ABSTRACT Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied. Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas. Introduction erection fetus Therefore quantitatively ages Methods Fiftysix Fifty six fresh 1 3 postconception post conception WPC (WPC criterion 10 formalin embedding midshaft mid shaft obtained ImageJ Image J software Results 303 03 3.03 2035 20 35 20.35 189 89 1.89 2388 23 88 23.88 incidence (incidence r2=0.9421, r209421 r r2 0 9421 (r2=0.9421 p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 r2=0.9312, r209312 9312 (r2=0.9312 p<0.0001, , respectively studied Also 296 2 96 2.96 1286 12 86 12.86 362 62 3.62 1485 14 85 14.85 appearance (appearance r2=0.8722, r208722 8722 (r2=0.8722 r2=0.8218, r208218 8218 (r2=0.8218 addition nd gestation Conclusions changes amount (amount areas 30 3.0 203 20.3 18 8 1.8 238 23.8 r2=0.9421 r20942 942 (r2=0.942 p<0.000 p0000 000 r2=0.9312 r20931 931 (r2=0.931 29 9 2.9 128 12.8 6 3.6 148 14.8 r2=0.8722 r20872 872 (r2=0.872 r2=0.8218 r20821 821 (r2=0.821 3. 20. 1. 23. r2=0.942 r2094 94 (r2=0.94 p<0.00 p000 00 r2=0.931 r2093 93 (r2=0.93 2. 12. 14. r2=0.872 r2087 87 (r2=0.87 r2=0.821 r2082 82 (r2=0.82 r2=0.94 r209 (r2=0.9 p<0.0 p00 r2=0.93 r2=0.87 r208 (r2=0.8 r2=0.82 r2=0.9 r20 (r2=0. p<0. p0 r2=0.8 r2=0. (r2=0 p<0 r2=0 (r2= p< r2= (r2 (r

Abstract Introduction. Defoliation studies on sugarcane in Mexico are scarce, and it is unknown at what age of the plant and in which season of the year it should be carried out. Objective. To evaluate the effect of artificial defoliation in sugarcane at different stages of growth and its response on quality and yield parameters. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 harvest between the months of April and May, in a plot located in a ratoon of the cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, within the supply area of the Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez in the Chontalpa region, Tabasco. A completely randomized block design was used, where the defoliation treatments consisted of removing the entire leaves of the stem until leaving the +5 leaf (H5). Defoliation treatments were applied at 8, 9, and 10 months of crop age, plus a control without defoliation, with five replicates per treatment. Growth parameters evaluated were plant height and diameter, number of stalks, and leaf area index (IAF) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). At harvest, °Brix and sugarcane yields of sugarcane were measured. Results. It was found that growth and quality parameters were reduced by total defoliation treatments. Treatment 2 showed the highest values of plant height and diameter, lower NDVI, and stalk yield at harvest, and defoliation affected the IAF. °Brix were not affected by different defoliation treatments. Conclusion. Defoliation at nine months of age increased agricultural yield and did not affect juice quality.

Resumen Introducción. Estudios de defoliación en caña de azúcar en México son escasos, se desconoce a qué edad de la planta y en qué época del año se deben realizar. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la defoliación artificial en caña de azúcar en diferentes etapas de cultivo y su respuesta sobre parámetros de calidad y rendimiento. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la zafra 2020-2021 entre los meses de abril y mayo, en una parcela ubicada en una soca del cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, dentro de la zona de abastecimiento del Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez de la Chontalpa, Tabasco. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar, donde los tratamientos de defoliación consistieron en eliminar las hojas completas del tallo hasta dejar la hoja +5 (H5). Los tratamientos de defoliación se aplicaron a los 8, 9 y 10 meses de edad del cultivo, más un testigo sin defoliación, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los parámetros de crecimiento evaluados fueron altura y diámetro de planta, número de tallos e índices de área foliar (IAF) y de vegetación de las diferencias normalizada (NDVI). Al momento de la cosecha se midieron los °Brix y los rendimientos agrícolas de la caña de azúcar. Resultados. Se encontró que los parámetros de crecimiento y calidad fueron disminuidos por los tratamientos de defoliación total. El tratamiento 2 mostró los mayores valores de altura y diámetro de planta, menor NDVI y rendimiento de tallos al momento de la cosecha y la defoliación afectó el IAF. Los °Brix no se vieron afectados por los diferentes tratamientos de defoliación. Conclusión. La defoliación a los nueve meses de edad aumentó el rendimiento agrícola y no afectó la calidad de los jugos.

Resumo Introdução: A deficiência de crescimento na doença renal crônica está relacionada à elevada morbidade e mortalidade. O retardo do crescimento nessa doença é multifatorial. É fundamental conhecer os fatores modificáveis e estabelecer estratégias para melhorar o atendimento às crianças afetadas. Objetivos: Descrever padrões de crescimento em crianças com DRC e fatores de risco associados à baixa estatura. Métodos: Analisamos retrospectivamente dados antropométricos e epidemiológicos, peso ao nascer, prematuridade e níveis de bicarbonato, hemoglobina, cálcio, fosfato, fosfatase alcalina e paratormônio de crianças com DRC estágios 3–5, não submetidas a diálise, acompanhadas por pelo menos um ano. Resultados: Incluímos 43 crianças, a maioria meninos (65%). O escore z médio de altura/comprimento/idade das crianças no início e no acompanhamento foi de –1,89 ± 1,84 e –2,4 ± 1,67, respectivamente (p = 0,011). Cinquenta e um por cento das crianças apresentaram baixa estatura, e essas crianças eram mais jovens que aquelas com estatura adequada (p = 0,027). Níveis de PTH no início do acompanhamento correlacionados com escore z de altura/comprimento/idade. Uma subanálise com crianças menores de cinco anos (n = 17) mostrou que 10 (58,8%) delas apresentaram déficit de desenvolvimento e escore z de peso/idade mais baixo (0,031) e escore z de IMC/idade mais baixo (p = 0,047). Conclusão: Crianças, especialmente mais jovens, com DRC, que não estavam em diálise, apresentaram elevada prevalência de baixa estatura. Níveis de PTH foram correlacionados com escore z de altura, e deficiência de crescimento foi associada a pior estado nutricional. Portanto, é essencial monitorar o crescimento dessas crianças, controlar o hiperparatireoidismo e fornecer suporte nutricional. Introdução mortalidade multifatorial afetadas Objetivos Métodos epidemiológicos nascer bicarbonato hemoglobina cálcio fosfato 35 3 5 3–5 diálise ano Resultados 4 65%. 65 65% . (65%) alturacomprimentoidade altura comprimento idade 189 1 89 –1,8 184 84 1,8 24 2 –2, 167 67 1,67 p 0,011. 0011 0,011 0 011 0,011) 0,027. 0027 0,027 027 0,027) n 17 58,8% 588 58 8 (58,8% pesoidade 0,031 0031 031 (0,031 IMCidade IMC 0,047. 0047 0,047 047 0,047) Conclusão Crianças nutricional Portanto 3– 6 (65% 18 –1, 1, –2 16 1,6 001 0,01 01 002 0,02 02 58,8 (58,8 0,03 003 03 (0,03 004 0,04 04 (65 –1 – 00 0,0 58, (58, (0,0 (6 0, (58 (0, ( (5 (0

Abstract Introduction: Growth failure in chronic kidney disease is related to high morbidity and mortality. Growth retardation in this disease is multifactorial. Knowing the modifiable factors and establishing strategies to improve care for affected children is paramount. Objectives: To describe growth patterns in children with chronic kidney disease and the risk factors associated with short stature. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed anthropometric and epidemiological data, birth weight, prematurity, and bicarbonate, hemoglobin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and parathormone levels of children with stages 3–5 CKD not on dialysis, followed for at least one year. Results: We included 43 children, the majority of which were boys (65%). The mean height/length /age z-score of the children at the beginning and follow-up was –1.89 ± 1.84 and –2.4 ± 1.67, respectively (p = 0.011). Fifty-one percent of the children had short stature, and these children were younger than those with adequate stature (p = 0.027). PTH levels at the beginning of the follow-up correlated with height/length/age z-score. A sub-analysis with children under five (n = 17) showed that 10 (58.8%) of them failed to thrive and had a lower weight/age z-score (0.031) and lower BMI/age z-score (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Children, particularly younger ones, with chronic kidney disease who were not on dialysis had a high prevalence of short stature. PTH levels were correlated with height z-score, and growth failure was associated with worse nutritional status. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the growth of these children, control hyperparathyroidism, and provide nutritional support. Introduction mortality multifactorial paramount Objectives Methods data weight prematurity bicarbonate hemoglobin calcium phosphate phosphatase 35 3 5 3– year Results 4 65%. 65 65% . (65%) heightlength length age zscore z score followup follow up 189 1 89 –1.8 184 84 1.8 24 2 –2. 167 67 1.67 p 0.011. 0011 0.011 0 011 0.011) Fiftyone Fifty 0.027. 0027 0.027 027 0.027) heightlengthage zscore. score. subanalysis sub analysis n 17 58.8% 588 58 8 (58.8% weightage 0.031 0031 031 (0.031 BMIage BMI 0.047. 0047 0.047 047 0.047) Conclusion Children ones zscore, score, status Therefore hyperparathyroidism support 6 (65% 18 –1. 1. –2 16 1.6 001 0.01 01 002 0.02 02 58.8 (58.8 0.03 003 03 (0.03 004 0.04 04 (65 –1 – 00 0.0 58. (58. (0.0 (6 0. (58 (0. ( (5 (0

Resumen. La mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) es un recurso importante de subsistencia en mercados locales de Ecuador. Sin embargo, poco es sabido sobre la historia de vida temprana y la biología reproductiva de esta especie. En 2016 y 2017, se recolectaron larvas de E. currani en 3 playas arenosas en el Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, y se identificaron usando códigos de barras de ADN. La longitud estándar de las larvas osciló entre 4.00 y 15.78 mm. También recolectamos otolitos para comprender mejor la historia de vida temprana de E. currani. Los otolitos se usaron para estimar la edad, la tasa de crecimiento de la población (±EE), las fechas de eclosión y la época reproductiva. En promedio, la edad de los peces fue de 16.5 ± 4.5 días, mientras que la tasa de crecimiento promedio fue de 0.70 ± 0.05 y 0.22 ± 0.16 mm por día en marzo y mayo, respectivamente. En el Golfo de Guayaquil, la mayoría de las fechas de eclosión y la actividad reproductiva presunta de E. currani ocurrió durante la época húmeda (diciembre-abril) cuando aguas más calidas prevalecieron. Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que estima las fechas de eclosión y la tasa de crecimiento larval para una especie de la familia Gerreidae en el Océano Pacífico.

Abstract. The flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) is an important subsistence fishery resource in local Ecuadorian markets; however, very little is known about the early life history and reproductive biology of this species. In 2016 and 2017, E. currani larvae were collected at 3 sandy beaches in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and identified using DNA barcoding. Standard lengths ranged from 4.00-15.78 mm. We also collected otoliths to better understand the early life history of E. currani. Otoliths were used to estimate the age, population growth rate (±SE), hatch dates, and reproductive period. On average, the fish were 16.5 ± 4.5 days old, while the average growth rate was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.16 mm per day in March and May, respectively. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, most hatch dates and the presumed reproductive activity of E. currani occurred during the wet season (December-April) when warmer water prevailed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hatch dates and larval growth rate for a species of the family Gerreidae in the Pacific Ocean.

Abstract Introduction: The Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) is an ultra-brief self-report measure to assess psychological stress. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PSS-4 in Colombia. Method: A total of 1,911 adult participants with a university education completed the PSS-4. The characteristics of the items and the subscales were explored. The dimensionality was assessed using principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), incorporating an examination of invariance (configural, metric, scalar, and strict) across socio-demographic characteristics. Construct validity (convergent and discriminant), reliability indices, know-groups, and predictive validity were also computed. Results: CFA showed that the one-factor model (psychological stress) with method effects (correlated error terms on the negative-phrased items) was the most appropriate according to fit indices and parsimony considerations, being invariant across gender and age, but not across income level and work status. Internal consistency was adequate for the PSS-4. Significant positive correlations of the PSS-4 were identified with depression and anxiety, as well as significant negative correlations were identified with post-traumatic growth and resilience. The PSS-4 showed adequate capacity to predict potential depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as protective factors such as resilience and post-traumatic growth. Higher scores on the PSS-4 were observed among young people, as well as among people with lower incomes and those who are unemployed. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the PSS-4 can be a reliable and valid tool for assessing psychological stress in Colombians with a university education.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Estrés Percibido-4 (EEP-4) es una medida de autoinforme ultrabreve para evaluar el estrés psicológico. Este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas del EEP-4 en Colombia. Método: Un total de 1911 participantes adultos con educación universitaria completaron el EEP-4. Se exploraron las características de los ítems y las subescalas. La dimensionalidad se evaluó mediante análisis de componentes principales y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), incorporando una examinación de invarianza (configural, métrica, escalar y estricta) según las características sociodemográficas. También se calculó la validez de constructo (convergente y discriminante), los índices de fiabilidad, los grupos conocidos y la validez predictiva. Resultados: El AFC mostró que el modelo de un factor (estrés psicológico) con efectos de método (términos de error correlacionados en los ítems con frases negativas) era el más apropiado según los índices de ajuste y las consideraciones de parsimonia, siendo invariante según el género y la edad, pero no según el nivel de ingresos y la situación laboral. La consistencia interna fue adecuada para el EEP-4. Se identificaron correlaciones positivas significativas del EEP-4 con la depresión y la ansiedad, así como correlaciones negativas significativas con el crecimiento postraumático y la resiliencia. El EEP-4 mostró una capacidad adecuada para predecir posibles síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, así como factores protectores como la resiliencia y el crecimiento postraumático. Se observaron puntuaciones más altas en la EEP-4 entre los jóvenes, así como entre las personas con ingresos más bajos y en situación de desempleo. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos sugieren que la EEP-4 podría ser una herramienta fiable y válida para evaluar el estrés psicológico en colombianos con educación universitaria.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre as práticas de amamentação e a percepção das mães sobre a qualidade do atendimento aos seus filhos menores de 1 ano em um centro de saúde de atenção primária no Peru. Materiais e métodos: Foi utilizado um método quantitativo, com um tipo de pesquisa analítica e desenho transversal em uma amostra de 202 mães de crianças menores de 1 ano na área de Controle de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento do Centro de Saúde Mazamari, por meio do instrumento SERVQUAL e um questionário sobre práticas de amamentação exclusiva. Resultados: As práticas de amamentação exclusiva apresentaram uma relação significativa, com magnitude fraca e direção positiva, com as dimensões de qualidade de atendimento: confiabilidade (ρ = 0,344; p = 0,001) e empatia (ρ = 0,349; p = 0,001); no entanto, não foi encontrada nenhuma correlação significativa entre capacidade de resposta (p = 0,057), segurança (p = 0,108) e aspectos tangíveis (p = 0,710). Conclusão: Níveis mais altos de confiança nos profissionais de saúde e empatia da equipe de saúde estão relacionados às práticas de amamentação exclusiva em mães de crianças menores de 1 ano que frequentaram o Centro de Saúde Mazamari.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la relación de las prácticas de lactancia materna y percepción de las madres sobre la calidad de atención a sus niños menores de 1 año en un centro de salud de atención primaria en Perú. Materiales y método: Se siguió un método cuantitativo, tipo de investigación analítico y diseño transversal en una muestra de 202 madres de niños menores a 1 año del área de Control de Crecimiento y Desarrollo del Centro de Salud Mazamari, mediante el instrumento SERVQUAL y un cuestionario sobre prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva. Resultados: Las prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva se relacionaron significativamente, con magnitud débil y dirección positiva con las dimensiones de calidad de atención: fiabilidad (ρ = 0.344; p = 0.001) y empatía (ρ = 0.349; p = 0.001); sin embargo, no se encontró correlación significativa entre capacidad de respuesta (p = 0.057), seguridad (p = 0.108) y aspectos tangibles (p = 0.710). Conclusión: Mayores niveles de confianza en los profesionales de salud y empatía del personal de salud se relacionan con las prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva en madres de niños menores a 1 año que acudieron al Centro de Salud Mazamari.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the relationship between breastfeeding practices and mothers’ perception of the quality of care for their children under 1 year of age in a primary health care center in Peru. Methods: A quantitative method, analytical type of research and cross-sectional design were used in a sample of 202 mothers of children under 1 year of age from the Growth and Development Control area of the Mazamari Health Center, using the SERVQUAL instrument and a questionnaire on exclusive breastfeeding practices. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding practices were significantly related, with weak magnitude and positive direction with the dimensions of quality of care: reliability (ρ = 0.344; p = 0.001) and empathy (ρ = 0.349; p = 0.001); however, no significant correlation was found between responsiveness (p = 0.057), safety (p = 0.108) and tangible aspects (p = 0.710). Conclusion: Higher levels of trust in health professionals and empathy of health personnel are related to exclusive breastfeeding practices in mothers of children under 1 year of age who attended the Mazamari Health Center.

SUMMARY: Morphological dimensions are reliable representations of the functioning, growth, and development of the skeletal- muscular system, defining a significant role in the sport of volleyball. In volleyball, it is imperative to identify the anthropometric constitution generated by endogenous and exogenous factors. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in morphological characteristics between junior and senior members of the BIH national team. The sample of respondents included 29 male volleyball players from the national team of BIH, divided into a subsample of seniors (n=13; Body Height = 194.77 ± 7.01 cm; Body weight = 92.92 ± 7.02 kg) and a subsample of juniors (n=16, Body Height = 197.06±4.65cm; Body weight = 83.19±5.15 kg). Thirteen (13) variables of anthropometric space were measured. Anthropometric measurements were conducted following the ISAK standard procedure guidelines. The standard metric instruments were applied: Stadiometer (SECA 213, Germany) - used for measuring body height; Body mass was measured by a digital scale (Tefal/0-160kg); Circumference measurements were measured with a foldable non-elastic tape measure and a Gullick Tape (Baseline Measurement Tape/300cm) and a Calliper measured skin folds. The T-test results revealed statistically significant differences (approximately 54%) between the senior and junior players in various anthropometric measurements, including weight (T=4.307, p<0.001), leg length (T= - 4.251, p<0.001), hand length (T=2.661, p<0.015), upper arm circumference (T= 4.514, p<0.001), forearm circumference (T=5.275, p<0.001), upper arm skinfold (T= 5.741, p<0.001), and abdominal skinfold (T= 3.098, p<0.009). The male volleyball national team of VIH's senior players displayed superior anthropometric attributes compared to their junior counterparts. Identifying discrepancies at an early stage can optimize both the training regimen and the process of selecting players at a young age.

RESUMEN: Las dimensiones morfológicas son representaciones confiables del funcionamiento, crecimiento y desarrollo del sistema músculo-esquelético, definiendo un papel importante en el deporte del voleibol. En el voleibol es imperativo identificar la constitución antropométrica generada por factores endógenos y exógenos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las diferencias en las características morfológicas entre los miembros junior y senior del equipo nacional de BIH. La muestra de encuestados incluyó 29 jugadores de sexo masculino de voleibol del equipo nacional de BIH, divididos en una submuestra de mayores (n=13; altura corporal = 194,77 ± 7,01 cm; peso corporal = 92,92 ± 7,02 kg) y una submuestra de juveniles (n =16, Altura corporal = 197,06±4,65 cm; Peso corporal = 83,19±5,15 kg). Se midieron trece (13) variables del espacio antropométrico. Las mediciones antropométricas se realizaron siguiendo las pautas de procedimiento estándar de ISAK. Se aplicaron los instrumentos métricos estándar: estadiómetro (SECA 213, Alemania), utilizado para medir la altura corporal; La masa corporal se midió con una báscula digital (Tefal/ 0-160 kg); Las mediciones de la circunferencia se midieron con una cinta métrica plegable no elástica y una cinta Gullick (cinta métrica de referencia/300 cm) y un calibrador midió los pliegues de la piel. Los resultados de la prueba T revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (aproximadamente 54 %) entre los jugadores senior y junior en varias medidas antropométricas, incluido el peso (T=4,307, p<0,001), la longitud de las piernas (T= -4,251, p<0,001), longitud de la mano (T=2,661, p<0,015), circunferencia del brazo (T= 4,514, p<0,001), circunferencia del antebrazo (T=5,275, p<0,001), pliegue cutáneo del brazo (T= 5,741, p<0,001), y pliegue cutáneo abdominal (T= 3,098, p<0,009). Los jugadores senior del equipo nacional masculino de voleibol de VIH mostraron atributos antropométricos superiores en comparación con sus homólogos juveniles. Identificar discrepancias en una etapa temprana puede optimizar tanto el régimen de entrenamiento como el proceso de selección de jugadores a una edad temprana.

SUMMARY: Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause several diseases, belonging to an umbrella of disorders known as Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is linked to reduced birth weights, shorter bones, delayed bone growth, decreased bone resilience, and delayed ossification of the bones. However, the specific effects on the craniofacial bones, particularly the mandible, remain less explored. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the impact of gestational alcohol consumption on mandibular structure. Time-mated pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were divided into an ethanol group (n=6) and a saline control group (n=6). The ethanol group was given 0.015ml/g of 25.2% ethanol, while the control group received 0.9% saline for the first 19 days of gestation. The presence of a vaginal plug indicated the first day of gestation. After birth, the pups were euthanized at three weeks of age, and their mandibles were harvested and analyzed using a 3D-mCT scanner to assess bone ratio, trabecular thickness, number, and spacing. Osteometric measurements for mandibular length and height were also taken. The study found no significant differences in trabecular morphometric parameters between the groups. However, one parameter for mandibular length (Cd-Bi) and two parameters for mandibular height (Cd-Ag and Cr-Ag) were significantly smaller in the ethanol group than in the controls. The study reveals that gestational alcohol consumption can significantly affect the development of the mandible, with potential implications for understanding the mechanisms behind alcohol-induced teratogenicity. The findings highlight the need for further research to explore the intricate interactions between embryological, biological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that contribute to the varied effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on different skeletal systems.

RESUMEN: Beber alcohol durante el embarazo puede causar varias enfermedades, pertenecientes a un conjunto de trastornos conocidos como trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal. La exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo está relacionada con un peso reducido al nacer, huesos más cortos, retraso en el crecimiento óseo, disminución de la resistencia ósea y retraso en la osificación de los huesos. Sin embargo, los efectos específicos sobre los huesos craneofaciales, particularmente la mandíbula, siguen siendo menos analizados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar este vacío examinando el impacto del consumo de alcohol gestacional en la estructura mandibular. Las madres preñadas Sprague Dawley apareadas en el tiempo, se dividieron en un grupo de etanol (n=6) y un grupo control de solución salina (n=6). El grupo de etanol recibió 0,015 ml/g de etanol al 25,2 %, mientras que el grupo control recibió solución salina al 0,9 % durante los primeros 19 días de gestación. La presencia de un tapón vaginal indicó el primer día de gestación. Después del nacimiento, las crías fueron sacrificadas a las tres semanas de edad, y sus mandíbulas fueron extraídas y analizadas utilizando un escáner 3D-mCT para evaluar la proporción ósea, el grosor trabecular, el número y el espaciado. También se tomaron medidas osteométricas de longitud y altura mandibular. El estudio no encontró diferencias significativas en los parámetros morfométricos trabeculares entre los grupos. Sin embargo, un parámetro para la longitud mandibular (Cd-Bi) y dos parámetros para la altura mandibular (Cd-Ag y Cr-Ag) fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de etanol que en los controles. El estudio revela que el consumo de alcohol gestacional puede afectar significativamente el desarrollo de la mandíbula, con implicaciones potenciales para comprender los mecanismos detrás de la teratogenicidad inducida por el alcohol. Los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para explorar las intrincadas interacciones entre factores embriológicos, biológicos, genéticos y epigenéticos que contribuyen a los diversos efectos de la exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo en diferentes sistemas esqueléticos.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. Method Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. Results There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. Conclusion Serial measurements of head circumference provide knowledge of the trajectory of growth, with early catch-up between discharge and 1 month, as well as its association with neurodevelopment. Head circumference is therefore a valuable clinical marker for neurodevelopment, especially in very preterm newborns. neurodevelopment cognitive years 9 3 150 g excluded termequivalent term equivalent 12 2 BayleyIII III (Bayley-III 8 mildmoderate mild moderate 7 Pearsons Pearson s 005 0 05 0.05 0.18 018 -0.1 catchup catch up an 081 81 0.8 score. . score) 15 00 0.0 0.1 01 -0. 08 0. -0 -

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular endothelial growth factor is known to induce endothelial cell migration and proliferation, increase vascular permeability, and modulate thrombogenicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the VEGF insertion/deletion (I/D) variant (rs35569394) and coronary artery disease susceptibility in the Turkish population. METHODS: A total of 206 subjects, including 106 coronary artery disease patients and 100 controls, were included in this study. The VEGF I/D variant was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: The frequency of the I/I, I/D, and D/D genotypes was 35.84 versus 37%, 33.97 versus 36%, and 30.19 versus 27% in patients and the control group, respectively. VEGF I/D genotype and allele distribution were not statistically significant between coronary artery disease patients and controls (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between VEGF I/D genotype distribution and patient characteristics including age, gender, disease duration, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, and smoking (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the VEGF I/D variant is not a predisposing factor to coronary artery disease disease in a Turkish sample. OBJECTIVE worldwide proliferation permeability thrombogenicity insertiondeletion insertion deletion ID I D (I/D rs35569394 rs (rs35569394 population METHODS 20 subjects 10 method RESULTS II I/I DD 3584 35 84 35.8 37 37% 3397 33 97 33.9 36 36% 3019 30 19 30.1 27 group respectively p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 0 05 (p>0.05) age gender duration highdensity high density cholesterol lowdensity low triglyceride hypertension mellitus CONCLUSION sample rs3556939 (rs3556939 2 1 358 3 8 35. 339 9 33. 301 30. p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 rs355693 (rs355693 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 rs35569 (rs35569 p>0 (p>0. rs3556 (rs3556 p> (p>0 rs355 (rs355 (p> rs35 (rs35 (p rs3 (rs3 (rs

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Vascular endothelial growth factor is a signaling protein created by cells performing important bodily functions. Vascular endothelial growth factor is abundant in the lung, and plasma levels are elevated in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. An association between soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, an inflammatory biomarker, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels and interstitial pulmonary and vascular involvement (e.g., development of pulmonary hypertension) has been shown in SSc patients. The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio, which has been recommended as a useful diagnostic tool in the last guideline, is one of the additional echocardiographic signs suggestive of pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to examine whether these biomarkers contribute to the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Patients with group E chronic obstructive lung disease were included in this prospective study. Demographic data, echocardiographic signs about the right ventricle (right atrium area, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure, fractional area change, and right ventricular outflow tract), and peripheral blood analysis were examined and recorded. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients, 12 of whom were female, were analyzed in the study. The mean age was 66.6±8.7 years. The mean vascular endothelial growth factor-A and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor were 91.05±70.7 and 955.8±571.1, and their Pearson correlation coefficients between vascular endothelial growth factor-A and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio were 0.341 (p=0.004) and −0.045 (p=0.70), respectively. The linear regression model included four variables with significant correlation (vascular endothelial growth factor-A, right atrium area, fractional area change, and right ventricular outflow tract). Three steps were performed, and adjusted r2 was 0.22, 0.22, 0.20, and p<0.001 for each step. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and right ventricular outflow tract remained in the last step. It was detected a standardized coefficient beta of 0.322 (p=0.004) and a 95%CI 0.000–0.001 for vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CONCLUSION: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A is correlated with the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio and not with soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. OBJECTIVE functions hypertension biomarker e.g., eg e g (e.g. excursionsystolic excursion guideline METHODS study data change tract, , tract) recorded RESULTS 7 1 female 66687 66 6 8 66.6±8. years factorA 9105707 91 05 91.05±70. 95585711 955 571 955.8±571.1 0341 0 341 0.34 p=0.004 p0004 p 004 (p=0.004 0045 045 −0.04 p=0.70, p070 p=0.70 (p=0.70) respectively factorA, A, tract. . performed r 022 22 0.22 020 20 0.20 p0001 001 p<0.00 step 0322 322 0.32 95CI CI 95 00000001 000 0.000–0.00 factorA. A. CONCLUSION e.g. (e.g 6668 66.6±8 910570 9 91.05±70 9558571 57 955.8±571. 034 34 0.3 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 04 −0.0 p07 p=0.7 (p=0.70 02 2 0.2 p<0.0 032 32 0000000 0.000–0.0 e.g 666 66.6± 91057 91.05±7 955857 5 955.8±571 03 3 0. p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 −0. p0 p=0. (p=0.7 p<0. 000000 0.000–0. 66.6 9105 91.05± 95585 955.8±57 (p=0. −0 p=0 p<0 00000 0.000–0 66. 910 91.05 9558 955.8±5 (p=0 − p= p< 0000 0.000– 91.0 955.8± (p= 0.000 91. 955.8 (p 0.00 955. 0.0

Abstract Introduction: Placenta succenturiata (PS) is a rare placenta abnormalities whose prevalence is 1.2%. It appears morphologically with a main lobe and one or several accessory lobes of various sizes joined together by blood vessels. The main risk factors correspond to advanced maternal age and in vitro fertilization. The diagnosis is made clinically after delivery. PS presents important obstetric risks such as postpartum hemorrhage and infection due to retained accessory lobe. Case presentation: It is presented the case of a 35-year-old woman, multiparous of 1, in single pregnancy with a diagnosis of fetal growth restriction and Rh (–) not sensitized. At 26 + 6 weeks a placental malformation is detected with a posterior placental body and accessory lobe on the anterior surface connected to arteriovenous vessels in the uterine fundus, findings compatible with PS. At 37 + 6 weeks the patient had a vaginal delivery; at delivery the diagnosis of PS was confirmed. Conclusion: PS is a rare and underdiagnosed placental malformation that presents significant obstetric risks. Antepartum ultrasound diagnosis of placenta abnormalities is essential to avoid unfavorable maternal and fetal outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: La placenta succenturiata (PS) es una malformación placentaria poco frecuente cuya prevalencia es del 1,2%. Se presenta morfológicamente con un lóbulo principal y uno o varios lóbulos accesorios de diverso tamaño unidos entre sí mediante vasos sanguíneos. Los principales factores de riesgo corresponden a la edad materna avanzada y la fertilización in vitro. El diagnóstico se realiza clínicamente posterior al alumbramiento. La PS presenta riesgos obstétricos importantes como la hemorragia posparto e infección por retención de lóbulo accesorio. Presentación de caso: Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 35 años, multípara de uno, cursando embarazo único con diagnóstico de restricción de crecimiento fetal y Rh (–) no sensibilizada. A las 26 + 6 semanas se detecta una malformación placentaria con un cuerpo placentario posterior y lóbulo accesorio por cara anterior conectado con vasos arteriovenosos en fondo uterino, hallazgos compatibles con PS. A las 37 + 6 semanas la paciente presenta un parto vaginal conducido, en el alumbramiento se corrobora el diagnóstico de PS. Conclusión: La PS es una malformación poco frecuente y subdiagnosticada que presenta riesgos obstétricos importantes. Es fundamental el diagnóstico ecográfico anteparto de las malformaciones placentarias para evitar resultados maternos y fetales desfavorables.

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

Resumen El propósito de toda organización es destacarse en la sociedad y aspirar por ende a la longevidad. El estudio tiene como objetivo describir la composición socioeconómica de las empresas activas consideradas como longevas con una edad igual o mayor a 25 años dentro de la Zona 4 de acuerdo el ordenamiento territorial del Ecuador para el año 2022. El análisis se desarrolló a través de un tipo de estudio descriptivo y transversal con un enfoque inductivo de base cuantitativa, realizado por medio de la indagación documental en bases de datos oficiales. De un total de 199 empresas analizadas, la investigación mostró que ninguna de ellas supera el siglo de edad y que la mayor parte de ellas son microempresas, lo cual evidencia en cierto estancamiento en el crecimiento de sus ingresos totales.

Abstract The purpose of every organization is to stand out in society and therefore aspire to longevity. The objective of the study is to describe the socioeconomic composition of active companies considered as long-lived with an age equal to or greater than 25 years within Zone 4 according to the territorial system of Ecuador in 2022. The analysis is developed through a descriptive and transversal study with an inductive quantitative basis approach carried out through the documentary inquiry in official databases. From a total of 199 companies analyzed, the investigation shows that none of them exceeds one hundred years and that most of them are microenterprises, which evidences some stagnation in the growth of their total income.

RESUMEN Introducción: El precursor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico está inmerso en el contexto de la membrana plaquetaria. El procedimiento actual para obtener suero implica un reto para una interpretación suficiente del significado biológico de sus valores. Objetivo: Describir el efecto de la modificación del procedimiento de obtención de muestra para la determinación del factor de crecimiento epidérmico, y las posibles implicaciones biológicas de sus resultados. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental in vitro, con muestras de sangre de sujetos con antecedentes de salud aparente, en edad adulta. Se determinaron los valores de factor de crecimiento epidérmico sérico con el kit de UMELISA-EGF según recomendaciones del fabricante; la variación experimental en la obtención de la muestra se realizó según recomendaciones de SAMERSAC para plasma rico en plaquetas, con ajustes. Resultados: En la casuística, la edad promedio fue de 45.89± 3.35 años, con rango de 27-62 años. Predominó el sexo femenino en una razón 1.8:1. La aplicación del procedimiento experimental evidenció diferencias significativas y notorias entre los valores de EGF (g=17.7; p=0.0001-23); no se evidenció correlación lineal entre los valores (r= 0.1305; p= 0.6843). El valor de “reserva”, fue en promedio de 1498.61±160.68 pg*mL-1, observándose diferencias de efecto grande, así como un comportamiento similar a un valor de transición. Los datos observados sugieren, a posteriori, un efecto de consumo en el curso de la lisis plaquetaria en condiciones estándar. Conclusiones: Los valores del factor de crecimiento epidérmico son superiores luego del aislamiento de las plaquetas; la existencia de una reserva intraplaquetaria de factor de crecimiento epidérmico es plausible.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidermal growth factor precursor is immersed in the context to Platelets membrane. The regular procedure to obtain serum implies a barrier to biological understanding of the theoretical meaning of its values. Objective: To describe the effect to modified procedure to measure sample epidermal growth factors and the possible biological implications for this. Method: An in vitro experimental study was carried put, with blood samples from individuals with apparent health history, in adulthood. Serum epidermal growth factor precursor values were determined with the UMELISA-EGF kit recommended by the manufacturer; the experimental variation in sample collection was carried out according to SAMERSAC recommendations for platelet-rich plasma, with adjustments. Results: The average age was 45.89± 3.35 years, in a range of 27 to 62 years. The female sex predominates in a 1.8:1 ratio. Application of the experimental procedure showed significant and notable differences between the epidermal growth factor values (g=17.7; p=0.0001-23); no linear correlation was evident between the values (r= 0.1305; p= 0.6843). The "reserve" value was on average 1498.61 ±160.68 pg*mL-1, observing large effect differences, as well as a similar behavior to a transition value. The observed data suggest, a posteriori, consumption effect on the course of platelet lysis under standard conditions. Conclusions: Epidermal growth factor values are higher after platelet isolation; the existence of an intraplatelet reserve of epidermal growth factor is plausible.