ABSTRACT Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether morphological (linear measurements) and functional (ADC value) assessments of periprostatic fat can predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PCa) over a 5-year follow-up period. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included patients with histologically proven PCa who underwent 3.0T MRI between July 2016 and June 2018. Clinical and demographic data collected included PSA, PSA density (dPSA), ISUP grade, clinical and pathological staging, and treatment details. MRI-derived parameters were assessed by an experienced radiologist, who measured subcutaneous and periprostatic fat thickness, and calculated ADC values from ROI plots in periprostatic fat. Clinical and MRI parameters were analyzed for associations with biochemical recurrence, systemic metastasis, and PCa-related mortality. Results: After applying exclusion criteria, 109 patients were included. Using the Cox model, dPSA (p<0.01), systemic disease at diagnosis (p<0.01), and mean ADC (p<0.02) were independent predictors of overall survival (OS). For progression-free survival (PFS), only dPSA (p<0.01) and systemic disease at diagnosis (p<0.01) were significant predictors. In the Poisson Model for systemic recurrence risk, dPSA had a relative risk (RR) of 1.04 (95%CI 1.0-1.07, p=0.03), systemic disease at diagnosis had an RR of 63.3 (95%CI 3.7-86.4, p<0.01), and average ADC had an RR of 3.42 (95%CI 1.52-7.69, p<0.01). Conclusions: The ADC value of periprostatic fat may serve as an additional tool for PCa risk stratification, correlating with poorer outcomes such as systemic recurrence and overall survival. If validated by external, prospective, multicenter studies, these findings could impact future therapeutic decisions.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a estrutura representacional de mulheres sobre a violência obstétrica e reconhecer seu núcleo central. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo exploratório e descritivo, fundamentado na Teoria das Representações Sociais em sua abordagem estrutural. As participantes foram 101 mulheres que tiveram parto normal e responderam à técnica de evocação livre de palavras de forma virtual. Foram respeitados todos os preceitos éticos. Diante disso, os termos mais evocados pelas mulheres foram desrespeito, agressividade e dor. Tais termos podem ser entendidos como possível núcleo central da representação social, pois tiveram maior saliência e, conforme a análise de similitude um forte poder associativo. As representações sociais das mulheres deste estudo sobre violência no parto estão centradas na agressividade, no desrespeito e na dor, elementos estruturados nas dimensões: conceitual, imagética, atitudinal e afetiva.

Abstract This article aims to reveal the representational structure of women regarding obstetric violence and to recognize its central core. This study uses a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach based on the theory of social representations in its structural approach. The participants were 101 women who had natural childbirth and responded to the free evocation of words technique virtually. All ethical precepts were respected. In view of this, the terms most evoked by women were disrespect, aggressiveness and pain. Such terms can be understood as a possible central nucleus of the social representation, as they had greater salience and, according to the similarity analysis, a strong associative power. The social representations of the women in this study on violence during childbirth are centered on aggressiveness, disrespect and pain, elements structured in the dimensions: conceptual, imagery, attitudinal and affective.

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de agresión (CA) en una muestra de niños y adolescentes colombianos. Método: El AQ fue sometido al juicio de siete expertos con el fin de verificar y ajustar la claridad de los ítems teniendo en cuenta las características de la población colombiana. Luego de este análisis y ajuste de ítems, se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 892 participantes entre 10 y 23 años de edad. Para la validez se tuvo en cuenta la evidencia de la estructura interna a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la evidencia basada en la relación con otras variables. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró dos modelos, uno de correlación factorial y otro de segundo orden indicando un ajuste del modelo. Asimismo, se calculó la consistencia interna mediante el índice Omega, que mostró precisión en las medidas para cada factor en cada uno de los modelos. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de cuatro ítems. Conclusiones: Se eligió el modelo de primer orden porque la evidencia empírica muestra que operacionaliza satisfactoriamente el modelo teórico de conducta agresiva con el que se construyó el instrumento, asumiendo que las cuatro subescalas son necesarias en su conjunto, pero por sí solas no son suficientes para evaluar la conducta agresiva por medio de sus ítems.

Abstract Objective: To establish the psychometric properties of the aggression questionnaire (AQ) in a sample of Colombian children and adolescents. Method: The AQ was submitted to the judgment of seven experts in order to verify and adjust the clarity of the items taking into account the characteristics of the Colombian population. Following this analysis and adjustment of items, the instrument was applied to a sample of 892 participants between 10 and 23 years of age. For validity, evidence of internal structure was taken into account through confirmatory factor analysis and evidence based on the relationship with other variables. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed two models, one of factorial correlation and the other of second order indicating a model fit. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated by means of the Omega index, which showed precision in the measures for each factor in each of the models. The analysis suggested the elimination of four items. Conclusions: The first-order model was chosen because the empirical evidence shows that it satisfactorily operationalises the theoretical model of aggressive behaviour with which the instrument was constructed, assuming that the four subscales are necessary as a whole, but by themselves are not sufficient to assess aggressive behaviour by means of its items.

RESUMEN Los paragangliomas son tumores infrecuentes que se originan en el sistema nervioso autónomo, cuyas manifestaciones clínicas son el resultado de la producción excesiva de catecolaminas. La mayoría de los derivados de ganglios parasimpáticos se localizan en el cuello y la base del cráneo, a lo largo de las ramas de los nervios glosofaríngeo y vago. Por otro lado, los paragangliomas simpáticos surgen fuera de la glándula suprarrenal, a lo largo de la cadena simpática. Aproximadamente el 75 % de ellos se presenta en el abdomen; asimismo, la mayoría son funcionales y provocan hipersecreción de catecolaminas. Estos tumores tienen agresividad variable y se caracterizan por un amplio espectro de predisposición hereditaria; de hecho, más de un tercio presenta dicha susceptibilidad. Se han descrito cinco síndromes hereditarios con diferentes variantes patogénicas en cada tipo. Además, se sabe que existen distintas correlaciones genotípicas y fenotípicas con cada mutación. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 26 años, con tiempo de enfermedad de cinco años, catalogada como hipertensión endocrina. Tenía metanefrinas fraccionadas urinarias elevadas. Una tomografía contrastada encontró una masa sólida en el espacio retroperitoneal; incidentalmente, por resonancia magnética se hallaron tumores bilaterales a nivel cervical no asociados a funcionalidad. Se realizó una intervención quirúrgica de la masa abdominal, y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico confirmó la presencia de un paraganglioma bien delimitado. Pese a la poca frecuencia de estos tumores, es importante tenerlos en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de la hipertensión, especialmente en pacientes jóvenes, debido a su potencial maligno y efectos sobre el sistema cardiovascular.

ABSTRACT Paragangliomas are uncommon tumors that originate in the autonomic nervous system and whose clinical manifestations result from excessive catecholamine production. Most of those arising from parasympathetic ganglia are located in the neck and at the base of the skull, along the branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. On the other hand, sympathetic paragangliomas occur outside the adrenal, gland along the sympathetic chain. Approximately 75 % of them occur in the abdomen, most of which are functional and present with hypersecretion of catecholamines. These tumors exhibit varying degress of aggressiveness and are characterized by a wide spectrum of hereditary predisposition. In fact, more than one-third exhibit such susceptibility. Five hereditary syndromes have been described, each with different pathogenic variants. Moreover, it is known that there are various genotypic and phenotypic correlations associated with each mutation. We present the case of a 26-year-old female patient, with a five-year history of disease, classified as endocrine hypertension. The patient also had elevated urinary fractionated metanephrine. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a solid mass in the retroperitoneal space. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected bilateral tumors at the cervical level which were not associated with functionality. Surgical intervention was performed on the abdominal mass, and the pathological diagnosis confirmed the presence of a well-defined paraganglioma. Despite the low frequency of these tumors, it is important to take them in account in the differential diagnosis of hypertension, especially in young patients, due to their malignant potential and effects on the cardiovascular system.

RESUMEN La educación sobre autorregulación de la conducta y estabilidad emocional emerge como un factor crucial en la rehabilitación de personas privadas de libertad (PPL). Este estudio, de índole bibliográfico-documental, tiene como objetivo primordial diseñar intervenciones educativas que promuevan la autorregulación y estabilidad emocional. Con enfoque transversal desde la Psicología Clínica, que brinda una perspectiva integral para abordar las necesidades emocionales y comportamentales de este grupo poblacional. Se realizó una revisión documental de las fichas de 120 Personas Privadas de Libertad (PPL) para identificar las alteraciones emocionales. Entre las más frecuentes se encontraron los trastornos de ansiedad; problemas para controlar los impulsos; agresividad y comportamientos violentos y necesidades de autorregulación emocional. Se aportó un programa educativo para enseñar a las PPL el manejo y autorregulación de su conducta, así como a los trabajadores de estos centros para que contribuyan en ese sentido.

ABSTRACT Education on self-regulation of behavior and emotional stability emerges as a crucial factor in the rehabilitation of people deprived of liberty. This study, of a bibliographic-documentary nature, has as its primary objective to design educational interventions that promote self-regulation and emotional stability. With a transversal approach from Clinical Psychology, which provides a comprehensive perspective to address the emotional and behavioral needs of this population group. A documentary review of the files of 120 Persons Deprived of Liberty (PPL) was carried out to identify emotional alterations. Among the most frequent were anxiety disorders; problems controlling impulses; aggressiveness and violent behaviors and emotional self-regulation needs. An educational program was provided to teach the PPL the management and self-regulation of their behavior, as well as the workers of these centers to contribute in this regard.

RESUMEN Los melanomas en equinos afectan todas las razas y aunque el 90% de estos tumores en esta especie son benignos, 66% de ellos progresan a formas malignas y pueden hacer metástasis, lo que se traduce en pérdidas económicas para propietarios. Por esta razón, es esencial la investigación de factores pronósticos y establecer su relación con criterios histopatológicos. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar la expresión de CD44, E-cadherina y Ki67 y relacionarlos con hallazgos citológicos e histopatológicos en melanomas equinos con el fin de identificar una posible relación entre la expresión anatomo-clínica y el comportamiento biológico. Del archivo del laboratorio de patología de la Universidade Estadual Paulista «Júlio de Mesquita Filho», Brasil, fueron seleccionados 15 casos de melanoma equino, confirmados por citología, histopatología (biopsia); las muestras fueron analizadas conforme criterios de atipia citológica, seguido de los criterios micrométricos de «Breslow», subsecuentemente las muestras fueron sometidas a la técnica de inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) para S-100, CD44, Ki67 y E-cadherina (ECAD). Para el análisis de datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. En citología, todas las muestras mostraron un alto grado de criterio de malignidad y todos los tumores analizados fueron infiltrativos (N3/TIII). La expresión de CD44 fue negativa en todas las muestras y la positividad para S-100, Ki67 y ECAD fue 52.5, 50.4%, y 10%, respectivamente. Se concluye que el uso de CD44, Ki67 y ECAD junto con el análisis citológico e histopatológico incluyendo los criterios de «Breslow» puede ayudar a identificar melanomas equinos con alto grado de agresividad además de establecer un mejor pronóstico en este tipo de tumores.

ABSTRACT Equine melanoma affects all breeds and although 90% of melanocytic tumors in the species are benign, 66% of them progress to malignant forms and can metastasize, which translates into great economic losses for owners. For this, the investigation of prognostic factors and establishing their relationship with histopathological criteria is essential. The current work aimed to relate the expression of CD44, E-cadherin, and Ki67 with histopathological and cytological findings in equine melanomas, to identify a possible relationship between the anatomo-clinical expression and the biological behavior. Fifteen cases of melanoma in horses were selected, confirmed by cytopathological and/or histopathological exams (biopsy) taken from the files of the pathology laboratory of Universidade Estadual Paulista «Júlio de Mesquita Filho», Brazil. The samples were analyzed according to the presence of atypical cytological criteria and following the «Breslow» micrometric criteria. Subsequently, the samples were submitted to the immunohistochemical technique for S-100, CD44, Ki67, and E-cadherin (ECAD) markers. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests with significance p<0.05 were used for data analysis. In cytology, all samples showed a high degree of malignancy criteria, and all analyzed tumors were infiltrative (N3/TIII). CD44 expression was negative in all samples, the positivity rates for S-100, Ki67, and E-cadherin were 52.5, 50.43 and 10% respectively. It is suggested that the use of CD44, ECAD, and Ki67 together with cytopathological and histopathological analyses including the application of the «Breslow» criteria should be performed to identify equine melanomas with highest degree of aggressiveness and better establish the prognosis in this type of tumor.

Resumen La intervenciones institucionales que tuvieron lugar en las regiones andinas del noroeste argentino durante las últimas décadas han estado ancladas principalmente en estimular la producción de cultivos andinos mediante Procesos de Transición Agroecológica. A pesar de estos esfuerzos, la producción de cultivos andinos sigue resultando marginal en comparación a la horticultura comercial mediante agricultura convencional. En este artículo propongo aportar datos etnográficos que permitan poner en debate el diagnóstico apresurado según el cual ambos modelos productivos compiten entre sí en perjuicio de las prácticas más sustentables, para sostener que, en ocasiones, ambas formas de producción pueden constituir estrategias desplegadas por las mismas familias extensas con el fin de lograr dos objetivos complementarios, a saber: generar ingresos económicos suficientes para la reproducción doméstica, pero a la vez mantener vigente la producción de cultivos de valor afectivo y cultural, así como las parcelas agrícolas donde éstos son producidos, de mayor importancia ancestral pero menor rentabilidad, y que mediante este tipo de soluciones creativas son amparados de la excesiva agresividad de la agricultura convencional. Agroecológica esfuerzos convencional sustentables ocasiones complementarios saber doméstica cultural producidos rentabilidad

Abstract Over the last decades, institutional interventions in the Andean regions of northwest Argentina have been mainly focused on stimulating the production of Andean crops through Agroecological Transition Processes. Despite these efforts, Andean crop production remains marginal compared to conventional commercial horticulture. In this paper I intend to provide ethnographic data to challenge the premature diagnosis according to which both production models compete with each other to the disadvantage of more sustainable practices, in order to argue that, at times, both forms of production may constitute strategies deployed by the same extended families in order to achieve two complementary goals, namely: to generate sufficient economic income for domestic reproduction, but at the same time to maintain the production of crops of affective and cultural value, as well as the plots where they are produced, which are of greater ancestral importance but less profitable, and which through this type of creative solutions are protected from the excessive aggressiveness of conventional agriculture. decades Processes efforts horticulture practices that times goals namely reproduction value produced profitable agriculture

Resumen La corrosión atmosférica es uno de los fenómenos naturales de mayor impacto en la integridad de las infraestructuras metálicas en todo el mundo, y en especial en ambientes tropicales. Sin embargo, la gran mayoría de los estudios de corrosión atmosférica realizados en ambientes naturales no superan los 5 años de exposición, y son más escasos aún los estudios con resultados de l0 o más años. En este estudio se evaluó la cinética de corrosión del acero al carbono y acero galvanizado expuestos en la zona céntrica de Medellín, catalogada como un ambiente de agresividad moderada, con base en resultados obtenidos tras l, 2, 5, 8 y il años de exposición. Para ambos materiales se obtuvo una ecuación cinética de corrosión mediante gráficas Log-Log de la pérdida de masa, de gran utilidad para hacer predicciones a largo plazo del deterioro de estructuras expuestas a la atmósfera. La corrosión del galvanizado fue aproximadamente entre l0 a l7 veces menor que la del acero al carbono.

Abstract Atmospheric corrosion is one of the natural phenomena with the greatest impact on the integrity of metallic infrastructures worldwide and especially in tropical environments. However, most atmospheric corrosion studies carried out in natural environments do not exceed 5 years of exposure, and studies with results of 10 or more years are even fewer. This study evaluates the corrosion kinetics of carbon and galvanized steels exposed in the downtown area of Medellín, classified as a moderate aggressiveness environment, from results obtained at 1, 2, 5, 8 and 11 years. For both materials, a corrosion kinetic equation was obtained from Log-Log plots of mass loss, useful for making long-term predictions of the deterioration of structures exposed to the atmosphere. The corrosion of the galvanized was approximately between 10 to 17 times lower than that of carbon steel.

Resumen Este estudio analiza el efecto de la autoeficacia emocional, la irritabilidad y la agresividad sobre la empatía en adolescentes vulnerables. Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental- transversal y alcance correlacional. Participaron 69 adolescentes, a quienes se les aplicó el Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal y las Escalas de Autoeficacia para la Regulación Emocional, Irritabilidad y Agresividad Física y Verbal. La empatía correlacionó directamente con la autoeficacia emocional e inversamente con irritabilidad y agresividad física y verbal. El análisis de rutas mostró que la autoeficacia emocional, irritabilidad, agresividad física y verbal aportaron un efecto predictor sobre la toma de perspectiva, preocupación empatía y malestar emocional.

Abstract This study analyzes the effect of emotional self-efficacy, irritability and aggressiveness on empathy in vulnerable adolescents. Quantitative, non-experimental- cross-sectional study and correlational scope. We worked with 69 adolescents to whom the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Self-Efficacy Scales for Emotional Regulation, Irritability and Physical and Verbal Aggressiveness were applied. Empathy correlated directly with emotional self-efficacy and inversely with irritability and physical and verbal aggressiveness. Path analysis showed that emotional self-efficacy, irritability, physical and verbal aggressiveness provided a predictive effect on perspective taking, concern, empathy, and emotional distress.

Resumen (Introducción): En julio del 2023 se anunció el fin del calentamiento planetario y el inicio de la era de la ebullición global. Una anomalía climática cuya agresividad, sin precedentes, azotará la región centroamericana. (Metodología): Mediante herramientas de vigilancia tecnológica y analítica de datos, este estudio expone una serie de retos y oportunidades para enfrentar esta amenaza y mejorar el desempeño regional resiliente. (Resultados): Todos los países han firmado acuerdos y han hecho declaratorias sobre política pública para la resiliencia climática, empero persisten fallas históricas y estructurales, así como pasivos ambientales relacionados con la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la fuerte dependencia por el uso de combustibles fósiles. En contraste, Centroamérica goza de una matriz de oportunidades para aumentar la ambición climática, cuenta con diversas fuentes de energía renovable, mecanismos para incentivar el pago por servicios ambientales y acciones para impulsar la economía circular y la bioeconomía. (Conclusiones): La agenda regional no se conecta con el suficiente blindaje climático que se requiere para contrarrestar los rigores de la era de la ebullición. De estos balances, y según la evidencia científica, se plantea una hoja de ruta con acciones climáticamente inteligentes y socialmente inclusivas. (Recomendaciones): Se sugiere crear un observatorio regional sobre resiliencia climática, (OR2C), para el monitoreo, investigación y educación sobre la era de la ebullición.

Abstract (Introduction): In July 2023 was announced the end of planetary warming and the beginning of the era of the global boiling. A climatic anomaly that unprecedented, aggressiveness will hit the Central American region. (Methodology): Through technological surveillance tools and data analytics, this study shows a series of challenges and opportunities to meet this threat and move towards resilient regional performance. (Results): All countries have signed agreements and declaratory public policies for the climate resilience, however historical failures persist as well environmental passives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the strong dependence for the use of fossil energy. In contrast, Central America enjoys a matrix of opportunities to increase the climatic ambition, also a diverse mix of renewable energy sources, environmental pay mechanisms and actions to impulse circular economy and the bioeconomy (Conclusions): The regional agenda fail in connect to a climate shielding to respond the rigors of the boiling era. Regarding those balances, and the scientific evidence, a road map, with climate smart and socially inclusive actions, is proposed. (Recommendations): For the monitoring, research, and education programs on the boiling era, a regional observatory, on climate resilience (OR2C), is recommended.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the first malignant tumor in endocrine glands, and it is estimated that by 2030 it will be in the top five cancers worldwide. In Chile, TC was recently included as pathology No. 82 with Explicit Health Guarantees, which implies allocating significant public and private resources to the treatment of patients with a cancer that is on the rise. There are groups of young patients with small tumors that present a more aggressive clinical behavior, where decision-making could be advanced. Specifically, a group of patients under 55 years of age with tumors less than 2 cm in size but with regional metastases, that lack indication for radioiodine therapy and could require complementary treatment or present a worse evolution. Clinical and molecular tools to guide appropriate treatment in patients with lymph node metastases are limited and have not been updated. There are tumorigenicity and prognostic factors, such as EpithelialMesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) markers that have been incorporated into the study of other tumors and recently in thyroid cancer. Studies linking EMT and CSC with TC currently point to molecular and genetic description, with few reports clinically correlating these findings (particularly in subgroups with particular characteristics of aggressiveness) and proposing them as tumorigenicity and prognosis markers. The description of these biomarkers in the described population could facilitate decision-making regarding follow-up, surgical therapy, and radioiodine therapy.

Resumen El cáncer de tiroides (CT) es el primer tumor maligno en glándulas endocrinas, y se estima que al 2030 estará en el top cinco de cáncer a nivel mundial. En Chile, el CT fue incluido, recientemente, como la patología N° 82 con Garantías Explícitas de Salud, lo que implica destinar importantes recursos públicos y privados al tratamiento de pacientes con un cáncer que va en aumento en el mundo. Existen grupos de pacientes jóvenes con tumores pequeños que presentan un comportamiento clínico más agresivo desde el inicio, donde se podría adelantar la toma de decisiones. Específicamente, destaca un grupo de pacientes menores de 55 años con tumores pequeños menores de 2 cm, pero con metástasis regionales, que quedan fuera de la indicación de radioyodoterapia y podrían requerir tratamiento complementario o presentar peor evolución. Las herramientas clínicas y moleculares para guiar el tratamiento adecuado en pacientes con metástasis linfonodales son limitadas y no han sido actualizadas hasta el momento. Existen factores de tumorigenicidad y pronóstico, tales como los marcadores de Transición Epitelio-Mesenquimal (TEM) y Cáncer Stem Cells (CSC) que se han incorporado al estudio de otros tumores y recientemente en cáncer de tiroides. Actualmente estudios que relacionan TEM y CSC con CT apuntan a la descripción molecular y genética, con escasos reportes que correlacionen, clínicamente, estos hallazgos, (particularmente en subgrupos con características particulares de agresividad) y que los propongan como marcadores de tumorigenicidad y pronóstico. La descripción de estos biomarcadores en la población descrita podría facilitar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a seguimiento, terapia quirúrgica y radioyodoterapia.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza los discursos de género detectados entre las trabajadoras y trabajadores en Ecuador, que fundamentan el imaginario en el que se sustenta el acoso sexual en el ámbito laboral. La metodología se apoya en el análisis del discurso aplicado a los testimonios de dieciséis grupos de discusión. Destaca la agresividad que los hombres muestran hacia sus compañeras y la condescendencia con la que ellas justifican el acoso sexual de ellos. Emerge un modelo de mujer, el de la “mujer brava”, que muestra un carácter arisco para defenderse del acoso, y que se diferencia del estereotipo tradicional de la mujer dócil y cálida. Conciben, tanto ellas como ellos, que la responsabilidad de poner límites es de las trabajadoras.

Resumo Este trabalho analisa os discursos de género detectados entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras no Equador, que fundamentam o imaginário em que se baseia o assédio sexual no local de trabalho. A metodologia baseia-se na análise do discurso aplicada aos testemunhos de dezasseis grupos de discussão. Destaca a agressividade que os homens demonstram para com as suas colegas e a condescendência com que elas justificam o assédio sexual deles. Surge um modelo de mulher, o da “mulher brava”, que evidencia um caráter agreste para se defender do assédio, e que difere do estereótipo tradicional da mulher dócil e calorosa. Tanto homem como mulheres compreendem que a responsabilidade de estabelecer limites cabe às trabalhadoras.

Abstract This work analyzes the gender discourses detected among male and female workers in Ecuador that are the foundation of the imaginary on which sexual harassment in the workplace is based. The methodology is based on discourse analysis applied to the testimonies of sixteen discussion groups. It highlights the aggressiveness that men show towards their female coworkers and the condescension with which they justify their sexual harassment. A model of woman emerges, that of the “brave woman”, who shows a fierce character to defend herself from harassment, and which differs from the traditional stereotype of the docile and warm woman. Both men and women understand that the responsibility of setting limits lies with the female workers.

Abstract Frequently, aggressiveness and violence are used as synonymous. However, these are two complex and different phenomena that scientists and philosophers have studied. In this paper, we make a difference between aggressiveness and violence. Aggressiveness must be considered utilitarian behavior that harms or destroys objects or subjects. Aggressiveness is a primitive way to conduct, and here, we discuss anatomic and functional encephalic systems. This involuntary and instinctive behavior is triggered when the animal is required to hunt a press, defend its territory when young, or compete for a mate for reproductive purposes. The aggressiveness will be violence when it pursues a social, political, economic, or criminal goal. A violent or aggressive act is not distinguished by the outcome but by intentionality. Indeed, a violent action could have the same material consequences as an aggressive act with a different goal. Aggression-violence is a biological phenomenon and the result of culture, societal life, political relations, and current moral conditions. We often tend to simplify the phenomena, and we have discussed aggressiveness-violence, but there are also other phenomena, such as empathy and mirror behavior. Empathy, compassion, and affection should be studied alongside the aggressive-violent process.

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

RESUMEN El presente artículo posee como fin un estudio de revisión realizado acerca de la preparación de los docentes para favorecer el autocontrol en escolares con manifestaciones de agresividad en los contextos educativos inclusivos. Para este estudio se empleó el análisis de documentos, análisis de investigaciones en el ámbito educativo a partir de los resultados de métodos empíricos de investigación como la observación a clases, encuestas a docentes, la triangulación de la información. Para el procesamiento de la información se identificaron las principales necesidades y potencialidades a través de acciones novedosas, creativas y prácticas que contribuyen y doten de conocimientos teóricos, metodológicos y prácticos alrededor de la temática, permitiendo que la preparación en los especialistas sea adecuada para la prevención de comportamientos agresivos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is a review study conducted on the preparation of teachers to promote self-control in schoolchildren with manifestations of aggressiveness in educational contexts. For this study, the analysis of documents, analysis of research in the educational field from the results of empirical research methods such as classroom observation, teacher surveys, and triangulation of information were used. For the processing of the information, the main needs and potentialities were identified through novel, creative and practical actions that contribute and provide theoretical, methodological and practical knowledge about the subject, allowing the preparation of specialists to be adequate for the prevention of aggressive behaviors.