ABSTRACT Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasia (BCDPN) is a rare and generally aggressive hematological malignancy, which requires early recognition. Below, the clinical course of a 72-year-old patient with NCDPB is described, whose most relevant findings included the presence of skin lesions, organomegaly, and bone marrow infiltration. After the diagnosis, systemic chemotherapy was indicated, with a good response; however, after 2 months the lesions recurred and the patient died. In this disease it is necessary to establish the differential diagnosis with lymphoproliferative disorders, lymphoid and acute myeloid leukemias, with the morphological analysis of the neoplastic cells being an important aspect for adequate diagnostic guidance.

RESUMEN La neoplasia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides blásticas (NCDPB) es una malignidad hematológica poco frecuente y generalmente agresiva, por lo cual se requiere su reconocimiento precoz. A continuación, se describe el curso clínico de una paciente de 72 años con NCDPB, en cuyos hallazgos más relevantes destacó la presencia de lesiones cutáneas, organomegalias, infiltración de la médula ósea. Posterior al diagnóstico se indicó quimioterapia sistémica, con buena respuesta, no obstante, a los 2 meses presentó recidiva de lesiones y la paciente falleció. En esta enfermedad es necesario establecer el diagnóstico diferencial con trastornos linfoproliferativos, leucemias linfoides y mieloides agudas, constituyendo el análisis morfológico de las células neoplásicas un aspecto importante para una adecuada orientación diagnóstica.

Abstract Concrete is a material susceptible to different degradation mechanisms that can lead to the formation of expansive products resulting from external sulfate attack (ESA). In this context, supplementary cementing materials (SCMs), like fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, and rice husk ash, have effectively suppressed the effects caused by ESA. However, each SCM may present different behavior depending on the exposure conditions, sulfate type, SO 4 2- concentration, etc. Thus, this study presents a multicriteria decision-making analysis of fixed binder content for mortars (1: 3.2 a/agl=0.60) aiming to achieve the best performance against ESA (exposure to Na 2 SO 4 or MgSO 4 ). The criteria selected for the decision-making analysis are the sustainability impact of the mixture, economic performance, and the effect of ESA on the mechanical properties and durability of the mortars. The results indicate that the most suitable composition for aggressive environments containing Na 2 SO 4 was the mortar containing 10% rice husk ash and, for exposure to MgSO 4 , the use of fly ash in the same proportion. . (ESA) context SCMs, SCMs (SCMs) metakaolin fume However conditions type concentration etc Thus decisionmaking decision making 1 (1 32 3 3. a/agl=0.60 aagl060 aagl agl 0 60 ) mixture 10 proportion (ESA (SCMs ( a/agl=0.6 aagl06 6 a/agl=0. aagl0 a/agl=0 a/agl= a/agl

Resumo O concreto é um material suscetível a diferentes mecanismos de degradação que podem causar a formação de produtos expansivos, como o ataque externo por sulfatos. As adições minerais, como a cinza volante, o metacaulim, a sílica ativa e a sílica de casca de arroz são opções que possuem sua eficácia comprovada em argamassas e concretos expostos a ambientes com sulfatos. O presente estudo busca, por meio de um método de análise multicritérios de decisão, realizar a escolha do teor de aglomerante em argamassas (1: 3,2 a/agl=0,60) que apresentar melhor desempenho frente ao ataque externo por sulfato de sódio (Na2SO4) e magnésio (MgSO4). Tendo uma base de dados pré-definida, foram escolhidos critérios e subcritérios para composição da matriz hierárquica, levando em consideração a sustentabilidade, desempenho econômico das diferentes composições e o efeito do ataque químico nas propriedades mecânicas e na durabilidade das argamassas. Ao final da análise, a composição mais indicada para ambientes agressivos contendo Na2SO4 foi a argamassa contendo 10% de sílica da casca de arroz em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland e, para a exposição ao MgSO4, a utilização de cinza volante na mesma proporção. expansivos sulfatos minerais metacaulim busca decisão 1 (1 32 3 2 3, a/agl=0,60 aagl060 aagl agl 0 60 NaSO Na SO (Na2SO4 MgSO4. MgSO4 MgSO . (MgSO4) prédefinida, prédefinida pré definida, definida pré-definida hierárquica sustentabilidade Na2SO 10 proporção ( a/agl=0,6 aagl06 6 (Na2SO (MgSO4 a/agl=0, aagl0 (MgSO a/agl=0 a/agl= a/agl

Resumen La evidencia sobre las relaciones entre la agresión y la empatía no están claras en la literatura. Un metaanálisis reciente indicó que las asociaciones son limitadas, mientras que reiteradas investigaciones de los últimos años han reportado correlaciones positivas y negativas. Esta revisión sistemática busca establecer la evidencia actual sobre diferentes estudios que se han llevado a cabo sobre las relaciones entre la conducta agresiva de tipo proactivo y reactivo y la empatía, desde los subdominios cognitivo y afectivo, en adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos jóvenes. Método: Revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las directrices PRISMA. Resultados: se encontraron 8 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos y se reportan las discrepancias entre las asociaciones de las dos variables abordadas. Conclusión: parece haber cierto grado aceptación en el papel inhibidor de la empatía frente a la agresión, de manera relevante el de la empatía afectiva. No se encontraron resultados concluyentes de la empatía cognitiva con los diferentes tipos de agresión.

Abstract The evidence on the relationships between aggression and empathy is unclear in the literature. A recent meta- analysis indicated that associations are limited, while repeated research in recent years has reported both positive and negative correlations. This systematic review seeks to establish the current evidence on different studies that have been conducted on the relationships between proactive and reactive aggressive behavior and empathy, from the cognitive and affective subdomains, in adolescents, youth and young adults. Method: Systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: 8 articles were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria described and discrepancies between the associations of the two variables addressed are reported. Conclusion: there seems to be a certain degree of acceptance of the inhibitory role of empathy against aggression, particularly that of affective empathy. No conclusive results were found for cognitive empathy with the different types of aggression.

Resumen El duelo por finalización de una relación de pareja puede ser una experiencia que genera diferentes afectaciones, y para lidiar con ello, las personas utilizan diversos recursos de afrontamiento. El presente estudió buscó identificar las diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan las personas en duelo de pareja en general y según el tiempo de finalización del vínculo. Esta investigación, de enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo no experimental y de corte transversal, fue realizada con 172 participantes, elegidos en un muestro a conveniencia. Se evidenció en los resultados que las estrategias que presentaron menor uso fueron la búsqueda de solución de problemas y la reevaluación positiva, y las más utilizadas fueron la búsqueda de apoyo social, la espera, religión, evitación emocional, el apoyo profesional, la reacción agresiva, la evitación cognitiva y la expresión de dificultad de afrontamiento. A nivel del tiempo de la finalización de la relación, se encontró mayor uso de la evitación emocional, reacción agresiva, evitación cognitiva y el apoyo profesional en aquellos con 6 meses de duelo, y menor uso de la reevaluación positiva, búsqueda de apoyo social, solución de problemas, negación, expresión de la dificultad de afrontamiento y autonomía en este periodo de tiempo. En conclusión, se identificó que las estrategias para afrontar el duelo en pareja varían conforme avanza el tiempo de la finalización del vínculo.

Abstract Grieving duel to the end of a relationship can be an experience that generates different effects and, to deal with it, people use various coping resources. The present study sought to identify the different coping strategies used by bereaved couples in general and according to the time the relationship ended. This research with a quantitative approach, non-experimental and cross-sectional descriptive scope, was carried out with 172 subjects chosen in a convenience sample. The results showed that the strategies that were least used were the search for problem solutions and positive reappraisal and the most used were the search for social support, waiting, religion, emotional avoidance, professional support, aggressive reaction, cognitive avoidance and the expression of coping difficulty. At the time of the end of the relationship, greater use of emotional avoidance, aggressive reaction, cognitive avoidance and professional support was found in those with 6 months of grief and less use of positive reappraisal, search for social support, solution of problems, denial, expression of coping difficulty and autonomy in this period of time. In conclusion, it was identified that the strategies for coping with grief as a couple vary as the time of the end of the relationship progresses.

Abstract Objective: To establish the psychometric properties of the aggression questionnaire (AQ) in a sample of Colombian children and adolescents. Method: The AQ was submitted to the judgment of seven experts in order to verify and adjust the clarity of the items taking into account the characteristics of the Colombian population. Following this analysis and adjustment of items, the instrument was applied to a sample of 892 participants between 10 and 23 years of age. For validity, evidence of internal structure was taken into account through confirmatory factor analysis and evidence based on the relationship with other variables. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed two models, one of factorial correlation and the other of second order indicating a model fit. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated by means of the Omega index, which showed precision in the measures for each factor in each of the models. The analysis suggested the elimination of four items. Conclusions: The first-order model was chosen because the empirical evidence shows that it satisfactorily operationalises the theoretical model of aggressive behaviour with which the instrument was constructed, assuming that the four subscales are necessary as a whole, but by themselves are not sufficient to assess aggressive behaviour by means of its items.

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de agresión (CA) en una muestra de niños y adolescentes colombianos. Método: El AQ fue sometido al juicio de siete expertos con el fin de verificar y ajustar la claridad de los ítems teniendo en cuenta las características de la población colombiana. Luego de este análisis y ajuste de ítems, se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 892 participantes entre 10 y 23 años de edad. Para la validez se tuvo en cuenta la evidencia de la estructura interna a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la evidencia basada en la relación con otras variables. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró dos modelos, uno de correlación factorial y otro de segundo orden indicando un ajuste del modelo. Asimismo, se calculó la consistencia interna mediante el índice Omega, que mostró precisión en las medidas para cada factor en cada uno de los modelos. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de cuatro ítems. Conclusiones: Se eligió el modelo de primer orden porque la evidencia empírica muestra que operacionaliza satisfactoriamente el modelo teórico de conducta agresiva con el que se construyó el instrumento, asumiendo que las cuatro subescalas son necesarias en su conjunto, pero por sí solas no son suficientes para evaluar la conducta agresiva por medio de sus ítems.

Abstract: This article explores the political persecution unleashed during the post-war period by McCarthyism, which led to the systematic accusation and harassment of American citizens for their leftist beliefs or Communist Party affiliations. This campaign of rumors and denunciations was particularly aggressive against film industry professionals, notably the Hollywood Ten. The emotional climate of the era was charged with fear and anger, emotions that were vividly manifested in the experiences of those targeted. By analyzing the correspondence and screenwriting of Dalton Trumbo, including his work on films like Papillon, this article examines the impact of this persecution and the strategies Trumbo used to confront the U.S. government, survive the blacklist, and sustain his career. It traces his journey from self-exile in Mexico, writing under pseudonyms, and using front names, to his eventual return and recognition in Hollywood. This analysis highlights the importance of constructing a cultural history that captures the collective emotional experiences of communities affected by such events, and it shows how Trumbo’s personal ordeals influenced the dialogues and narratives of the films he contributed to.

Resumen: El artículo explora cómo la persecución política desatada por el macartismo durante el periodo de la posguerra desarrolló y estableció un proceso de acusación y persecución a los ciudadanos estadounidenses por tener ideas de izquierda o pertenecer al Partido Comunista. Este acoso político se llevó a cabo mediante una campaña de rumor y delación que se desató particularmente en contra de los trabajadores de la industria cinematográfica, como fue el caso de los Diez de Hollywood. Todo esto provocó un momento emocional que se hizo manifiesto a través de experiencias relativas como el miedo y la ira. Mediante el análisis de la correspondencia y de la producción de guiones de Dalton Trumbo para películas como Papillon, el presente artículo da cuenta de los efectos y las estrategias seguidas por el escritor para enfrentar al Gobierno norteamericano, superar el ostracismo y mantener un medio de sobrevivencia. De esta manera, se repasa la trayectoria de Trumbo: el autoexilio en México, la escritura de guiones mediante el uso de seudónimos y la solicitud de prestanombres, así como el reconocimiento y la vuelta triunfal a Hollywood. Este análisis destaca la importancia de construir una historia cultural que recoja las experiencias colectivas emocionales de las comunidades afectadas por tales acontecimientos, y muestra cómo las tribulaciones personales de Trumbo influyeron en los diálogos y relatos de las películas en las que colaboró.

Resumo: O artigo explora como a perseguição política desencadeada pelo macarthismo durante o período pós-guerra desenvolveu e estabeleceu um processo de acusação e perseguição de cidadãos americanos por terem ideias de esquerda ou pertencerem ao Partido Comunista. Essa perseguição política foi realizada por meio de uma campanha de boatos e denúncias dirigida especialmente contra os trabalhadores da indústria cinematográfica, como no caso dos Dez de Hollywood. Tudo isso provocou um momento emocional que se manifestou por meio de experiências relativas, como medo e ira. Mediante a análise da correspondência de Dalton Trumbo e da produção de roteiros para filmes como Papillon, este artigo relata os efeitos e as estratégias seguidas pelo escritor para enfrentar o governo americano, superar o ostracismo e manter um meio de sobrevivência. Dessa forma, a trajetória de Trumbo é revisada: o autoexílio no México, a escrita de roteiros usando pseudônimos e nomes emprestados, bem como seu reconhecimento e retorno triunfante a Hollywood. Essa análise destaca a importância da construção de uma história cultural que capte as experiências emocionais coletivas das comunidades afetadas por esses eventos e mostra como as tribulações pessoais de Trumbo influenciaram os diálogos e as narrativas dos filmes em que ele colaborou.

Abstract PA is a gram-negative pathogen that is highly aggressive and known to cause several nosocomial infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality levels. Individuals with compromised immunity are especially vulnerable to life-threatening infections caused by this bacterium. PA importance as a pathogen is further underscored by its virulence, increasing resistance to antibiotics, and its ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions. In this study, MO extract antibacterial activity was evaluated using Ec methods, such as CV, EIS and polarization curves (Tafel’s law), against pathogenic bacteria, including PA. The performance of the developed CPE modified by MO was herein tested with C6H12O6, by CV technique. The CV recorded at the CPE-MO surface showed a well-defined peak, which was due to C₆H₁₂O₆ Ec oxidation. PA addition to the electrolyte solution containing C₆H₁₂O₆ caused its oxidation peak to disappear. The hypothesis that PA would adhere to the CPE-MO surface, blocking the active sites and, subsequently, C₆H₁₂O₆ oxidation, was proposed. To verify this hypothesis, polarization curves and EIS, which revealed the presence of a non-conductive film on the CPE-MO surface, were employed. The morphology of the elaborated electrodes surfaces was characterized by SEM.

Abstract Aggressive natural killer cell leukaemia (ANKL) is a rare neoplasm of NK cells with poor prognosis, varied morphology and positivity for CD2, CD3 epsilon and CD56, negative for surface CD3 and CD5. A 32-year-old man presented with high grade fever, generalized weakness, significant weight loss in the last 2 months and a lower limb mass, diagnosed elsewhere as Ewing sarcoma. He initially presented with TLC of 8000/uL which drastically increased to 52000/uL, with presence of atypical lymphoid cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy was performed, bone marrow aspirate showed 44% atypical lymphoid cells that were 1.5 to 2 times the size of red blood cells with scant blue agranular cytoplasm, clumped chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed atypical lymphoid cells that were positive for CD45, CD38 and CD 56 and negative for CD34, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD10, CD19, CD138, kappa and lambda. Since a definitive diagnosis could not be reached on this, IHC on bone marrow biopsy was done, which showed the atypical lymphoid cells to be positive for CD45, CD3, CD2, CD56, CD38 and negative for CD117, CD5, CD7, CD30, CD20, CD57 and EBV. A diagnosis of aggressive natural killer lymphoma was reached. The diagnosis was difficult as the morphology and flow cytometry did not show any specific features of ANKL. The diagnosis was made after extensive immunophenotyping on bone marrow biopsy. This highlights the importance of doing NK cell markers when basic panel of antibodies are not supportive.

Resumen La leucemia agresiva de células natural killer (ANKL) es una neoplasia poco frecuente de células NK con mal pronóstico, morfología variada y positividad para los CD2, CD3 épsilon y CD56, negativa para los CD3 y CD5 de superficie. Un hombre de 32 años presentó fiebre alta, debilidad generalizada, pérdida de peso significativa desde hace 2 meses y una masa en las extremidades inferiores, diagnosticada en otro lugar como sarcoma de Ewing. Inicialmente presentó leucocitos de 8000/uL, que aumentó drásticamente a 52000/uL, con presencia de células linfoides atípicas. Se realizó una aspiración y una biopsia de médula ósea. El aspirado de médula ósea mostró un 44% de células linfoides atípicas que tenían entre 1,5 y 2 veces el tamaño de los glóbulos rojos con escaso citoplasma agranular azul, cromatina agrupada y nucléolos discretos, y la inmunofenotipificación por citometría de flujo mostró células linfoides atípicas que eran positivas para CD45, CD38 y CD 56 y negativas para CD34, CD3 y CD4. CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD10, CD19, CD138, kappa y lambda. Como no se pudo llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo al respecto, se realizó un estudio inmunohistoquímico de la biopsia de médula ósea, que mostró que las células linfoides atípicas eran positivas para CD45, CD3, CD2, CD56, CD38 y negativas para CD117, CD5, CD7, CD30, CD20, CD57 y EBV. Se llegó a un diagnóstico de linfoma agresivo de células natural killer. El diagnóstico fue difícil ya, que la morfología y la citometría de flujo no mostraron ninguna característica específica de la ANKL. El diagnóstico se realizó después de una inmunofenotipificación exhaustiva mediante una biopsia de médula ósea. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de utilizar marcadores de células NK cuando el panel básico de anticuerpos no es suficiente.

Reinforcement and surface support are part of an integrated system that transfers and shares load until the excavation surface is stabilized or until the ground support system fails. Steel mesh is the most popular primary surface support element in underground hard rock mines in Canada. Mesh straps are a secondary surface support that provide additional containment as they distribute the load between and across the reinforcement elements. This investigation addresses the role of steel properties, and in particular steel chemistry, in the long-term performance of mesh and mesh straps when exposed to an aggressive corrosive environment. It reports on comparative accelerated corrosion studies to compare the resistance to corrosion of different surface support elements. This has significant implications on the choice of surface support and the anticipated rehabilitation requirements.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate Lymph node ratio (LNR) as a predictor for survival and recurrence of laryngeal cancer with metastatic lymph nodes (pN+). Study design: This retrospective study included patients who underwent primary laryngectomy combined with bilateral neck dissection, between October/2010 and April/2023. Results: A total of 73 patients were included. Among pN+ patients (n=37;50.7%), those with disease recurrence (n=16;43.2%) exhibited a higher median LNR (0.159 versus 0.060), p=0.007. ROC curve analysis showed that LNR>0.063 predicted recurrence (sensitivity 87%;specificity 48%). Moreover, multivariate analysis confirmed LNR>0.063 as an independent predictor of disease recurrence, after controlling for potential confounders, namely age, extracapsular spread, resection margin and pathological T category, (HR=6.58; p=0.049). Finally, high LNR (>0.063) was associated with cancer-specific death (OR=8.64; p=0.008) in pN+ patients. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that patients with LNR>0.063 are more likely to have aggressive disease, suggesting LNR as a significant prognostic factor complementing TNM staging in pN+ laryngeal cancer.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o Rácio de gânglios linfáticos (RGL) como preditor de sobrevida e recidiva de cancro da laringe com metastização cervical (pN+). Desenho do estudo: Estudo retrospetivo, que incluiu doentes submetidos a laringectomia total associada a esvaziamento ganglionar cervical bilateral, entre outubro/2010 e abril/2023. Resultados: Foram incluídos 73 doentes. Entre os doentes pN+ (n=37;50,7%), aqueles com evidência de recidiva tumoral (n=16;43,2%) apresentaram uma mediana de RGL superior (0,159 versus 0.060), p=0,007. Após análise da curva ROC, o RGL>0,063 indicou recidiva tumoral (sensibilidade:87%; especificidade:48%). Para além disso, o RGL>0,063 manteve-se como um preditor independente de recidiva tumoral, após análise multivariada ajustada para potenciais fatores de confundimento (idade, extensão extraganglionar, margem de resseção e estadio patológico T),(HR=6,58; p=0,049). Por último, um RGL elevado (>0,063) esteve associado à morte específica por cancro em doentes pN+ (OR=8,64; p=0,008). Conclusão: Este estudo indica que doentes com RGL>0,063 têm maior probabilidade de doença agressiva. Assim, o RGL é um parâmetro prognóstico relevante, podendo ser útil para complementar o estadiamento TNM no cancro da laringe pN+.

Resumen Si bien la literatura sugiere establecer reformas impositivas al tabaco más agresivas con el fin de reducir su asequibilidad y combatir la epidemia del tabaquismo, la industria tabacalera argumenta que dichas medidas afectarían a la economía del país. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la dimensión del sector tabacalero en México a través de variables clave sobre precios y marcas, así como cantidades consumidas y simular reformas al impuesto especial del tabaco. Un incremento de los impuestos al tabaco permite disminuir el consumo y aumentar la recaudación considerando elasticidades-precio del tabaco recientes. Se calculó la elasticidad al 2020 y el cambio en los precios considerando la reforma reciente de 2021 que actualizó por inflación el IEPS asi como dos reformas impositivas adicionales a los cigarros y sus marcas. Los resultados indican que un impuesto específico de un peso adicional y $1.50 pesos por cigarrillo reduciría el consumo en el rango del 21.7% al 27.7% e incrementaría la recaudación del 13.4% al 22.7%. Lo novedoso de este trabajo es que la mayor reducción en consumo se observa en las marcas de menor precio.

Abstract While literature suggests more aggressive cigarette tax reforms to reduce its affordability as well as the tobacco epidemic the tobacco industry argues that these measures, would affect the economy. The goal of this study is to analyze the size of the tobacco sector in Mexico through specific relevant variables on prices and brands and simulate different tobacco excise reforms. An increase in tobacco taxes would indeed decrease consumption and would increase revenues as well, when considering different and recent tobacco price elasticities. Elasticity was estimated for the year 2020 and changes on prices were computed by considering the most recent tobacco tax reforms in 2021 which updated the price according to rise on inflation and two additional reforms by using distinct cigarette brands. The results indicate that a specific tax of an additional peso and $1.50 pesos per cigarette would reduce consumption in the range from 21.7% to 27.7% and increase revenues from 13.4% to 22.7%. The novelty of this work is that the greatest reduction in consumption would be observed in lower-priced brands.

Abstract Problem: Traditionally, both the environment and other animals have been excluded from the sphere of moral consideration, even though humans’ positive relationship with them brings benefits for the health of both creatures and promotes the development of empathy and the display of prosocial behaviors (Ngai, Yu, Chau, Lee & Wong, 2021). In fact, in recent decades there have been cases of zoonoses, inappropriate use of resources, deterioration of the environment and an increase in recorded cases of animal abuse. Animal abuse, a complex and multi-determined phenomenon, frequently works as a precursor or indicator of other behaviors classified as “antisocial”, violent and non-violent. There is conflicting evidence regarding the role that empathy plays in the emission or inhibition of aggressive behaviors and how generalizable interspecies empathy is. In this respect, three phenomena of interest stand out: empathic erosion, progressive desensitization to violence and compassion fatigue. Objective: To determine whether the levels of empathy, the willingness to behave abusively against other animals, and actual animal abuse behavior are related to the context of pre-professional training, self-perceived gender, and current and/or previous ownership of other companion animals in university students who are in the final stage of their training to obtain their university degree in Psychology. Methodology: Retrospective ex post facto single case design (N=241). A self-administered questionnaire was applied that included the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Animal Empathy Scale, the Animal Abuse Proclivity Scale and the quantity and frequency of effective animal abuse behaviors. Contribution: the contribution of self-perceived gender to the relationship between various measures of empathy and abuse towards other animals is evidenced, and the thesis of the non-generalizability of interspecies empathy is reinforced.

Resumen Problema: tradicionalmente se ha excluido de la esfera de consideración moral tanto al ambiente como a otros animales, aun cuando una relación positiva con ellos reporta beneficios para la salud de unas y otras criaturas y promueve el desarrollo de empatía y la emisión de conductas prosociales (Ngai, Yu, Chau, Lee y Wong, 2021). De hecho, en las últimas décadas se han observado casos de zoonosis, uso inadecuado de recursos, deterioro del ambiente y un aumento de casos registrados de abuso animal. El abuso animal, fenómeno complejo y multideterminado, frecuentemente funciona como precursor o indicador de otras conductas calificadas como “antisociales”, violentas y no violentas. Respecto del rol que juega la empatía en la emisión o inhibición de conductas agresivas y de cuán generalizable es la empatía interespecie, existe evidencia contradictoria y se resaltan aquí tres fenómenos de interés: erosión empática, desensibilización progresiva a la violencia y fatiga por compasión. Objetivo: determinar si los niveles de empatía, la disposición a comportarse de manera abusiva contra otros animales y la conducta efectiva de abuso animal se relacionan con el contexto de formación preprofesional, el género autopercibido y la tenencia actual y/o previa de animales de compañía en estudiantes universitarios que cursan el tramo final de la Licenciatura en Psicología. Metodología: diseño ex post facto retrospectivo de grupo único (N = 241). Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluyó el Interpersonal Reactivity Index, la Animal Empathy Scale, la Animal Abuse Proclivity Scale y la cantidad y frecuencia de conductas efectivas de abuso animal. Contribución: se evidencia sobre el aporte del género autopercibido a la relación entre diversas medidas de empatía y el abuso hacia otros animales y se refuerza la tesis de la no generalizabilidad de la empatía interespecie.

Abstract Nonverbal communication as a social skill influences student motivation; therefore, during the pedagogical process, teaching staff must possess interpersonal skill to emit assertive behavior; in order to have a measurement scale on non-verbal behavioral styles. They items were organized into three dimensions: assertive, aggressive and passive. The objective was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Non-Verbal Immediacy Scale (NVIE) in teachers. Their study approach was quantitative, with a non-experimental factorial design. The sample of 150 subjects was obtained through non-probabilistic sampling of a population of 373.The programs used were SPSS.23 and Lisrel. The results showed a pearsoʹn correlation coefficient greater than .30 between the items of its dimensions, presenting a homogeneous measurement between them. The Cronbachʹs Alpha indices of the scales range from .60 to .82, which shows good internal consistency. The exploratory analysis (EFA) gave an approximation to the model with a solution for three factors representing 67.54% of its variance. Through confirmatory analysis (CFA), the similarities of the sample covariation matrices with the matrix of the alternative model on the same data were determined, obtaining satisfactory adjustments for the parameters (X2-RMSEA-RMR- GFI-AGFI), corroborating the proposed hypothesis. It is concluded that with the graphic representation of the alternative-recursive-NVIE model, the cause-effect relationship of the three dimensions is visualized, with their indicators, establishing in a valid and reliable manner its use as a measurement scale in studies of behavioral styles non verbal.

Resumen La comunicación no verbal como habilidad social influye en la motivación estudiantil; por lo tanto, durante el proceso pedagógico, el personal docente debe poseer habilidades interpersonales para emitir comportamientos asertivos, con la finalidad de contar con una escala de medida sobre estilos de comportamiento no verbal. Se organizó los ítems en tres dimensiones: asertivo, agresivo y pasivo. El objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Inmediatez no Verbal (NVIE) en docentes. Su estudio de enfoque fue cuantitativo, con diseño factorial no-experimental. Se obtuvo la muestra de 150 sujetos, mediante muestreo no probabilístico de una población de 373. Los programas utilizados fueron SPSS.23 y Lisrel. Los resultados arrojaron coeficiente de correlación de Pearson mayores a .30 entre los ítems de sus dimensiones, presentaron medida homogénea entre ellas. Los índices de Alfa de Cronbach de las escalas oscilan desde .60 a .82, lo que evidencia una buena consistencia interna. El análisis exploratorio (AFE) dio una aproximación al modelo con solución para tres factores lo que representa el 67.54% de su varianza. Mediante análisis confirmatorio (AFC) se determinó las semejanzas de las matrices de covariación muestral con la matriz del modelo alternativo sobre los mismos datos, se obtuvieron ajustes satisfactorios para los parámetros (X2-RMSEA-RMR-GFI-AGFI), se corroboró la hipótesis planteada. Se concluye que con la representación gráfica del modelo alternativo-recursivo-NVIE se visualiza la relación causa-efecto de las tres dimensiones, con sus indicadores, al quedar establecido de manera válida y confiable su uso como escala de medida en estudios de estilos de comportamiento no-verbal.

ABSTRACT Basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck represents the most common skin tumor nationally and worldwide, poses a real challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many hospital facilities were affected by the countless respiratory patients, sometimes weakening important sectors of healthcare. Metastases are extremely rare and occur in more aggressive subtypes such as morpheaform. Surgical treatment remains the first choice, but radiotherapy and PD-1 inhibitors are also an option in certain cases.

RESUMEN El carcinoma basocelular de cabeza y cuello, siendo el tumor de piel más frecuente a nivel nacional y mundial, representa un verdadero desafío para los cirujanos reconstructivos. Debido a la pandemia del COVID-19 muchos centros de referencia nacional se vieron afectados por el sinnúmero de pacientes respiratorios, debilitando a veces sectores muy importantes de la salud. Las metástasis son extremadamente raras y se presentan en subtipos más agresivos como el morfeiforme. El tratamiento quirúrgico sigue siendo la primera opción, pero la radioterapia e inhibidores de PD-1 constituyen igualmente una opción en ciertos casos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the conditions of both failing and non-failing students in relation to the disciplinary measures and sanctions implemented in secondary schools in the city of Chihuahua. Data from 479 students were examined, including 109 who currently had at least one failing subject. The instrument used was a Likert-scale survey focused on the perception of violence-related situations in the school environment. The survey was divided into three sections: Performance and school environment; Behavior and Bullying. The most notable results indicate that punishments and sanctions are more closely related to situations within the school environment that become monotonous, as well as the presence of aggressive behaviors from teachers and the application of various types of sanctions. These circumstances lead to learning difficulties for the students and, consequently, higher rates of school failure.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as condições dos alunos reprovados e não reprovados em relação às medidas disciplinares e sanções implementadas nas escolas secundárias da cidade de Chihuahua. Para isso, foram examinados dados de 479 alunos, incluindo 109 que naquele momento tinham pelo menos uma disciplina reprovada. O instrumento utilizado foi uma pesquisa com escala tipo Likert focada na percepção de situações violentas no ambiente escolar. A pesquisa foi dividida em três seções: desempenho escolar e ambiente, comportamento e bullying. Os resultados mais notáveis indicam que as punições e sanções estão mais relacionadas com situações do ambiente escolar que se tornam monótonas, bem como com a presença de comportamentos agressivos por parte dos professores e a aplicação de diferentes tipos de sanções. Estas circunstâncias acarretam dificuldades no processo de aprendizagem dos alunos e, consequentemente, maiores índices de fracasso escolar.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las condiciones de los estudiantes reprobados y no reprobados en relación con las medidas disciplinarias y sanciones implementadas en escuelas secundarias de la ciudad de Chihuahua. Para ello, se examinaron los datos de 479 estudiantes, incluyendo 109 que en ese momento tenían al menos una materia reprobada. El instrumento utilizado fue una encuesta con escala tipo Likert enfocada en la percepción de situaciones de violencia en el entorno escolar. La encuesta se dividió en tres secciones: desempeño y ambiente escolar, comportamiento y bullying. Los resultados más destacados señalan que los castigos y sanciones están más relacionadas con situaciones en el entorno escolar que se vuelven monótonas, así como con la presencia de comportamientos agresivos por parte de los docentes y la aplicación de distintos tipos de sanciones. Estas circunstancias conducen a dificultades en el proceso de aprendizaje por parte de los estudiantes y, como resultado, a tasas más altas de reprobación escolar.