Abstract In addition to destroying the leaves, stems, pods, and grains of soybean (Glycine max), Spodoptera frugiperda larvae may also have the cut off behavior in the seedlings close to the ground, harming the establishment of the soybean crop. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the consequences of the fall armyworm attack by adopting the cut off behavior, which has been similarly documented for black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) in newly emerged soybean plants. The treatments were five levels of infestation with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 larvae per m2. Three variables were assessed: (1) stand (relationship between attacked and initial number of plants), (2) types and amounts of injured structures, such as hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and the cotyledons (seed leaves), and (3) level of defoliation. The variables were collected every 24 hours until the pupal stage. Additionally, the final stand of the seedlings was quantified, with the highest injury intensity observed in the plots that contained the highest number of larvae. In the second experiment, the dynamics of movement and attacks of plants by S. frugiperda larvae at the following times of the day: 07:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00 and 21:00 were analyzed with supervised machine learning models. The injury caused by S. frugiperda with the behavior of the cut off and the voracity of the larvae were evident in the structures (hypocotyl and cotyledons) of the evaluated plants. The results of the present study emphasize the need to manage S. frugiperda during the preplanting phase of soybean. leaves stems pods Glycine max, max , max) ground crop Therefore Agrotis ipsilon 0 5 10 2 4 m2 m assessed 1 (1 relationship plants, plants) (2 embryonic shoot, shoot shoot) seed leaves) 3 (3 defoliation stage Additionally quantified experiment S day 0700, 0700 07 00, 00 07:00 1000, 1000 10:00 1300, 1300 13 13:00 1600, 1600 16 16:00 1900 19 19:0 2100 21 21:0 models ( 070 07:0 100 10:0 130 13:0 160 16:0 190 19: 210 21: 07: 10: 13: 16:

Resumen La investigación se ejecutó en dos periodos de siembra de Pisum sativum L, campaña agrícola 2019 y 2021, los datos registrados corresponden al periodo 2021 por haberse obtenido similares respuestas al ensayo anterior. El objetivo fue integrar de manera comparativa más de una estrategia de control para regular las plagas en el cultivo. En un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con 3 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones. Siendo los tratamientos: (T0) Sin aplicaciones, (T1) Barreras vivas de Zea mays + trampas a colores + extracto de Ruta chalepensis + cebos tóxicos, (T2) Barreras vivas de Lupinus mutabilis + trampas a colores + Bacillius thuringiensis + cebos tóxicos. Se realizaron las evaluaciones semanales para identificar los insectos y determinar la densidad de cada especie plaga en el cultivo. Todas las parcelas comparten las mismas plagas. En el T2 se registraron los más bajos promedios de cada especie, siendo el Agrotis sp con 0,67 a 2,33 larvas/parcela, Aphis sp entre 1,33 a 4 pulgones/cogollo, Bemisia sp con 5 a 7,33/planta, Epitrix sp entre 4 a 0/planta y Liriomyza trifolii entre 3 a 4 larvas/hoja. Se concluye que la integración de los componentes T2 son los de mayor eficiencia en la regulación de las plagas en el cultivo del frijol.

Abstract The investigation was carried out in two sowing periods of Pisum sativum L, agricultural campaign 2019 and 2021, the registered data correspond to the period 2021 because similar responses to the previous test were obtained. The objective was to comparatively integrate more than one control strategy to regulate pests in the crop. In a completely randomized block design with 3 treatments, 4 replications. Being the treatments: (T0) Without applications, (T1) Zea mays live barriers + color traps + Ruta chalepensis extract + toxic baits, (T2) Lupinus mutabilis live barriers + color traps + Bacillius thuringiensis + toxic baits. Weekly evaluations were carried out to identify the insects and determine the density of each pest species in the crop. All plots share the same pests. In T2, the lowest averages of each species were recorded, being Agrotis sp with 0.67 to 2.33 larvae/plot, Aphis sp between 1.33 to 4 aphids per bud, Bemisia sp with 5 to 7 per leaf, Epitrix sp between 4 to 0/plant and Liriomyza trifolii between 3 to 4 larvae/leaf. It is concluded that the integration of the T2 components are the most efficient in the regulation of pests in bean crops.

ABSTRACT Accurate identification of species is fundamental to every biological research. While morphological identification is a time-consuming and skilled technique, straightforward molecular techniques require the availability of a database of previously sequenced and identified specimens. For most countries of South America, species of noctuids with available sequences are scarce, mostly restricted to species of economic importance, making molecular identification untenable. Here we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA ‘barcode’ region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 34 specimens pertaining to 26 species of South American noctuids, 20 of these for the first time. For all species, genetic distances were higher for interspecific than for intraspecific relations, supporting the utility of DNA ‘barcodes’ to identify species. Larger intraspecific divergences occurred in species of Agrotis and Anicla, and interspecific divergences lower than 2% occurred in about one fifth of the species, all in species of Agrotis, Feltia, and Anicla. These results will allow identifying these species using DNA ‘barcodes’, either for pest management or general biological studies. Furthermore, we carried out phylogenetic analyses with those sequences and 158 other sequences of 85 species of noctuids mined from GenBank. These analyses, in every case, grouped species of the same genus suggesting that the DNA ‘barcodes’ region alone can be useful for lower level phylogeny in this group, recovering as monophyletic groups such as Copitarsia, Agrotis and Austrandesiita. Conversely, groups such as Mythimna (Mythimna) and the subgenera of Feltia were not recovered as monophyletic, suggesting the need for further taxonomic studies in these groups.

Resumen El interés por los cultivos bioenérgeticos, tales como Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) para producir biodiesel ha aumentado en años recientes. En este documento se hace una revisión sobre los artrópodos fitófagos, enemigos naturales y visitantes florales asociados a esta planta en el mundo. A pesar de las propiedades insecticidas de R. communis, existen registros sobre artrópodos que se alimentan de ella. Los artrópodos plaga de R. communis dañan toda la planta, incluso las semillas, donde se localizan compuestos tóxicos más concentrados. En las bases de datos científicas, se encontró registro de 193 artrópodos asociados a R. communis en diferentes partes del mundo. Esta información se concentró en una base de datos y se analizó de acuerdo con la hipótesis coevolutiva, la cual permite predecir que la mayor riqueza y abundancia de artrópodos fitófagos, se encuentra en el centro de origen de R. communis. De esta revisión se desprende que entre las plagas más devastadoras en Asia se encuentran Achaea janata, Spodoptera litura, Edwardsiana flavescens, Liriomyza trifolii, L. sativae, Spilosoma obliqua, Cogenethes punctiferalis, Oxyrhachis taranda y Helicoverpa armigera. En África, las plagas más importantes son Agrotis ipsilon, S. exigua, Nezara viridula, Trialeurodes ricini y Tetranychus urticae. Entre las plagas de importancia económica que se reportan en Centro y Suramérica, están Phyllophaga sp., Agrietes sp., Erinnyis ello, N. viridula, Corythucha gossypii, Falconia antioquiana y S. marima. Los enemigos naturales de algunas plagas comúnmente reportados fueron Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. popilliae, Trichogramma achaeae, T. chilonis, T. minutum, T. australicum, T. dendrolimi, T. pretiosum, T. evanescens, Microplitis rufiventris, M. maculipennis, M. ophiusae, Telenomus remus, T. proditor, Stethorus siphonulus y S. histrio. Se registra a Apis mellifera como el insecto más polinizador de R. communis. Los métodos de manejo de plagas contra artrópodos de R. communis incluyen control biológico, etológico, mecánico, cultural, génetico y químico.

Abstract Interest in bioenergetic crops, such as the castor oil plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), for production of biodiesel has increased in recent years. In this paper, phytophagous arthropods, their natural enemies and floral visitors associated with this plant in the world are reviewed. Despite its insecticidal properties, arthropods have been reported feeding on R. communis plants. The arthropod pests of R. communis damage all parts of the plant, including the seeds, where some toxic compounds are even more concentrated. In the scientific databases, we found reports of 193 arthropods associated to R. communis in different parts of the world. This information obtained in the scientific databases was concentrated in a database and analyzed according to the coevolutive hypothesis, which allows us to predict that the greatest wealth and abundance of phytogenic arthropods is found in the center of origin by R. communis. According to this review, Achaea janata, Spodoptera litura, Edwardsiana flavescens, Liriomyza trifolii, L. sativae, Spilosoma obliqua, Cogenethes punctiferalis, Oxyrhachis taranda, and Helicoverpa armigera are the most devastating pests in Asia. In Africa, Agrotis ipsilon, S. exigua, Nezara viridula, Trialeurodes ricini, and Tetranychus urticae were mentioned as the most important. In Central and South-America, Phyllophaga sp., Agrietes sp., Erinnyis ello, N. viridula, Corythucha gossypii, Falconia antioquiana, and S. marima are reported as pests of economic importance. The most commonly reported natural enemies of some of these arthropod pests were species of Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. popilliae, Trichogramma achaeae, T. chilonis, T. minutum, T. australicum, T. dendrolimi, T. pretiosum, T. evanescens, Microplitis rufiventris, M. maculipennis, M. ophiusae, Telenomus remus, T. proditor, Stethorus siphonulus and S. histrio. Apis mellifera is recorded as the main insect pollinator of R. communis. Pest management methods used against the arthropod pests of R. communis include biological, ethological, mechanical, cultural, genetic, and chemical control.

ABSTRACT The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the main pests of maize and sorghum, in addition this insect begins to be a threat for strawberry crops in Michoacán, Mexico. Thus, it would be worth to have a monitoring system to detect early infestations of S. frugiperda and implement their control in time. Under this scenario, the use of traps baited with the sex pheromone may be useful to catch males. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of a pheromone lure developed from Mexican populations of S. frugiperda against four commercial lures, three formulated abroad and one in Mexico, in maize crops adjacent to strawberries ones. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of the trap color. It was found that the traps baited with lure optimized for Mexican populations (EcoTap) or with the commercial lure formulated in Mexico (Phero-SF) captured more S. frugiperda males and less non-target insects compared to traps baited with the other lures. One unexpected finding was the caught of black cutworm males, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by the traps baited with EcoTap or Phero-SF lures. The trap colour did not have a significant effect on the capture of S. frugiperda or A. ipsilon males. The results obtained here may be used for monitoring or mass trapping S. frugiperda in the Mexican regions where maize and sorghum are the main crops or in organic strawberry crops that may be threatened by this polyphagous insect.

RESUMEN El gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), es una de las principales plagas del maíz y el sorgo, además de que este insecto empieza a ser una amenaza para el cultivo de fresa en Michoacán, México. Debido al daño que puede causar este insecto, es necesario contar con un sistema de monitoreo de sus poblaciones para detectar infestaciones tempranas e implementar su control a tiempo. Bajo este escenario, el uso de trampas cebadas con feromona sexual puede ser útil para atraer a los machos. En este estudio, se comparó la efectividad de una feromona desarrollada a partir de poblaciones mexicanas de S. frugiperda contra cuatro formulaciones comerciales, tres formuladas en el extranjero y una en México, en cultivos de maíz adyacentes a cultivos de fresas. También, se evaluó el efecto del color de la trampa en las capturas de S. frugiperda, usando uno de los cebos que presentó mayores capturas. Las trampas cebadas con cebo optimizado para poblaciones mexicanas (EcoTap) y con el cebo comercial formulado en el país (Phero-SF) fueron las que capturaron más machos de S. frugiperda y menos insectos no blancos, comparado con las trampas cebadas con los otros cebos. Uno de los hallazgos inesperados fue la captura de machos del gusano cortador, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), por las trampas cebadas con EcoTap o Phero-SF. El color de la trampa no fue una variable significativa para la captura de machos de S. frugiperda o A. ipsilon. Estos resultados pueden ser de importancia para el desarrollo de un sistema de monitoreo o trampeo masivo de S. frugiperda en las regiones mexicanas donde el maíz y sorgo son los principales cultivos, o en aquellos orgánicos de fresas que pueden estar amenazados por este insecto polífago.

RESUMEN Physalis peruviana L. es actualmente el segundo cultivo frutícola más exportado de Colombia; sin embargo, las plagas asociadas con el cultivo han sido poco estudiadas, lo cual es importante ya que algunos nóctuidos pueden causar una reducción del 20% en su producción. En esta investigación se estudió las especies de nóctuidos asociadas a P. peruviana en tres fincas del municipio de La Unión, Antioquia, Colombia. Doce unidades de muestreo, con plantas entre 30 y 40 días de trasplantadas, fueron distribuidas en las fincas y muestreadas quincenalmente, del primero de marzo al veintinueve de agosto de 2014. En el dosel de la planta y el área plantada se registró el total de estados inmaduros y se construyeron modelos estadísticos con el fin de describir su tendencia. La identificación taxonómica de adultos se hizo por comparación con la colección de Noctuidae del Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, y mediante el uso de claves taxonómicas. En total se encontraron nueve especies de nóctuidos. Se construyeron seis modelos, cuatro de oviposición para las especies Agrotis ipsilon y Spodoptera spp, Copitarsia decolora y Heliothis subflexa, Peridroma saucia, y Megalographa biloba; uno para larvas y otro para pupas. El modelo de oviposición de P. saucia fue el más ajustado con una Diferencia Cuadrática Media de Predicción (RMSPD por sus siglas en inglés) de 0,84. Los otros modelos estudiados describen adecuadamente la tendencia de los estados inmaduros, excepto el correspondiente a M. biloba. Esta investigación reveló características ecológicas de las especies Noctuidae asociadas al cultivo de uchuva que afectan su productividad.

ABSTRACT Physalis peruviana L. is currently the second fruit crop more exported of Colombia; however, the pests associated with the culture have been little studied which is important considering that some Noctuidae can cause a decrease of 20% in its production. In this research, the Noctuidae species related to P. peruviana were studied in three farms of La Unión, Antioquia, Colombia. Twelve sampling units, with 30- and 45-day transplanted plants, were distributed throughout the farms and sampled biweekly from March 1st to August 29th of 2014. In the plant canopy and the planted area, immature stages were registered, and statistic models were built in order to describe their trend. The taxonomic identification of adults was made by comparing with the Noctuidae collection of Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego at Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, and by using taxonomic keys. Nine Noctuidae species were found in total. Six models were built, four oviposition models for Agrotis ipsilon and Spodoptera spp., Copitarsia decolora and Heliothis subflexa, Megalographa biloba, and Peridroma saucia; a model for larvae and pupae stages was built. The oviposition model for P. saucia was the more adjusted, with a Root mean squared predictive difference (RMSPD) of 0.84. The other studied models were suitable to describe the trend of the immature stages; except for M. biloba model. This research revealed the ecological characteristics of the Noctuidae species associated with the golden berry crop that affect its productivity.

Abstract: Background: Prickly poppies (genus Argemone, Papaveraceae) epitomize well-defended plants. With high prickle densities and exudation of bright yellow latex from glaucous leaves, there are few reports of herbivore damage on these plants. Yet, little ecological work has examined within-plant or among-species variation in levels of anti-herbivore defenses in prickly poppies. Questions: Are prickly poppies well defended against generalist herbivores? Does chemical defense vary within prickly poppy plants in a pattern consistent with optimal defense theory? Species study: Argemone glauca, A. mexicana, A. ochroleuca, A. platyceras were examined in bioassays using generalist caterpillars, Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel and Chrysodeixis eriosoma Doubleday (Noctuidae). Study sites and dates: Seeds were collected from field populations in Mexico (2015) and Hawaii (2011); experiment was conducted at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Fall 2015. Methods: Using a pair of no-choice bioassays, variation in the quality of whole-leaf and chemical extract infused artificial diets for caterpillar development was assessed. Results: Survivorship was lowest on the control lettuce diet, and varied little between poppy diets although pupal mass was marginally lower for caterpillars reared on A. platyceras than A. ochroleuca. Isolating the effects of plant chemistry, C. eriosoma performance was most strongly reduced by seed extracts, with an extension in pupal development time by one week compared to herbivores reared on other diets, as well as a significant reduction in mean adult mass. Conclusions: These results are consistent with optimal defense theory, reflecting greater allocation of defense in tissues of high fitness value (i.e., seeds). Future work with native herbivores, chemical analyses, and investigations into alternative functions for these plant traits would shed new light on this interesting group of plants.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial de los nematodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) de los géneros Steinernema y Heterorhabditis en el control de Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Para esto, se realizaron ensayos de selección de aislamientos, se evaluó la susceptibilidad en diferentes instares del insecto, se analizaron las diferentes concentraciones de NEPs y la producción in vivo de estos aislados, y se realizaron pruebas en invernadero en el Laboratorio de Entomología y control biológico de la Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Brasil. En los ensayos de selección con nueve aislamientos, los que causan mayor porcentaje de mortalidad en los insectos, se utilizaron diferentes concentraciones (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 Juveniles Infectivos/cm2) sobre diferentes instares del insecto (2do, 3er, 4to, 5to, 6to instar y pupa), en la producción in vivo en larvas de A. ipsilon y en pruebas de patogenicidad en invernadero. En el ensayo de selección, el aislamiento CH3 (Steinernema sp.) causó el 100 % de la mortalidad en A. ipsilon mientras que los aislados GL (Heterorhabditis amazonensis), IBCB-n02 (S. carpocapsae) e IBCB-n05 (H. indica) causaron 90 % de mortalidad. En la prueba de concentraciones, el aislado IBCB-n02 presentó una CL99 de 140 IJs/cm2 y el aislado IBCB-n05, una CL99 de 190 IJs/cm2. Las larvas de 3er y 4to instares fueron más susceptibles. En la prueba in vivo para la producción de larvas de A. ipsilon, no se observó diferencia entre los dos aislamientos. En el ensayo en invernadero, el aislado IBCB-n02 fue el único que difirió del tratamiento de control.

Abstract This work aims to evaluate the potential of Brazilian isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes through the selection of isolates for Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In order to analyze the susceptibility at different instars of the insect and different concentrations, to investigate the in vivo production of these isolates, and to perform greenhouse tests in the Laboratory of Entomologia e Controle Microbiano of Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Brazil. Selection tests were carried out with nine isolates, and those that caused greater percentages of insect mortality were used in concentration tests (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 Infective Juveniles (IJs)/cm2), with different instars of the insect (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th instars and pupa), in the in vivo production of A. ipsilon larvae, and in pathogenicity tests in a greenhouse. In the selection test, the isolate CH3 (Steinernema sp.) caused 100 % of mortality in A. ipsilon, and the isolates GL (Heterorhabditis amazonensis), IBCBn-02 (S. carpocapsae) and IBCB-n05 (H. indica) caused 90 % mortality. In the tests of different concentrations, the isolate IBCB-n02 had CL99 estimated at a concentration of 140 IJs/cm2, and the isolate IBCB-n05 had CL99 estimated at a concentration of 190 IJs/cm2. The most susceptible larval stages were the 3rd and 4th instars. In the in vivo test for production of A. ipsilon larvae, no difference was observed between the two isolates. In the greenhouse test, the isolate IBCB-n02 was the only one that differed from the control treatment.

RESUMO A cultura do eucalipto tornou-se uma importante atividade econômica no Brasil, no entanto, com o aumento das áreas de plantio, os problemas entomológicos tendem a aumentar nas mesmas proporções. Neste sentido, torna-se necessário o constante monitoramento dos insetos associados a esses sistemas de plantios homogêneos, buscando o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo integrado de pragas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o levantamento populacional da entomofauna associada a plantios de Eucalyptus spp., em São Francisco de Assis - RS. As coletas foram realizadas por meio de armadilhas luminosas no período de julho de 2008 a agosto de 2009, em talhões de três anos de idade, com as espécies: Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Os insetos coletados foram analisados através dos índices de frequência, abundância, constância e diversidade. Realizou-se ainda a correlação entre as espécies-praga identificadas e as variáveis meteorológicas do período. Foram coletados 3.623 indivíduos distribuídos em oito ordens (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea e Odonata), identificando-se três espécies e três gêneros de lepidópteros desfolhadores considerados de importância econômica: Automeris illustris, Eupseudosoma sp., Sabulodes sp., Sarsina sp., Thyrinteina arnobia e Agrotis ipsilon. e a coleobroca Phoracantha semipunctata. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que existem espécies-praga importantes da cultura de Eucalyptus já estabelecidas na região, necessitando, portanto, de monitoramento constante para que estas espécies não ocasionem danos aos plantios.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of eucalyptus has become an important economic activity in Brazil. However, with the increase of the plantation areas, some entomological problems tend to increase in the same proportion. The constant monitoring of the insects associated with homogeneous planting systems is very important in order to seek the development of programs for integrated pest management. Thus, the purpose of this study was to perform a survey on the insect populations associated with Eucalyptus spp., in São Francisco de Assis, RS. The collects were carried out by light traps from July 2008 to August 2009 in three-year-old stands with the species: Eucalyptus dunni, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. The insects collected were analyzed using the faunistic indices, frequency, abundance, diversity, and constancy. The correlation between the pest species identified and the meteorological variables for the period were also performed. We collected 3623 individuals belonging to eight orders (Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Odonata). Three species and three genus of lepidoptera defoliators considered of economic importance were identified: Automeris illustris, Eupseudosoma sp., Sabulodes sp., Sarsina sp., Thyrinteina arnobia and Agrotis ipsilon as well as the borer Phoracantha semipunctata. Our results show that there are important pest species of Eucalyptus already established in the region therefore some constant monitoring is required so that these species do not cause damage to plantations.

Agrotis robusta (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a species of economic importance in South America. This species is considered a pest on seedlings of several crops. Agrotis robusta is commonly confused with and treated as A. malefida Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1852, and only a couple of works cite A. robusta for South America and none mention it as a species of economic importance. The aim of this work is to redescribe and illustrate the adult and male and female genitalia of A. robusta, and to provide an identification key to closely related pest species in South America with which A. robusta has been confused. Four new synonymies with A. robusta are established: A. aureolum Schaus, 1898, Scotia koehleri Berio, 1963, S. (Feltia) fulvaurea Köhler, 1966, and S. (F.) ancastiensis Köhler, 1966.

Agrotis robusta (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es una especie de importancia económica en América del Sur. Esta especie es considerada plaga en almácigos de numerosos cultivos. Agrotis robusta es comúnmente confundida y tratada como A. malefida Guenée in Boisduval y Guenée, 1852; solamente unos pocos trabajos citan A. robusta para América del sur y en ninguno de ellos se la menciona como una especie de importancia económica. El objetivo de este trabajo es redescribir e ilustrar el adulto y los genitales del macho y de la hembra de A. robusta, así como proveer una clave de identificación de especies plagas cercanas en América del Sur con las cuales ha sido confundida A. robusta. Se establecen 4 nuevas sinonimias con A. robusta: A. aureolum Schaus, 1898, Scotia koehleri Berio, 1963, S. (Feltia) fulvaurea Köhler, 1966 y S. (F.) ancastiensis Köhler, 1966.

This study describes the life cycle of Agrotis malefida Guenée, 1852 (Noctuidae: Noctuinae) under laboratory conditions. The insects were reared in a controlled environment (25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours photo phase) and observed daily. The larvae were fed Greene's artificial diet and adults were offered a 10% sucrose solution. The viability and duration of immature stages were assessed. The experiment initiated with 2,410 eggs. Larvae were isolated shortly after hatching. Longevity, pre-, post- and oviposition, fecundity and fertility of 13 adult couples were also evaluated. The viability of eggs, larvae, pupae and pre-pupae was 96.72, 91.25, 78.37 and 95.26%, respectively. The average duration of egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa and adult was 7.93, 54.26, 61.61, 37.43 and 12.85 days, respectively. The immature stage of A. malefida lasted an average of 161.29 days, ranging from 102 to 227 days. The life cycle of A. malefida is much longer than that of congeners. The mean fecundity was 1,696.77 eggs and fertility 1,641.15 larvae per female. Under the conditions in which the study was conducted, the biotic potential of A. malefida was of 606,666.59 individuals/female/year. The results also indicated that this species goes through larval (pre-pupae) and pupal diapause.

Orugas de Agrotis ipsilon son encontradas comúnmente atacando plantas jóvenes de café (Coffea arabica) en Brasil (Estado de Minas Gerais), en las que se observa lesiones en los tallos y se encuentra residuos de heces de oruga en la corteza. Unos pocos días después del ataque, el daño en el tejido parece ser menos intenso a causa de la suberización leñosa y del proceso de curación, lo que dificulta la detección de la plaga. Hubo una elevada mortalidad de la planta (13,9%). Esta es la primera evidencia de que A. ipsilon es dañina a las plantas jóvenes de café en Brasil y que nuevos casos podrían surgir en otras localidades donde se cultiva esta planta.

Caterpillars of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has commonly been found attacking young coffee (Coffea arabica) plants in Brazil (State of Minas Gerais), with lesions being observed in the stems and residues of caterpillar feces found in the bark. A few days after the attack, the tissue damage appears less intense because of a woody suberization and healing process, hampering pest detection. There was a higher mortality of plants (13.9%). This is the first record A. ipsilon damaging young coffee plants in Brazil and new cases could arise in other locations where this plant is grown.

Agrotis leucovenata sp. nov., a new species of Noctuidae, is described and illustrated. This species is distributed in the Patagonian steppe of Neuquén province, Argentina. Characteristic traits of the new species which differentiate it from similar species of the genus are discussed.

Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Noctuidae: Agrotis leucovenata sp. nov. Esta se distribuye en la estepa patagónica de la provincia de Neuquén, en Argentina. Se discuten los caracteres propios de la nueva especie, que la diferencian de otras especies similares del género.

Se identifican las especies de nóctuidos de importancia económica en cultivos de flores ornamentales para exportación en Colombia. El estudio incluyó 15 fincas cultivadoras de flores, localizadas en los dos departamentos con mayor producción de flores del país; Cundinamarca, municipios de Bogotá, Bojacá, Chía, Cota, El Rosal, Facatativá, Funza, Madrid, Sopó, y Tocancipá; y Antioquia, municipio de Rionegro. Huevos, larvas y pupas de estos insectos fueron recolectados y criados hasta el estado adulto. Las polillas fueron identificadas empleando claves taxonómicas basadas en caracteres de la maculación alar, y genitales de machos y hembras; se identificaron siete especies de nóctuidos; se encontraron Pseudoplusia includens y Megalographa biloba en Cundinamarca. Spodoptera frugiperda y S. ornithogalli en el municipio de Rionegro. Agrotis ipsilon, Peridroma saucia y Copitarsia decolora en ambos departamentos. C. decolora se encontró en todos los municipios y hospedantes revisados por lo cual se considera la especie más común entre las dos regiones. Se discute también la variación intraespecífica de estas especies.

The noctuid species of economic importance in ornamental flower crops of Colombia are identified. The study included 15 flower-cultivating farms located in the two departments with the largest production of flowers in the country: Cundinamarca, municipalities of Bogotá, Chía, Cota, El Rosal, Facatativá, Funza, Madrid, Sopó, and Tocancipá; and Antioquia, municipality of Rionegro. Eggs, larvae and pupae of these insects were collected and reared to the adult stage. The moths were identified employing taxonomic keys based on characters of wing maculation, and male and female genitalia. Seven noctuid species were identified. Pseudoplusia includens and Megalographa biloba were found in Cundinamarca. Spodoptera frugiperda and S. ornithogalli in the municipality of Rionegro. Agrotis ipsilon, Peridroma saucia, and Copitarsia decolora in both states. C. decolora was found in all municipalities and hosts examined, therefore considered the most common species between the two regions. Intraspecific variation of these species is also discussed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma dieta artificial para criação de Agrotis ipsilon em laboratório com base em parâmetros biológicos e na tabela de vida de fertilidade. A dieta artificial utilizada continha feijão, caseína, proteína de soja, levedura e germe de trigo como fontes protéicas. Os parâmetros biológicos duração e viabilidade das fases larval e pupal, peso de pupas, de ambos os sexos, com 24 horas de idade, razão sexual, longevidade dos adultos, período de pré-oviposição e número de ovos produzidos por fêmea e a tabela de vida de fertilidade foram avaliados. Foram observados seis ínstares larvais com duração de 25,4 dias e viabilidade de 93%. A duração da fase pupal foi de 12,4 dias e viabilidade de 96%. A viabilidade de ciclo total foi 72%. O peso de pupas foi 387 mg (machos) e 484 mg (fêmeas). A razão sexual foi 0,46. O período de pré-oviposição foi de um dia, com 1.806 ovos por fêmea. Na tabela de vida verificou-se que a taxa líquida de reprodução e a razão finita de aumento foram 616,9 e 1,14, respectivamente. A dieta artificial é adequada à manutenção da criação de A. ipsilon, em laboratório.

The objective of this work was to develop an artificial diet to rear Agrotis ipsilon in laboratory using biological parameters and fertility life table. The artificial diet was prepared with bean, casein, soybean protein, yeast and wheat germ as protein sources. The biological aspects duration and viability of larval and pupal stages, pupal weight, sex ratio, life span of adults, preoviposition period, egg laying capacity and fertility life table were evaluated. Six larval instars were observed comprising larval duration of 28,4 days and 93% of viability mean pupal duration of 12,4 days and viability of 96%. The total viability of the life cycle was 72%. The pupae weight was 387 mg for males and 484 mg for females. The sex ratio was 0,46 and the preoviposition period lasted one day and egg laying was 1,806 eggs per female. The net reproductive rate per generation and increase finite rate were 616,9 and 1,14, respectively. Artificial diet is adequate for rearing A. ipsilon in laboratory.