To control vehicle emissions, the new homologation process must be reported according to the California Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) scale’s procedure to calculate the ozone forming potential (OFP) of each new vehicle. This work calculates an MIR scale suitable for the Brazilian reality. Meteorological and hourly pollutant data from the Bangu Automatic Air Quality Station was inventoried and processed from March to September 2020 to adjust OZIPR Lagrangean model and obtain the MIR scale by making small increments in the concentrations of each volatile organic compounds (VOC) and calculate the ozone increase/decrease. It was found that the VOC that had the greatest impact on ozone formation was 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, with 2.06 ppb O3 ppbC-1 VOC. The OFP was calculated based on the VOC emissions of a vehicle and it was found a value of 9.421 mg O3 km-1, a much lower value when compared using the California MIR scale of 136.608 mg O3 km-1. It is concluded that meteorological conditions and VOC speciation data in the air mixture in the studied region directly affect the photochemical reactions of ozone formation. (MIR scales s (OFP reality 202 (VOC increasedecrease increase decrease increase/decrease 1,2,4trimethylbenzene, 124trimethylbenzene trimethylbenzene 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene, 1 2 4 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 206 06 2.0 O ppbC1 ppbC ppbC- 9421 9 421 9.42 km1, km1 km 1, km-1 136608 136 608 136.60 km1. 1. 20 4trimethylbenzene 1,2,4trimethylbenzene 124 1,2, 0 2. 942 42 9.4 km- 13660 13 60 136.6 12 1,2 94 9. 1366 6 136.

Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

ABSTRACT The use of CO2 sensors has been reported as an effective tool in the early detection of signs of deterioration, allowing good accuracy in decision-making about the quality of stored grains. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 levels produced by maize grains stored at ambient temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 14, 16 and 18% w.b., and to evaluate the quality of the product over time and the technical breakage. Analyses of moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, Hue Angle (color), germination and electrical conductivity were performed. Inside the silos, the amount of CO2, relative air humidity and temperature were monitored every hour. Grain quality evaluations were carried out at four storage times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days). A completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with six replicates was used. Grains with higher moisture contents showed higher technical breakage and losses associated with CO2 emissions. Moisture content, protein, lipids, germination, bulk density, lightness and chroma decreased over time, while the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in greater damage to membranes and loss of quality of maize grains. Monitoring of CO2 in the grain mass is a good tool to assess the quality of grain, and higher initial moisture content caused greater level of CO2 emission and reduction in quality of maize grains. CO deterioration decisionmaking decision making silo 14 1 18 wb w b w.b. ash proteins lipids color, color , (color) performed silos hour 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 days. days . days) used emissions protein density increased w.b (color (

RESUMO O uso de sensores de CO2 tem sido reportado como uma medida eficaz na detecção precoce de sinais de deterioração, permitindo uma boa acurácia na tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade de grãos armazenados. Neste estudo objetivou-se quantificar os níveis de CO2 produzidos por grãos de milho armazenados em temperatura ambiente em silo protótipo, com teores de água iniciais de 14, 16 e 18% b.u., bem como avaliar a qualidade do produto ao longo do tempo e a quebra técnica. Foram realizadas análises de teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, Hue Angle (cor), germinação e condutividade elétrica. No interior dos silos foi monitorada a quantidade de CO2, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a cada uma hora. As avaliações de qualidade dos grãos ocorreram em quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 4 e seis repetições. Os grãos mais úmidos apresentaram maior quebra técnica e perdas associadas a emissões de CO2. Os teores de água, proteína, lipídeos, germinação, massa específica aparente, L* e croma reduziram ao longo do tempo, enquanto que a condutividade elétrica aumentou, resultando em maior danificação das membranas e perda de qualidade dos grãos de milho. O monitoramento do CO2 na massa de grãos é uma boa ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade dos grãos, e maior teor de umidade inicial causou maior nível de emissão de CO2 e redução na qualidade dos grãos de milho. CO deterioração objetivouse objetivou se protótipo 14 1 18 bu b u b.u. cinzas proteínas lipídeos cor, cor , (cor) hora 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 dias. dias . dias) casualizado repetições proteína aparente L aumentou b.u (cor (

In the context of South Africa's water scarcity, desalination has emerged as a possible solution for coastal areas. However, the quality of the intake water for desalination is often problematic, prompting the need for pre-treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) on 4 seawater filtration systems intended for the pre-treatment of a reverse osmosis desalination project. These systems were implemented in a pilot trial and are based on modern water treatment technologies, namely, granular filtration (pressure driven and gravity driven), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and ultrafiltration (UF). For all 4 systems, data were collected for both the construction and operation phases, and LCAs were performed, resulting in environmental scores that allow for comparison based on the pre-treatment of 1 kL of seawater of the same quality. The SimaPro LCA tool and the ReCiPe midpoint method were used and environmental scores were calculated for 18 impact categories, including climate change, acidification, toxicity, eutrophication, resource depletion, etc. This methodology also allowed the identification of the highest environmental burdens/scores within each system. The most significant finding is that local electricity consumption is responsible for the greatest proportion of environmental impacts. Thus, the systems consuming more energy for operating equipment such as blowers, pumps, and mixers were found to have the highest environmental burdens. Hence, the DAF system has the highest environmental scores for most impacts, followed by the single-phase gravity filtration system, then the two-phase partial pressure filtration system and finally the UF system. Therefore, focus should shift towards energy optimisation of process units, especially the rotary ones, as well as energy mitigation and recovery strategies. The use of renewable energy for pre-treatment should also be considered locally.

RESUMEN La aplicación de fitosanitarios debe garantizar un eficiente control de plagas tratando de evitar pérdidas que afecten la salud humana y el ambiente. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de boquillas hidráulicas tipo cono hueco convencional y aire inducido, y el agregado de un adyuvante (aceite vegetal metilado siliconado AMS), sobre la calidad de aplicación de un fungicida (penetración, distribución y homogeneidad) y las pérdidas por endoderivas en canopeos de trigo y soja. En cada cultivo, el diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro repeticiones y arreglo factorial boquillas x adyuvante. El espectro de gotas se evaluó con tarjetas sensibles al agua y con azul brillante como trazador dentro del caldo de aplicación. En trigo, el AMS no uniformizó la distribución de las gotas generadas por las boquillas de aire inducido, dado que dependió del estrato considerado dentro del cultivo. Asimismo, si bien el AMS redujo la endoderiva, esta fue independiente del tipo de boquilla. La distribución de las gotas en soja dependió del estrato en el cultivo y no del tipo de boquilla ni del agregado de AMS. Además, el AMS y su combinación con el tipo de boquilla no redujeron la endoderiva en este cultivo.

ABSTRACT Spraying of phytosanitary products must ensure efficient pest control while avoiding losses that could damage human health and environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of conventional hollow cone and air-induced hydraulic nozzles, and the addition of an adjuvant (Methylated Seed Oil MSO) upon the application quality of a fungicide (penetration, distribution, and uniformity) and losses due to endodrift on wheat and soybean canopies. In each crop, the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications and a factorial arrangement of nozzles x adjuvant. Droplet spectrum was evaluated by using water-sensitive cards, and brilliant blue as a tracer in the application mixture. According to the results, the MSO did not homogenize the distribution of droplets generated by air-induced nozzles in the wheat canopy, as it depended on the crop height evaluated. In addition, the MSO reduced endodrift independently of the type of nozzle used. The distribution of droplets on the soybean canopy depended on the height and not on the type of nozzle nor the addition of MSO. The MSO and its combination with the nozzle type did not reduce endodrift in this crop.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la Gestión de la Calidad del aire 5 de las 10 ciudades con mayor contaminación del aire en México y que pertenecen al estado de Guanajuato. El método de investigación consistió en medir la información con Inteligencia Artificial orientada con el modelo LART de Gestión ambiental usando el Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural en las funciones y estrategias para la gestión de la calidad del aire. Se analizó un corpus de 32 enunciados. Como resultado se obtienen una bolsa de 80 palabras y un vocabulario de 82 N-gramas de longitud 1 a 7 para medir la información del proceso de gestión. Los hallazgos revelan que las mejores gestiones están en Celaya, León y Silao de la Victoria. La originalidad del método radica en que la información encontrada por el algoritmo permite validar parcialmente el modelo LART. Se limita a evaluar la gestión y los estudios siguientes se orientarán al desarrollo de un vocabulario más amplio y un corpus mayor para utilizar el modelo W2V que incruste los N-gramas en un modelo n-dimensional.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Air Quality Management in 5 of the 10 cities with the highest air pollution in Mexico and that belong to the state of Guanajuato. The research method consisted of measuring the information with Artificial Intelligence oriented with the LART model of Environmental Management using Natural Language Processing in the functions and strategies for air quality management. A corpus of 32 statements was analyzed. The result was a bag of 80 words and a vocabulary of 82 N-grams with length 1 to 7 that measure the information of the management process. The findings reveal that the best managements are in Celaya, León and Silao de la Victoria. The originality of the method lies in the fact that the information found by the algorithm allows partial validation of the LART model . It is limited to evaluating the management and subsequent studies will focus on the development of a broader vocabulary and a larger corpus to use the W2V model that embeds the N-grams in a n-dimensional model.

RESUMEN Se evalúa la influencia de la variables meteorológicas y los tipos de situaciones sinópticas (TSS) en condiciones de poca dispersión sobre las concentraciones de los contaminantes atmosféricos (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 y PM2.5 ) en el Campus del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC) de la Universidad de La Habana y en la localidad de San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) durante el periodo de 2015 al 2017 a través de las mediciones realizadas en las estaciones automáticas de monitoreo de la calidad del aire. La situación sinóptica que contribuyo de forma predominante a la ocurrencia de condiciones de poca dispersión fue la TSS VIII (Anticiclón Continental Migratorio) y el segundo lugar la TSS I (Anticiclón del Atlántico). Las muestras horarias que estuvieron por encima de la concentración máxima admisible (CMA) según la NC 1020:2014 fueron 59 y 31 veces para el PM10 y PM2,5 respectivamente, en la localidad de SMP. Por otro lado, en el InSTEC, el PM10 sobrepaso la CMA diaria en 21 ocasiones. Para el caso del PM2,5 fueron sobrepasadas la CMA en 17 veces. El único evento catalogado como episodio extremo de altas concentraciones (SMOG) se desarrolló en la estación de monitoreo de la calidad del aire de SMP durante el día 15 de marzo de 2016. Los demás contaminantes gaseosos sobrepasaron sus respectivas CMA en pocas ocasiones para muestras horarias y diarias y coincidieron en tiempo con las ocurridas para el material particulado. Estas situaciones sinópticas que producen poca dispersión también pueden provocar efectos nocivos sobre la salud humana.

ABSTRACT The influence of the meteorological variables and the types of synoptic situations (TSS) in low dispersion conditions on the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) in the Campus of the Higher Institute of Sciences Applied (InSTEC) of Havana University and in the town of San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) is evaluated during the period from 2015 to 2017 through the measurements made in the automatic air quality monitoring stations. The synoptic situation that contributed predominantly to the occurrence of low dispersion conditions was TSS VIII (Migratory Continental Anticyclone) and the second place was TSS I (Atlantic Anticyclone). The hourly samples that were above the maximum admissible concentration (CMA) according to NC 1020:2014 were 59 and 31 times for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively, in the SMP locality. On the other hand, in InSTEC, PM10 exceeded the daily CMA on 21 occasions. In the case of PM2.5, the CMA was exceeded 17 times. The only event classified as an extreme episode of high concentrations (SMOG) took place at the SMP air quality monitoring station on March 15, 2016. The other gaseous pollutants exceeded their respective CMA on a few occasions for hourly and daily samples and coincided in time with those that occurred for particulate matter. These synoptic situations that produce low dispersion can also cause harmful effects on human health.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to carry out a survey of the different studies that have been carried out in Cuba in terms of ecosystem services valuation. It is a path little traveled and on rise that requires the detection of its strengths and gaps as a guide to the execution of said investigations with de human capital that the country possesses. A total of 42 papers were compiled, including 14 scientific articles, 8 diploma theses, 15 doctoral theses and 5 master´s theses. The ecosystem services most evaluated were those of fibre and food supply, the regulation of climate, water, natural hazard and air quality and within cultural services, aesthetic values and recreation and ecotourism.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un levantamiento de los diferentes estudios que en materia de valoración de servicios ecosistémicos se han efectuado en Cuba. Es un camino poco transitado y en ascenso que requiere de la detección de sus fortalezas y sus principales vacíos como guía a la ejecución de tales investigaciones, con el capital humano que el país posee. Se compilaron un total de 42, de ellos 14 son artículos científicos, 8 tesis de diploma, 15 tesis de doctorado y 5 de maestría. Los servicios ecosistémicos más evaluados en los documentos fueron: los servicios de aprovisionamiento de fibra y alimentos, la regulación del clima, del agua, del peligro natural y de la calidad del aire, y dentro de los servicios culturales los valores estéticos y recreación y ecoturismo.

Abstract Objective: In this research, the relationship between food security level and socioeconomic status, food environment perception, and shopping habits was determined. Materials and Methods: A descriptive analysis to determine the relationship between food security status and socioeconomic characteristics, and food environment perception was conducted. Data was collected by surveys in vulnerable neighborhoods of Ecatepec de Morelos, México. Results: Food insecurity was predominantly a consequence of the socioeconomic conditions, although the places to buy foods seem to be adequate since there is no preference for where to buy, by distance or price, finding fresh fruits and vegetables, representing a healthy, cheap, and affordable diet. Nonetheless, the barriers to buying foods were price and income, limiting the quality and amount of food to buy, denoting the necessity to expand open-air markets operation, to bring affordable and healthy food in poor neighborhoods within conurbation capital cities areas. Conclusion: Enhancing affordable foods is necessary to improve food insecurity status for families living in poor neighborhoods.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre el nivel de seguridad alimentaria con el estado socioeconómico, la precepción del ambiente alimentario, y los hábitos de compra. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo para determinar la relación entre el estado de seguridad alimentaria con las características socioeconómicas y la percepción del entorno alimentario. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante encuestas en colonias vulnerables de Ecatepec de Morelos, México. Resultados: La inseguridad alimentaria fue predominante una consecuencia de las condiciones socioeconómicas, aunque los lugares para comprar alimentos parecían ser adecuados ya que no hubo preferencia de donde comprar, la distancia o el precio, encontrando frutas y vegetales frescos, representando una dieta saludable, barata y asequible. Sin embargo, las barreras para comprar alimentos fueron el precio y el ingreso, limitando la calidad y cantidad de alimentos para comprar, denotando la necesidad de expandir la operación de mercados al aire libre, para traer alimentos saludables y asequibles a los barrios pobres dentro de las áreas conurbadas de las ciudades capital. Conclusión: Mejorando la oferta de alimentos asequibles es necesaria con el propósito de mejorar el estado de inseguridad alimentaria de las familias que viven en barrios pobres.Una oferta de alimentos asequibles es necesaria para mejorar el estado de inseguridad alimentarias de familias en barrios pobres.

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal variability of air pollutants in an urban area is great. Superimposed on daily meteorological variability are seasonal cycles of human activities that influence air quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of polluting gases: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in two locations in Havana from November 2015 to October 2016. Hourly concentration data from two Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Stations. The statistical processing of the data was carried out using the MS-Excel and Origin 2016 software. The non-pa rametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Dunn tests were applied. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants corresponded to the distribution patterns characteristic of urban locations.

RESUMEN La variabilidad espacial y temporal de los contaminantes atmosféricos en un área urbana es grande. Superpuestos a la variabilidad meteorológica diaria existen ciclos estacionales de las actividades humanas que influyen en la calidad del aire. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y temporal de los gases contaminantes: dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono en dos localidades de La Habana desde noviembre de 2015 hasta octubre de 2016. Se utilizaron datos horarios de concentración provenientes de dos Estaciones Automáticas de Monitoreo Atmosférico. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado empleando los softwares MS-Excel y Origin 2016. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. De forma general as concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución característicos de localidades urbanas.

ABSTRACT In Cuba there are no air quality monitoring networks. The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in Havana through the use of the HYSPLIT model. We used in situ measurements and satellite images of the Copernicus and Giovanni NASA platforms and they were compared with the different runs of the model to evaluate its effectiveness. The results obtained showed that although making measurements of particulate matter is always the first option, it can be affirmed that the use of models of transport and dispersion of pollutants, specifically the HYSPLIT model, are relevant for the estimation of atmospheric pollution by particulate matter in Havana.

RESUMEN En Cuba no existen redes de monitoreo de calidad del aire. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado (PM) en La Habana mediante el empleo del modelo HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model). Utilizamos mediciones in situ e imágenes satelitales de las plataformas Copernicus y Giovanni NASA (Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio) y fueron comparadas con las diferentes corridas realizadas del modelo para evaluar la efectividad del mismo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, aunque realizar mediciones de material particulado siempre es la primera opción se puede afirmar que el empleo de modelos de transporte y dispersión de contaminantes, en específico del modelo HYSPLIT, son pertinentes para la estimación de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en La Habana.

As real-time air quality monitoring becomes more prevalent in US underground mines, it is important to provide the highest data reliability with the fewest possible sensors. Real-time sensors remain costly, and these costs are not exclusively financial; the time required to install, calibrate, and maintain real-time sensors poses a large barrier to widespread implementation. Current atmospheric monitoring systems typically rely on displaying point-specific values. This requires operators to infer real-time airborne contamination distributions. Monitoring and control software utilizing mine ventilation network (MVN) solvers has been implemented in limited cases because of their ability to simulate ventilation systems quickly, but these solvers use a one-dimensional representation of the mine, limiting spatial resolution of estimated distributions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has likewise been considered as a means to improve spatial resolution, but processing times prevent its use as a basis for monitoring and control. For the real-time monitoring of airborne contamination distributions, we propose a spatial interpolation method that can estimate the distribution of airborne contaminants in near-real time. This method provides a middle ground between fast processing times and increased spatial resolution. With the use of a pathfinding algorithm and optimization through absolute percentage error minimization, this method outperforms spatial interpolation with a Euclidean distance. By providing contamination distribution information to operators, this method and its derivatives stand to outperform current atmospheric monitoring systems.

Abstract The State of Mexico is a Mexican entity facing socio-environmental problems: destruction of forest resources, water and air pollution, and poor quality of basic services. This paper analyzes its socio-urban metabolism between 2010 and 2020, considering it as a thermodynamic machine. Using Material Flow and Energy Flow Analysis (MFAE), indicators of consumption and emissions of electricity, fuel, water and social aspects (schooling, social security, economically active population and PBT) were obtained. Metabolic Indexes (MI) were calculated to indicate consumption by municipality. The results showed increases in: fuel consumption (275%), water (130%) and decrease in electricity consumption (-65.7%) due to costs, overcrowding and theft, indicating a governmental inability to provide services. On the social issue, the quality of education declined despite the decrease in the illiterate population. Access to social security rose (27%) in 2020, but public entities are bankrupt and 47.9% of the population is poor. The MI showed that the most consuming municipalities are those in the Toluca Valley and those in the suburbs of Mexico City. Despite the alignment of urban planning to the SDGs, they are not achieved due to methodologies that do not contemplate thermodynamic laws, socio-environmental complexity and, therefore, long-term sustainability.

Resumen El Estado de México es una entidad mexicana que enfrenta problemas socioambientales: destrucción de recursos forestales, contaminación del agua y del aire, y mala calidad en los servicios básicos. Este trabajo analiza su metabolismo socio-urbano entre 2010 y 2020, considerándolo como una máquina termodinámica. Con el uso del Análisis de Flujo de Materiales y Energía (MFAE) se obtuvieron indicadores de consumo y emisiones de electricidad, combustible, agua y aspectos sociales (escolaridad, seguridad social, población económicamente activa y el PBT). Se calcularon Índices Metabólicos (IM) para indicar su consumo por municipio. Los resultados mostraron incrementos en consumos de combustible (275%); agua (130%); disminución en el consumo de electricidad (-65,7%), debido a costos; hacinamiento y robo; lo que indica una incapacidad gubernamental en la provisión de servicios. En la cuestión social, la calidad educativa desciende a pesar de la disminución de la población analfabeta. El acceso a la seguridad social ascendió (27%) en 2020, pero las entidades públicas están en quiebra y el 47,9% de la población es pobre. Los IM mostraron que los municipios más consumidores son los del Valle de Toluca y los conurbados a la Ciudad de México. A pesar de la alineación de los planes de urbanismo a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), estos no se alcanzan debido a metodologías que no contemplan las leyes termodinámicas, la complejidad socioambiental y, por tanto, una sustentabilidad a largo plazo.

Resumen El cambio climático está reduciendo la disponibilidad de forraje para los rumiantes. Estudios previos en la Patagonia Norte Argentina demuestran la adaptación del cultivo de amaranto a estas condiciones agroclimáticas bajo riego. Sin embargo, este cultivo se utiliza como forraje en zonas marginales del mundo, dadas las destacadas cualidades productivas y nutricionales del cultivo de amaranto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad nutricional del ensilado de amaranto en respuesta al oreado previo del forraje y a la adición de bacterias lácticas. El cultivo se cosechó en el estado grano lechoso y se ensiló en microsilos experimentales durante 60 días. Antes del ensilado, se llevaron a cabo diferentes tratamientos (oreado y adición de bacterias lácticas). Se evaluaron parámetros relacionados con la calidad nutricional: cenizas, proteína cruda (PC), Fibra Detergente Neutro (FDN), Fibra Detergente Ácido (FDA), digestibilidad de la materia seca (DMS) y energía metabolizable (EM). El tratamiento simultáneo de oreado y adición de bacterias lácticas antes del ensilado dio lugar a las mejores características de calidad nutricional del ensilado obtenido. Los resultados más importantes bajo estas condiciones fueron valores de proteína del 12,7%, FDN del 41,1% y FDA del 19,1%. La DMS y la EM fueron del 74% y 2,67 Mcal/kg, respectivamente. Así, el ensilaje de amaranto puede ser considerado como una alternativa forrajera conservada para la alimentación animal de la región.

Abstract Climate change is reducing forage availability for ruminants. Previous studies in Northern Patagonia, Argentina, have demonstrated the adaptation of the amaranth crop to these agroclimatic conditions under irrigation. Moreover, this crop is used as forage in marginal areas of the world, given its outstanding productive and nutritional qualities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of amaranth silage in response to previous wilting and the addition of lactic acid bacteria. The crop was harvested at the milky grain stage and ensiled in experimental microsilos for 60 days. Before ensiling, different treatments (wilting and addition of lactic acid bacteria) were applied. Parameters related to nutritional quality were evaluated, including ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and metabolizable energy (ME). Simultaneous treatment with air and the addition of lactic acid bacteria before ensiling resulted in the best nutritional quality characteristics of the silage. The most significant results were protein value of 12.7%, 41.1% NDF and 19.1% FDA. The DM and ME were 74% and 2.67 Mcal/kg, respectively. Thus, amaranth silage can be considered an alternative conserved forage for animal feed in this region.

ABSTRACT In Chile, the main issues affecting the quality of life of the population include air pollution, scarcity and contamination of water resources, degradation, loss, and pollution of soils, nuisance noise, solid waste management, and loss of biodiversity. In response to this situation, good environmental practices emerge in households, which can be characterized as simple and useful measures that individuals can adopt in their daily lives to reduce the negative environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the article presents the results of a qualitative research aimed at identifying and classifying the environmental practices carried out in households in Metropolitan Valparaíso, Chile. Methodologically, an exploratory-descriptive approach study was conducted, gathering information from 64 households through semi-structured interviews. The results show the implementation of good environmental practices in the household, related to the recycling of organic and non-organic waste, reusing organic and non-organic waste, and reducing the consumption of natural resources. It is concluded that the environmental practices developed by individuals in their households are motivated by a deep concern for environmental issues and seek to reduce the long-term negative consequences that will affect the living conditions of future generations. From an integrated perspective, the good environmental practices carried out in the household represent a silent and persevering microsocial dynamic that challenges the devastating actions of global economic, political, and technological actors regarding the use of natural resources.

RESUMEN En Chile, los principales problemas que afectan la calidad de vida de la población corresponden a contaminación atmosférica, escasez y contaminación de recursos hídricos, degradación, pérdida y contaminación de suelos, ruidos molestos, manejo de residuos sólidos y pérdida de biodiversidad. Como respuesta a esta situación, surgen las buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, las que pueden ser caracterizadas como medidas sencillas y útiles que pueden adoptar las personas en su vida cotidiana para reducir el impacto ambiental negativo de sus actividades. En ese marco, el artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo corresponde a identificar y clasificar las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en los hogares de Valparaíso Metropolitano, Chile. Metodológicamente, se realizó un estudio de enfoque exploratorio-descriptivo que recopiló información en 64 hogares, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados evidencian la realización de buenas prácticas ambientales en el hogar, relacionadas con el reciclaje de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos, reutilización de residuos orgánicos y no orgánicos; y reducción de consumo de recursos naturales. Se concluye que las prácticas ambientales desarrolladas por las personas en sus hogares son motivadas por una profunda preocupación por los problemas ambientales y buscan disminuir las consecuencias negativas en el largo plazo que afectarán las condiciones de vida de las nuevas generaciones. Desde una perspectiva integrada, las buenas prácticas ambientales realizadas en el hogar representan una dinámica microsocial silenciosa y perseverante que desafía a la acción devastadora que realizan actores económicos, políticos y tecnológicos globales respecto del uso de los recursos naturales.