar Peruano, en dos tipos de esferoides tumorales multicelulares. Métodos: El estudio se realizó de enero a diciembre de 2021. Se elaboraron dos tipos de esferoides: con células tumorales 4T1 (MTS) y con células tumorales 4T1+esplenocitos de ratón (MTSs). La actividad antitumoral de LtF se evaluó en MTS cuantificando la viabilidad celular con MTT. La inmunomodulación se determinó en MTSs utilizando la IC50 para dos tipos de tratamiento: simple, fucoidan solo (LtF) y combinado, fucoidan+doxorubicina (LtF+Dox). La producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias (TNF-α, IL-6) y antiinflamatorias (IL-10, TGF-β) se cuantificó mediante ELISA sándwich 72 h post-tratamiento. En todos los ensayos se utilizó Dox como control positivo. Resultados: En los MTS, el LtF ejerció actividad antitumoral evidenciada por aumento de la zona necrótica y formación de restos celulares respecto al control no tratado. La actividad antitumoral fue concentración-dependiente entre 100 y 6 000 μg/ml. En los MTSs, con el tratamiento simple se incrementó IL-6 y disminuyeron IL-10 y TGF-β. El tratamiento combinado redujo significativamente la producción de TGF-β. Los dos tratamientos y Dox incrementaron IL-6 respecto al control no tratado. La mayor producción de IL-10 y TGF-β se observó en los no tratados, compatible con un microambiente tumoral altamente inmunosupresor. Conclusiones: El LtF es un buen candidato para tratar el cáncer de mama y puede inmunomodular el microambiente tumoral solo o en combinación con Dox.

Abstract Introduction: The therapeutic benefits of the brown algae fucoidan in the treatment of breast cancer have attracted considerable interest in recent years. However, research using spheroids which provide relevant results in trials for antitumor and immunomodulatory products because they adequately simulate the tumor microenvironment, is limited. Objective: To evaluate the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of Lessonia trabeculata fucoidan (LtF), native to the Peruvian Sea, on two types of multicellular tumor spheroids. Methods: The study was conducted from January to December 2021. Two types of spheroides were elaborated: from 4T1 tumor cells (MTS), and from 4T1 tumor cells+mouse splenocytes (MTSs). The antitumor activity of LtF was evaluated in MTS by quantifying cell viability with MTT. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in MTSs using the IC50 for two types of treatment: simple, fucoidan alone (LtF) and combined, fucoidan+doxorubicin (LtF+Dox). Pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokine production was quantified by sandwich ELISA 72 h after treatment. Dox was used as positive control in all assays. Results: LtF exerted antitumor activity as evidenced by increased necrotic zone and cell debris formation compared to the untreated control. Antitumor activity was concentration dependent between 100 and 6 000 μg/ml. In MTSs, simple treatment increased IL-6 and decreased IL-10 and TGF-β production. The combined treatment significantly reduced TGF-β production. In both treatments and Dox, there was an increase in IL-6 compared to the untreated control. The highest production of IL-10 and TGF-β was observed in the untreated control, compatible with a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conclusions: LtF is a good candidate for the treatment of breast cancer and can immunomodulate the tumor microenvironment alone or in combination with Dox.

ABSTRACT Algae drifts are a source of raw material for obtaining flours, liquid extracts with bioactive molecules, and polysaccharides. In the last group, are found the alginates, which extracted from brown algae, with wide application in various industries. In agricultural industry, this natural polymer is frequency use in the form of his degradation products, indeed like alginate oligosaccharides. This review focuses in the principal methods for alginate extraction, and preparation of its oligosaccharides, besides a briefly summary of oligosaccharides bioactivity in agriculture. A protocol simple and efficient for obtaining oligosaccharide would contribute to the reduction of importations, the substitution and/or reduction of agrochemicals in agriculture and the recycling of marine waste, promoting food production and the preservation of the environment.

RESUMEN Las algas de arribazón constituyen fuente de materia prima para la obtención de harinas, extractos líquidos con moléculas bioactivas, y polisacáridos. Dentro de este último se encuentran los alginatos, que se extraen a partir de las algas pardas, con amplia aplicación en diversas industrias. En la agricultura, este polímero natural se utiliza con frecuencia en forma de oligosacáridos de alginato (productos de degradación). En este trabajo, se hace una revisión de los principales métodos de extracción de alginato y de obtención de sus oligosacáridos, así como un breve resumen de su bioactividad en la agricultura. Disponer de un protocolo simple, eficaz y eficiente para la obtención de oligosacáridos de alginato, contribuiría a reducir importaciones de insumos agropecuarios, la sustitución y/o reducción de agroquímicos y el reciclaje de residuos marinos, potenciando la producción de alimentos y la preservación del medioambiente.

Abstract: Background and Aims: During the Seaflower Scientific Expedition in 2019, extensive seaweed collection was carried out around Old Providence and Santa Catalina islands. Despite the intensive phycological studies realized during the past decade, new reports of macroalgae are still recorded for the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. The objective of this work is to present three new records of brown algae for Colombia. Methods: The algal sampling was carried out in September 2019 during the Seaflower Scientific Expedition. The samples were collected around the Providencia and Santa Catalina islands in coral patches ecosystems, by SCUBA diving at depths between 3 and 16 m. The algae collected were preserved in a 4% formalin/seawater solution. The identification was carried out using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. All specimens were deposited in the herbarium JIW of the Biology Department of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Key results: Three species of brown algae are newly reported for Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana and Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela has been reported, to date, only from the type locality in Florida and from Isla Mujeres, in Mexico. Due to its cryptic and small habit, it may be much more common than actually reported. Lobophora declerckii is apparently the most common species of Lobophora in the Archipelago. Taonia abbottiana may be much more common than reported to date, but it is easily confused with Stypopodium zonale. Conclusions: Despite the intense phycological research carried out in the past decade in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Old Providence and Santa Catalina, there is still much to be discovered.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower realizada en 2019, se hizo una extensa recolecta de macroalgas alrededor de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. No obstante el intenso trabajo ficológico de la última década, se siguen encontrando nuevos registros de macroalgas para la Reserva de la Biosfera Seaflower. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar tres nuevos registros de algas pardas para Colombia. Metodos: El muestreo de algas se realizó en septiembre de 2019 durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower. Las muestras fueron recolectadas alrededor de las islas Providencia y Santa Catalina en ecosistemas de parches de coral, por medio de buceo SCUBA a profundidades entre 3 y 16 m. Las algas recolectadas se conservaron en una solución de formalina/agua de mar al 4%. La identificación se realizó mediante microscopios óptico y estereoscopio. Todos los especímenes fueron depositados en el herbario JIW del Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados clave: Tres especies de algas pardas son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana y Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela ha sido reportada, hasta la fecha, solamente en la localidad tipo en Florida y en Isla Mujeres, en México. Debido a su hábito pequeño y críptico, puede ser mucho más común de lo actualmente reportado. Lobophora declerckii parece ser la especie más común de Lobophora en el Archipiélago. Taonia abbottiana puede ser mucho más común de lo reportado actualmente, pero es fácilmente confundida con Stypopodium zonale. Conclusión: No obstante la intensa investigación ficológica llevada a cabo en la última década en el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, hay todavía mucho por descubrir.

Resumen Las especies de Lobophora (Dictyotales) se distribuyen en mares tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Estudios recientes revelaron una alta diversidad de especies en regiones en las que se había reportado únicamente una especie, como el mar de Bismarck, Pacífico oriental, Atlántico occidental, mar Mediterráneo y el gran Caribe. En este estudio, se recolectaron ejemplares de Veracruz y Quintana Roo, México, y se secuenciaron 2 genes (cox3 y psbA). Los resultados confirmaron la presencia de L. dispersa y L. variegata. Lobophora dispersa se reporta por primera vez en la costa mexicana. La distribución de sus haplotipos muestra diferenciación genética dentro del gran Caribe y golfo de México, posiblemente indicando dispersión limitada y aislamiento por distancia. Lobophora variegata es menos variable y sus haplotipos no muestran un patrón definido. Lobophora declerckii, reportada en el arrecife "Anegada de Afuera", Veracruz, no fue encontrada, posiblemente debido a su afinidad por profundidades submareales. Morfológicamente, L. dispersa y L. variegata concuerdan con descripciones previas, aunque se encontró mayor variación en el grosor del talo en L. dispersa. Sin embargo, la morfología es insuficiente para determinar las especies con confianza, requiriendo un mayor muestreo para conocer la diversidad de especies en México.

Abstract Species of Lobophora (Dictyotales) are distributed throughout the sub-tropical and tropical seas worldwide. Recent analyses have revealed high species diversity in regions previously presumed to host only a single species, such as the Bismarck Sea, Eastern Pacific, Western Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and Greater Caribbean. Here, samples from Veracruz and Quintana Roo, Mexico, were collected, and 2 genetic markers (cox3 and psbA) were sequenced. The results confirmed the presence of L. dispersa and L. variegata. Lobophora dispersa is recorded for the first time on the Mexican coast. The distribution of its cox3 haplotypes shows genetic differentiation within the Greater Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, possibly indicating limited dispersal and isolation by distance. Lobophora variegata exhibits lower genetic variability compared to L. dispersa, but its haplotypes did not show any obvious pattern. Lobophora declerckii, previously reported in the "Anegada de Afuera" reef, Veracruz, was not found, possibly due to its affinity to subtidal depths. Morphologically, L. dispersa and L. variegata align with previous descriptions, although we observed more variation in thallus cell thickness in L. dispersa. However, relying solely on morphological characters is insufficient to confidently identify the species, necessitating further sampling to determine the species diversity in Mexico.

Abstract: Tomato is the most cultivated and consumed vegetable in the world and is frequently attacked by various environmental stresses that affect its bioproductivity. Possible solutions to mitigate stress include the use of biostimulants, in particular the use of brown algae extracts that positively affect various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of 17 hydroalcoholic extracts of Sargassum spp. at 1.5% and two control treatments (distilled water and commercial product based on Ascophyllum nodosum) on the growth and antioxidant compounds of tomato seedlings, under a completely random design. The results show that the extract called EAS7 (160 °C/ 30 min/ 50% ethanol) presented the best results. EAS7 increased the height, stem diameter and total fresh and dry matter of tomato seedlings by 8.67, 32.32, 25.03 and 11.59%, respectively, compared to the absolute control (distilled water). Also, EAS7 increased the content of proteins, glutathione, total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (ABTS) of the leaves by 386.48, 15.92, 22.05, 35.99 and 18.86%, respectively, compared to the absolute control. The application of extracts of Sargassum spp. is a promising alternative to improve the agronomic and antioxidant characteristics of tomato crops.

Resumen: El tomate es la hortaliza más cultivada y consumida a nivel mundial y frecuentemente sufre diversas tensiones ambientales que afectan su productividad. Como posibles soluciones para mitigar el estrés está el uso de bioestimulantes, en particular, el uso de extractos de algas pardas que afectan positivamente varios procesos fisiológicos y bioquímicos en las plantas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación foliar de 17 extractos hidroalcohólicos de Sargassum spp. al 1.5%, más dos tratamientos control (agua destilada y un producto comercial a base de Ascophyllum nodosum) sobre el crecimiento y compuestos antioxidantes de plántulas de tomate, bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Los resultados muestran que el extracto que presentó los mejores resultados fue el EAS7 (160 °C / 30 min / 50% de etanol). Dicho extracto aumentó la altura, diámetro de tallo, materia fresca y seca total de las plántulas de tomate en un 8.67, 32.32, 25.03 y 11.59%, respectivamente, en comparación con el control absoluto (agua destilada). Además, el EAS7 aumentó el contenido de proteínas, glutatión, fenoles totales, flavonoides y capacidad antioxidante (ABTS) de las hojas en un 386.48, 15.92, 22.05, 35.99 y 18.86%, respectivamente, en comparación con el control absoluto. La aplicación de extractos de Sargassum spp. es una alternativa prometedora para mejorar las características agronómicas y antioxidantes del cultivo de tomate.

Abstract Background and Aims: Except for the 2020 compilations for red algae and the phycoflora in Mexico, since the catalogs prior to 2001, no other studies have been carried out that involve the review and update of the status of brown algae in the Mexican Atlantic. The aim of this study was to integrate a list of brown algae from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean in which all taxonomic updates from 2001 to date are considered. Methods: The specialized literature for the region published from 2001 to September 2021 and the database of the Herbarium UAMIZ were consulted for the integration of a phycofloristic list with distribution data. The synonymy and nomenclatural status of each name, as well as the classification system used, were reviewed in AlgaeBase. Key results: An updated list was obtained with 97 species and three infraspecific categories of brown algae, distributed in nine orders, 12 families and 39 genera. Of the total, from 2001 to the present, 41 correspond to additions to the flora, 24 are updated names, 10 are old records that have not been mentioned again and 25 continue to be recorded. Conclusions: The need to carry out floristic studies combined with molecular approaches it is evident, providing support for a more accurate and comprehensive knowledge of Mexican algal resources and making possible the incursion into ecological or biogeographic studies that allow the establishment of proposals for sustainable management or conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes y Objetivos: Con excepción de las compilaciones de 2020 para algas rojas y la ficoflora en México, desde los catálogos previos al 2001, no se han realizado otros trabajos que involucren la revisión y actualización del estatus de las algas pardas en el Atlántico mexicano. El objetivo de este estudio fue integrar un listado de algas pardas del Golfo de México y el Caribe mexicano en el que se consideren todas las actualizaciones taxonómicas de 2001 a la fecha. Métodos: Se consultó la literatura especializada para la región publicada de 2001 a septiembre de 2021 y la base de datos del Herbario UAMIZ para la integración de un listado ficoflorístico con datos de distribución. La sinonimia y el estatus nomenclatural de cada nombre, así como el sistema de clasificación utilizado, fueron revisados en AlgaeBase. Resultados clave: Se obtuvo un listado actualizado con 97 especies y tres categorías infraespecíficas de algas pardas, distribuidas en nueve órdenes, 12 familias y 39 géneros. Del total, del 2001 al presente, 41 corresponden con adiciones a la flora, 24 son nombres actualizados, 10 son registros antiguos que no han vuelto a ser mencionados y 25 siguen siendo citados. Conclusiones: Es evidente la necesidad de realizar estudios florísticos combinados con enfoques moleculares, que proporcionen un respaldo para un conocimiento más certero e integral de los recursos algales mexicanos y que posibiliten la incursión en estudios ecológicos o biogeográficos que permitan establecer propuestas de manejo sustentable o conservación.

Abstract: Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) recorded in the literature and specimens at herbaria from the littoral of Michoacán were extensively reviewed. Additionally, these data were supplemented with samplings in 11 localities from 2006 to 2014. A total of 52 infrageneric taxa of brown algae (49 species and 3 varieties) were determined; from these, 27 were new records for Michoacán, being Streblonema anomalum and Ectocarpus taoniae new records for the Pacific coast of Mexico. The highest number of species was recorded for La Majahuita (27), while the lowest number of taxa was in San Telmo (2). The family Dictyotaceae was the best represented (15 taxa), followed by Chordariaceae and Ectocarpaceae (5 each one). From the previous 25 records in this area, the presence of 12 taxa was confirmed, so the number of Phaeophyceae from this coast increased to 52 taxa. The floristic list is accompanied by data of presence, seasonality, reproduction, habitat and bibliographic references. Species diversity was compared between the dry and rainy seasons during 2006 to 2014, the greatest diversity was found during the dry season. The coast of Michoacán has the highest specific richness of Phaeophyceae when comparing to Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas.

Resumen: Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica y de herbario de Phaeophyceae citada para el litoral de Michoacán, México. Se añadieron datos obtenidos de muestreos realizados en 11 localidades de 2006 a 2014, con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de las Phaeophyceae de la región. Se determinaron 52 taxones (49 especies y 3 variedades), 27 son nuevos registros para Michoacán, se citan por primera vez: Streblonema anomalum y Ectocarpus taoniae para la costa del Pacífico de México. El número más alto de taxones se registró en La Majahuita (27) y el más bajo en San Telmo (2). Las familias mejor representadas fueron Dictyotaceae (15 taxones) seguido por Chordariaceae y Ectocarpaceae (5 cada una). De 25 especies registradas en la bibliografía, se corroboró la presencia de 12. Con los nuevos registros el número de feofíceas se incrementó a 52 taxones. La lista florística se acompaña con datos de presencia, estacionalidad, estado fenológico, hábitat y referencias bibliográficas. Se comparó la riqueza específica entre las estaciones climáticas de lluvias y de secas durante el periodo de estudio, encontrándose el número más alto de taxones en la época de secas. El litoral de Michoacán tiene la riqueza específica más alta de Phaeophyceae, al compararse con Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas.

Abstract:Macrocystis pyrifera is a giant brown seaweed with high nutritional content, used as a dietary supplement in some farm animals. It contains fucoidan which has a pharmacological effect on lipids and glucose metabolism. Some brown seaweeds can bioaccumulate toxic elements in their cell wall, representing a problem if toxicity tests that guarantee the safety of their consumption are not done. M. pyrifera, does not present toxicological studies that guarantee its safety. This work aimed to perform the acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of M. pyrifera in rodents as well as to determine its possible therapeutic effect. Fronds of M. pyrifera were collected in Baja California Sur, Mexico, for drying and obtaining algae flour. The acute toxicity test LD50 was performed in C57BL / 6 male mice (25 ± 3 g) for 7 days, finding an LD50 greater than 10 g kg-1. Subchronic toxicity was determined for 121 days in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (98 ± 2 g), during which the experimental animals showed no signs of toxicity, or changes in the hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of the organs. The reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation or glutathione ratio were not different from the control group. A therapeutic effect on the regulation of body weight and a hypolipidemic effect (triacylglycerides: 82.27 ± 5.55 mg dL-1, cholesterol: 98.61 ± 6.48 mg dL-1) were found. It is concluded that, under the conditions in which this study was developed, the consumption of M. pyrifera as a functional ingredient is safe.

Resumen:Macrocystis pyrifera es un alga parda gigante con alto contenido nutricional, utilizada como suplemento dietético en algunos animales de granja. Contiene fucoidan, el cual posee efecto farmacológico sobre el metabolismo de lípidos y glucosa. Algunas algas pardas pueden bioacumular tóxicos en su pared celular, representando un problema si no se realizan los ensayos de toxicidad que garanticen la seguridad de su consumo. M. pyrifera, no presenta estudios toxicológicos que garanticen su inocuidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar la evaluación toxicológica aguda y subcrónica de M. pyrifera en roedores, así como, determinar su posible efecto terapéutico. Frondas de M. pyrifera fueron recolectadas en Baja California Sur, México, para su secado y obtención de la harina del alga. El ensayo de toxicidad aguda LD50 se realizó en ratones macho C57BL/6 (25 ± 3 g) durante 7 días, encontrando una LD50 superior a 10 g kg-1. La toxicidad subcrónica se determinó durante 121 días en ratas Sprague Dawley macho adulta con peso (98 ± 2 g), en este periodo los animales de experimentación no mostraron signos de toxicidad, ni cambios en los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos ni histopatológicos de sus órganos. En el balance óxido-reducción, las especies reactivas de oxígeno, la peroxidación lipídica y la proporción de glutatión no fueron diferentes al grupo testigo. Se encontró un efecto terapéutico sobre la regulación del peso corporal y un efecto hipolipidémico (triglicéridos: 82,27 ± 5,55 mg dL-1, colesterol: 98,61 ± 6,48 mg dL-1). Se concluye que, bajo las condiciones en que se desarrolló este estudio, el consumo de M. pyrifera como ingrediente funcional es seguro.

Abstract Brown algae are a commercial source of different polysaccharides/hydrocolloids that has been used to produce food, pharmaceutical, and several other useful biotechnological stuff. Nevertheless, transcriptomics has become a tool that not only provides valuable information for the understanding of the physiological processes of a species but also allows the identification of industrially important candidate genes. This study describes the transcriptome of brown algae and their industrial application with a special focus on Macrocystis integrifolia.

Resumen Las algas pardas son una fuente comercial de diferentes polisacáridos / hidrocoloides utilizados para producir alimentos, productos farmacéuticos y otros productos biotecnológicos útiles. Por otra parte, la transcriptómica se ha convertido en una herramienta que no solo proporciona información valiosa para la comprensión de los procesos fisiológicos de una especie, sino que también permite la identificación de genes candidatos industrialmente importantes. Este estudio describe el transcriptoma de algas pardas y su aplicación industrial con un enfoque especial en Macrocystis integrifolia.

Abstract: Background and Aims: In Mexico, knowledge of epiphytism in marine environments has focused on pasture communities, while for algae there are only four studies, two for the North Pacific of Mexico and two more for Veracruz. Due to the lack of information, the present work intends to contribute to the knowledge of the epiphytism presented in two species of Padina of wide distribution along the coasts of the Mexican tropical Pacific. Methods: Two sampling periods were carried out in four locations in Nayarit. The collected material was preserved in 4% formalin. Thallus determinations of Padina crispata and P. durvillei were made, observations of the epiphyte thallus were carried out and cuts were observed with stereoscopic and optical microscopes. The identification was carried out with specialized literature. In addition, a bibliographic review was made with works about the coasts of the Mexican tropical Pacific. Key results: In total 71 epiphytic species of Padina crispata and P. durvillei were identified, distributed in 51 genera, 35 families, 22 orders and four phyla. The order with the highest number of recorded species was Ceramiales with 17 species, followed by Corallinales with 14, while the best represented families were Corallinaceae and Ceramiaceae with 11 and nine species, respectively. Eight species were found for the first time in Nayarit, of which Acrochaetium barbadense is a new record for the Mexican tropical Pacific. The greatest richness of epiphytic species occurred in Padina durvillei (58, 80.5 %). Conclusions: The importance of Padina durvillei and P. crispata as basibionts for different groups of algae is highlighted, as well as the value they present in the knowledge of biodiversity.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En México el conocimiento de epifitismo en ambientes marinos se ha enfocado en las comunidades de pastos, mientras que para las algas únicamente se cuenta con cuatro estudios, dos para el Pacífico norte de México y dos para Veracruz. Debido a la escasez de información, el presente trabajo es una contribución importante al conocimiento del epifitismo en dos especies de Padina de amplia distribución en las costas del Pacífico tropical mexicano. Métodos: Se llevaron a cabo dos periodos de muestreo en cuatro localidades de Nayarit. El material recolectado fue preservado en formaldehído a 4%. Se realizaron las determinaciones de Padina durvillei y P. crispata, a partir de observaciones de los talos epífitos, realizando y analizando cortes al microscopio estereoscópico y óptico. La identificación se realizó utilizando literatura especializada. Para corroborar la determinación y conocer la distribución de las especies, se llevó a cabo la revisión bibliográfica de trabajos ficológicos sobre las costas del Pacifico tropical mexicano. Resultados clave: En total se identificaron 71 especies epífitas de Padina crispata y P. durvillei, distribuidos en 51 géneros, 35 familias, 22 órdenes y cuatro phyla. El orden con mayor número de especies registradas fue Ceramiales con 17, seguido de Corallinales con 14, mientras que las familias mejor representadas fueron Corallinaceae y Ceramiaceae con 11 y nueve especies respectivamente. Se encontraron por primera vez ocho especies para Nayarit, de las cuales Acrochaetium barbadense es un nuevo registro para el Pacifico tropical mexicano. La mayor riqueza de especies epífitas (58, 80.5%) se presentó en Padina durvillei. Conclusiones: Se destaca la importancia de Padina durvillei y P. crispata como basibiontes para diferentes grupos de algas, así como el valor que éstas presentan en el conocimiento de la biodiversidad.

ABSTRACT Bioactive compounds are substances present in low doses in foods mostly from the plant kingdom. Their consumption can influence physiological or cellular processes and has a beneficial effect on health. Fucoidans and beta-glucans are bioactive compounds that share the characteristic of being carbohydrates of the polysaccharide type, specifically of the soluble fiber kind. These compounds can be found in foods available in Chile and part of the Chilean diet; foods include, brown algae and some cereals. The concentration of these compounds in foods is variable, and depends on factors like season, cultivation, germination, and method of preparation and conservation. The current literature shows the potential beneficial effects of fucoidan and beta-glucans compounds in human health, which include: anticoagulant, immuno-modulator and antidiabetic and immunomodulating. The effects depend, among other factors, on their bioavailability and molecular weight. The objective of this review was to describe the potential beneficial effects of these bioactive compounds, analyze their characteristics and properties, and provide consumption recommendations that may lead to achieving the expected beneficial effects. To that end, relevant and recent scientific literature was analyzed.

RESUMEN Los compuestos bioactivos corresponden a aquellos elementos presentes en los alimentos, que influyen en procesos fisiológicos o celulares, cuyo consumo produce un efecto beneficioso para la salud, encontrándose en alimentos principalmente del reino vegetal y cuyas concentraciones en los alimentos son en mínimas dosis. Los fucoidanos y los beta-glucanos, son compuestos bioactivos que comparten la característica de ser un carbohidrato, de tipo polisacárido, específicamente fibra de tipo soluble, encontrándose presente en alimentos disponibles en nuestro país y que son parte de nuestra dieta, como las algas pardas y algunos cereales. La concentración de estos compuestos en los alimentos, es fluctuante y depende de factores como la estacionalidad, cultivo, germinación, método de preparación y conservación. En la bibliografía actual, se evidencian los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de fucanos y beta-glucanos para la salud humana como anticoagulante, antidiabético e inmunomodulador, la intensidad de estos efectos dependen de su biodisponibilidad y del peso molecular. El objetivo de esta revisión fué profundizar respecto a los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de estos compuestos bioactivos, analizar sus características, propiedades, además de relacionar una recomendación de consumo que permita alcanzar los efectos beneficiosos esperados. Para ello se analizó la bibliografía científica atingente, relevante y reciente.

Abstract: This work is written as a brief reflection that reviews the evolution of the biological phenomenon associated with the appearance of large masses of floating brown algae called sargassum, explores the social responses as well, perception in the media and in the tourism sector they derive as an impact of these upheavals. The entire Caribbean, and the area of Quintana Roo in Mexico, have experienced this kind of plant invasion, like a plague whose causes are unclear, but its effects on the beaches have caused a discredit to the landscape and therefore a discouragement to the bathers and visitors of those crystalline waters. The text presents public policy arguments and explains the causes associated with impacts of human activities that have directly or indirectly influenced this phenomenon to be a novelty and possibly a constant presence since 2011.

Resumen: Este trabajo es una breve reflexión que revisa la evolución del fenómeno biológico asociado con la aparición de grandes masas de algas pardas flotantes denominadas como sargazo, y explora las respuestas sociales, de percepción en los medios y en el sector turismo que derivan como impacto de estas arribazones. Todo el Caribe, y en particular la zona de Quintana Roo en México, han experimentado esta suerte de invasión vegetal como una plaga cuyas causas son poco claras, pero sus efectos en las playas han provocado un descrédito al paisaje y, por tanto, un desincentivo para los bañistas y visitantes de esas aguas cristalinas. El texto presenta argumentos de política pública y explica las causas asociadas con los impactos de las actividades humanas que han influido directa o indirectamente en que este fenómeno sea una novedad y posiblemente una presencia constante desde 2011.

Abstract: This work is written as a brief reflection that reviews the evolution of the biological phenomenon associated with the appearance of large masses of floating brown algae called sargassum, explores the social responses as well, perception in the media and in the tourism sector they derive as an impact of these upheavals. The entire Caribbean, and the area of Quintana Roo in Mexico, have experienced this kind of plant invasion, like a plague whose causes are unclear, but its effects on the beaches have caused a discredit to the landscape and therefore a discouragement to the bathers and visitors of those crystalline waters. The text presents public policy arguments and explains the causes associated with impacts of human activities that have directly or indirectly influenced this phenomenon to be a novelty and possibly a constant presence since 2011.

Resumen: Este trabajo es una breve reflexión que revisa la evolución del fenómeno biológico asociado con la aparición de grandes masas de algas pardas flotantes denominadas como sargazo, y explora las respuestas sociales, de percepción en los medios y en el sector turismo que derivan como impacto de estas arribazones. Todo el Caribe, y en particular la zona de Quintana Roo en México, han experimentado esta suerte de invasión vegetal como una plaga cuyas causas son poco claras, pero sus efectos en las playas han provocado un descrédito al paisaje y, por tanto, un desincentivo para los bañistas y visitantes de esas aguas cristalinas. El texto presenta argumentos de política pública y explica las causas asociadas con los impactos de las actividades humanas que han influido directa o indirectamente en que este fenómeno sea una novedad y posiblemente una presencia constante desde 2011.