Resumen: El desempeño eficaz y oportuno de las funciones por parte de los agentes encargados del cumplimiento la ley bajo la ley marcial es un paso importante en el camino hacia el restablecimiento del orden público perturbado por el conflicto armado. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura del mecanismo de derecho administrativo que rige las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial. El objeto de investigación de múltiples aspectos determinó el uso de una amplia gama de métodos, como el análisis comparativo y el método de derecho comparado. En ese sentido, la aplicación de medidas por parte de la policía para realizar un examen técnico forense del lugar de los hechos tras el descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos y municiones sospechosas se considera eficaz para garantizar el orden público durante la ley marcial. Durante un conflicto armado, los agentes del orden llevan a cabo sus actividades de conformidad con las disposiciones del derecho administrativo que rigen las actividades de aplicación de la ley bajo la ley marcial. Una estructura coordinada de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley durante la ley marcial ayuda a establecer la ley y el orden, y a respetar los derechos humanos y libertades. Investigaciones futuras sobre las actividades de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley bajo la ley marcial pueden centrarse en desarrollar recomendaciones prácticas sobre la eficacia de las actividades policiales, y estos pueden ser el desminado del territorio y la inspección del lugar por parte de la policía en caso de descubrimiento de artefactos explosivos.

Abstract: Effective and timely performance of duties by law enforcement officers under martial law is an important step on the way to restoring law and order disturbed by the armed conflict. The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of the mechanism of administrative law governing the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law. The multiple- aspect research object determined the use of a wide range of methods, such as the comparative analysis and the method of comparative law. In this sense, implementing measures by the police to provide a technical forensic examination of the scene upon the discovery of suspicious explosive devices and ammunition is considered effective for ensuring law and order during martial law. During an armed conflict, the law enforcement officers carry out their activities in compliance with the provisions of administrative law governing law enforcement activities under martial law. A coordinated structure of law enforcement agencies during martial law helps to establish law and order and observe human rights and freedom. Further research on the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law may focus on developing practical recommendations regarding the effectiveness of police activities, and these may be demining the territory and inspecting the scene by the police in the event of the discovery of explosive devices.

Resumen Las prestaciones por invalidez son el tema más frecuente en el Poder Judicial de Brasil, y los altos costos de estas demandas amenazan el mantenimiento de estas prestaciones en el sistema público de pensiones, con la posibilidad de que el riesgo se transfiera a un seguro privado. Atender estas reclamaciones identificando las causas de presentación, además de reducir la litigiosidad, puede garantizarlas en el régimen general. El objetivo de este artículo es esbozar el panorama del asegurado, las causas de rechazos y enfermedades incapacitantes, los procesos relacionados con este tema, en particular el tiempo de tramitación, la importancia del dictamen pericial, la concordancia de la sentencia con el examen técnico y de este último con la decisión administrativa, el porcentaje de confirmación de la solicitud administrativa. Para eso, se utilizó un método científico-inductivo, por intermedio de una técnica de investigación observacional a través de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo sobre los procesos de la materia judicial de la prestación por enfermedad y jubilación por incapacidad entre 2015 y 2019 en ciudades que representan cinco regiones de los Tribunales Especiales Federales, elegidos entre tribunales del interior y de la capital, especializados o no. A partir de los resultados, se discutieron las situaciones que dieron origen a demandas de este orden, desde la perspectiva de las enfermedades y del proceso mismo, concluyendo que existen formas de contener la masificación de demandas por infortunios que afectan la capacidad de trabajo.

Resumo Benefícios por incapacidade representam o assunto mais frequente no Judiciário Federal, e os altos gastos desses processos ameaçam a manutenção dessas prestações na previdência pública, com possibilidade de o risco passar ao seguro privado. Debruçar-se sobre essas demandas mediante identificação das causas de ajuizamento, além de minorar a litigiosidade, pode assegurá-las no regime geral. O objetivo do presente artigo é traçar o panorama do segurado, das causas de indeferimentos e das doenças incapacitantes, dos processos atinentes a esse assunto, notadamente o tempo de tramitação, a importância da perícia, a concordância da sentença com o exame técnico e deste com a decisão administrativa, o percentual de confirmação do pedido administrativo. Para isso, foi utilizado método científico-indutivo, por meio de técnica de investigação observacional mediante estudo descritivo, transversal e retrospectivo sobre os processos do assunto judicial auxílio-doença e aposentadoria por invalidez entre 2015 e 2019 em cidades que representam cinco regiões dos Juizados Especiais Federais, escolhidas entre varas de interior e de capital, especializadas ou não. A partir dos resultados, foram discutidas as situações que ensejaram demandas dessa ordem, sob o prisma das doenças e do processo em si, concluindo que há meios de conter a massificação de demandas por infortúnios que afetam a capacidade laborativa.

Abstract Disability benefits are a more frequent issue in the Federal Courts and the high costs of these lawsuits threaten its maintenance in the Social Security, with the possibility of the risk being transferred to private insurance. Addressing these demands by identifying the causes of filing, in addition to mitigating litigation, can ensure them in the general regime. The objective of the paper is, thus, to outline the insured, the causes of administrative refusals and the disabling diseases, the processes related, notably, the processing time, the importance of the expertise, the agreement of the sentence with the expertise and from this with the administrative decision, the percentage of confirmation of the administrative request. To this end, an inductive scientific method was used, through an observational investigation technique through a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study on the processes of the judicial subject sickness benefit and disability retirement between 2015 and 2019 in cities that represent the 5 regions of the Federal Special Courts, chosen from among interior and capital courts, specialized or not. From the results, the situations that rose demands of this order were discussed, under the prism of diseases and the process itself, concluding that there are ways to contain the massification of demands for misfortunes that affect working capacity.

This article analyses the importance of the solvency capital requirement (hereafter SCR) and the minimum capital requirement (hereafter MCR) formulae and why an insurer's external auditor should audit these and disclose its contents in the insurer's financial statements. When calculating the SCR, the reason for requiring such a disclosure is to allow the Prudential Authority an opportunity to understand whether the assumptions, parameters and techniques (also referred to as economic considerations) applied by actuaries comply with section 36 of the Insurance Act 18 of 2017. Administrative costs and written premiums are considered when calculating the MCR, although written premiums could be subjected to different interpretations, which might affect this formula. Accordingly, had Constantia Insurance Company Limited's auditor audited these formulae in 2018 and disclosed their contents in the financial statements, the Prudential Authority would have commenced liquidation procedures in 2019, not choosing instead to wait and monitor the company's solvency requirements on a weekly basis for four years. As a result, owing to the lack of transparency in the financial statements and non-compliance with the SCR and MCR, Constantia spent nearly R733 000 000 over the three-year period to fund its business activities.

Abstract The object of this legal-scientific article is focused on the exposure, updating and analysis of existing problems in the illicit/crime of money laundering/laundering. This fourth approach - in fifth notes - of the sanctioning regime of the legislation that prevents the laundering of advantages, such as money - laundering of advantages such as v.g. capitals -, in Portugal and in the EU, does not escape the previous ones: it is not possible to forget the duty of formation. Still so despised in Portugal-EU, as well as in several countries around the world. It is necessary to continue to add to the prevention of laundering of advantages, such as capital, the criminal offenses and the administrative offenses contained in the Laundering Law. And this is, once again, due to a problem in continental European legislation: its size is increasing more and more as if it were possible to legislate everything. We had already mentioned this in our last publications and we have strengthened it again. It is urgent here, by the way, to make a note to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers nº 69/2022, of 9/8.10 Now implementing the objectives and methodology. As mentioned before, the objectives continue to be renewedly focused on preserving confidence in the “lawful, i.e. fair, origin of certain facts”. This is approached always considering the perspective of a democratic society, as stipulated in the ECHR-European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These are essential assumptions that define a Rule of Law, characterized by being democratic, social, free and true. In this environment, without neglecting the protection of “public peace” and the “realization of justice”, the principle of legality that is enshrined in the Constitution, as well as in the Portuguese criminal code, is also taken into account. This principle is reflected in the corresponding section covering the current criminalization in Portugal of the crime of “laundering”. It is worth mentioning that this legislation was modified again a few months ago. Criminalization, therefore, as we have also published in the past, protects a legal asset with several faces. Insistently, the methodology to be followed goes towards a certain maximum dogmatic and doctrinal comparative investigation, based on previous research, investigations and publications (some previous absences are added), legal (also new in the EU and Portugal), but equally, although brevitatis causa, jurisprudence, which we can analyze on the matter, such as, for example, in countries like Portugal and throughout the EU, which is made up of 27 countries.

Resumo O objecto deste artigo jurídico-científico está concentrado na exposição, actualização e análise problemática existente no ilícito/crime de branqueamento/lavagem. Esta quarta abordagem - numas quintas notas - do regime sancionatório da legislação que previne a lavagem de vantagens, como por exemplo, dinheiro - branqueamento de vantagens como v.g. capitais -, em Portugal e na UE, não foge às anteriores: não é possível esquecer o dever de formação. Ainda tão desprezado em Portugal-UE, bem como em diversos países do mundo. É preciso continuar a somar à prevenção do branqueamento de vantagens, como capitais, os ilícitos criminais e os ilícitos contraordenacionais que constam da Lei do Branqueamento. E isto é, mais uma vez, devido a um problema na legislação continental europeia: o seu tamanho está a aumentar cada vez mais como se fosse possível tudo legislar. Já tínhamos referido isso nas nossas últimas publicações e voltamos a fortalecer. Urge aqui, aliás, fazer uma nota à Resolução do Conselho de Ministros nº 69/2022, de 9/85. Concretizando agora os objectivos e a metodologia. Conforme mencionado antes, os objetivos continuam a ser focalizados de forma renovada na preservação da confiança na «origem lícita, i.e. justa, de certos factos». Isso é abordado considerando sempre a perspetiva de uma sociedade democrática, conforme estipulado na CEDH-Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Estes são pressupostos essenciais que definem um Estado de Direito, caracterizado por ser democrático, social, livre e verdadeiro. Neste ambiente, sem negligenciar a protecção da «paz pública» e da «realização da justiça», também se leva em consideração o princípio da legalidade que está consagrado na Constituição, bem como no código penal português. Esse princípio está reflectido na secção correspondente que abrange a actual criminalização em Portugal do crime de «branqueamento». Vale ressaltar que essa legislação foi de novo modificada há poucos meses6. Criminalização, por conseguinte, como igualmente já publicámos no passado, que tutela um bem jurídico com várias faces. De forma insistente, a metodologia a ser seguida vai em direcção duma certa investigação comparativa máxime dogmática e doutrinal, com base em pesquisas, investigações e publicações anteriores (acrescenta-se algumas ausências anteriores)7, legal (com novidade também na UE e Portugal)8, mas igualmente, ainda que brevitatis causa, jurisprudencial9, que podemos analisar sobre a matéria, como v.g., em países como Portugal e em toda a UE, a qual é constituída por 27 países.

Abstract This study analyzes the limits of judicial control over political acts. In a limited way, it examines, based on the political questions doctrine, the judicial decisions of the Federal Supreme Court that suspended appointments of Minister of State, in the period between 1988 and 2020. Thus, it seeks to answer the following problem: from the perspective of the political questions doctrine, at what point are the limits of the Supreme Court's judicial decisions that suspend Minister of State appointments? This research is divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the main jurisprudential and doctrinal understandings about the doctrine of political questions in both the American and Brazilian legal systems. In the second part, the appointment of Minister of State in the Brazilian constitutional order of 1988 is addressed, with emphasis on the dogmatics of Brazilian Administrative Law and the jurisprudence of the STF. The hypothesis raised, which was confirmed as a conclusion, is that appointments of Ministers of State, being of a strictly political nature, are judicially unreviewable acts, except with regard to the formal requirements provided for in the legal system. The dialectical method is used plus bibliographical and jurisprudential research carried out with support in the Brazilian legal system and in foreign legal systems, in an interdisciplinary dialogue.

Resumo O presente estudo analisa os limites do controle judicial sobre os atos políticos. De modo delimitado, examina, com fundamento na political questions doctrine, as decisões judiciais do Supremo Tribunal Federal que suspenderam nomeações de Ministro de Estado, no período compreendido entre 1988 e 2020. Assim, busca-se responder ao seguinte problema: sob a perspectiva da doutrina das questões políticas, em que ponto se situam os limites às decisões judiciais do Supremo Tribunal Federal que suspendem nomeações de Ministro de Estado? Esta pesquisa é dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, sintetizam-se as principais compreensões jurisprudenciais e doutrinárias sobre a doutrina das questões políticas tanto no ordenamento jurídico norte-americano quanto no brasileiro. Na segunda, aborda-se a nomeação de Ministro de Estado na ordem constitucional brasileira de 1988, com ênfase para a dogmática do Direito Administrativo brasileiro e para a jurisprudência do STF. A hipótese levantada, que foi confirmada como conclusão, é de que a nomeação de Ministro de Estado, sendo de natureza estritamente política, configura ato judicialmente insindicável, salvo quanto aos requisitos formais previstos no ordenamento jurídico. Utiliza-se o método dialético acrescido de pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial realizadas com suporte no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e em ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, em um diálogo interdisciplinar.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the procedure of the State in order to promoting the financing of research, development and innovation and intensive economic production (RD&I) through incentivized debentures established by Law no 12.431/2011, in view of the sector's development problems. The hypothesis of its effectiveness is considered, since this was the estimated objective when they were created. The methodology used is based on a descriptive and inductive perspective, incorporating a functionalist analysis of the instrument to evaluate its effectiveness in relation to public policies for innovation in Brazil, using descriptive bibliographic research and data collection. It is concluded that the incentivized debentures created by Law no 12.431/2011, despite having an adequate legal format for the development of RD&I in developing countries, lacked articulation with a public policy aimed at the sector that would support them, showing little effectiveness in the period analyzed.

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva analisar a atuação fomentadora do Estado para o financiamento da produção econômica intensiva em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação (PD&I) por meio das debêntures incentivadas instituídas pela Lei no 12.431/2011, ante os problemas de desenvolvimento do setor. Considera-se a hipótese de sua efetividade, uma vez que foi este o objetivo estimado quando de sua criação. A metodologia utilizada parte de uma perspectiva descritiva e indutiva, incorporando uma análise funcionalista do instrumento para avaliar sua efetividade frente às políticas públicas para inovação no Brasil, com a utilização da pesquisa descritiva bibliográfica e do levantamento de dados. Chega-se à conclusão de que as debêntures incentivadas criadas pela Lei no 12.431/2011, apesar de possuírem um formato jurídico adequado para o desenvolvimento de PD&I em países em desenvolvimento, careceram de articulação com uma política pública adequada que lhes dessem suporte, mostrando-se pouco efetivas no período analisado.

Resumen: En el curso de los procesos de construcción del estado moderno, la integración europea de Ucrania, así como los eventos negativos que se desarrollan como resultado de la agresión armada de Rusia, el derecho de propiedad como uno de los derechos constitucionales fundamentales está experimentando restricciones y transformaciones. El propósito de la investigación científica es resaltar el contenido de la garantía de la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad, y cómo están incorporados en las Leyes Fundamentales de Ucrania, Polonia y Alemania. Los siguientes métodos generales y específicamente jurídicos del conocimiento científico constituyen la base metodológica del estudio: el método estructural-sistémico, el método de comparación y el método lógico-jurídico. El análisis de las garantías constitucionales con respecto a la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad en el ejemplo de Ucrania, Polonia y Alemania se llevó a cabo en el artículo. De acuerdo con los resultados de la investigación realizada, se propone la siguiente separación de las garantías relativas a la inviolabilidad de los derechos de propiedad previstas en las constituciones: garantías de consolidación legislativa de derechos y procedimientos; principios y garantías inmediatas de efectivización de los derechos de propiedad; garantías de apoyo administrativo; garantías de protección y defensa de los derechos de propiedad. Importancia de los resultados y las perspectivas de futuras investigaciones. La clasificación propuesta permite definir con mayor amplitud las garantías constitucionales de los derechos de propiedad, lo que también posibilita brindar la protección jurídica a una gama más amplia de relaciones públicas en torno a la propiedad.

Abstract: In the course of the modern state building processes, European integration of Ukraine, as well as negative events unfolding as a result of Russia's armed aggression, the property right as one of the fundamental constitutional rights is experiencing restrictions and transformations. The purpose of the scientific research is to highlight the content of the guarantee (principle) of the inviolability of property rights, and how they are embedded in the Fundamental Laws of Ukraine, Poland and Germany. The following general and specifically legal methods of scientific knowledge form the methodological basis of the study: the system-structural method, the method of comparison and logical-legal method. The analysis of constitutional guarantees regarding the inviolability of property rights on the example of Ukraine, Poland and Germany was conducted in the article. According to the results of the conducted research, it is proposed the following separation of the guarantees regarding the inviolability of property rights stipulated by the constitutions guarantees of legislative consolidation of rights and procedures; immediate principles and guarantees of effectuation of the property rights; guarantees of administrative support; guarantees of protection and defense of the property rights. Significance of results and the prospects for further research. The proposed classification makes it possible to more widely define the constitutional guarantees of the property rights, which also makes it possible to provide the legal protection to a wider range of public relations regarding the property.

Abstract This article analyzes the application of a regularization mechanism for immigrants, typical of Spanish law and directly linked to integration measures, as a possible legal solution for thousands of asylum seekers whose applications have been rejected or remain unresolved in any of the European Union Member States. The revision of the regulations and directives of the Common European Asylum System reform focuses on the extension of integration measures to these people. The article provides a new approach to the figure of social ties in the field of applicants for international protection, concluding that if such a mechanism were incorporated into the planned reforms, this would give them the possibility to renounce their immigration status and opt for an administrative residence and work authorization, causing a huge impact on the entire system.

Resumen El artículo analiza la aplicación de un mecanismo de regularización de inmigrantes, propio de la ley española y directamente vinculado con las medidas de integración como posible solución legal para los miles de solicitantes de protección internacional cuya petición ha sido desestimada o continúa sin resolverse en alguno de los Estados miembros de la U. E. La revisión de los reglamentos y las directivas de la reforma del Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo se centra en la extensión de las medidas de integración a estas personas. El artículo proporciona un nuevo enfoque a la figura del arraigo social en el ámbito de los solicitantes de protección internacional, concluyendo que si dicho mecanismo se incorporará en las reformas previstas, ello brindaría a este colectivo la posibilidad de renunciar a su estatus migratorio y optar por una autorización administrativa de residencia y trabajo, causando un enorme impacto en todo el sistema.

Resumen Es un lugar común señalar que los órganos jurisdiccionales límite son la última barrera de defensa de los derechos fundamentales, el estado de derecho, la división de poderes, y por lo mismo, de la democracia constitucional. No obstante, existen sentencias de última instancia que constituyen ejemplos muy ilustrativos de las prácticas argumentativas que se utilizan para disimular decisiones que pueden estar sistemáticamente politizadas, y por tanto, ser perjudiciales para los derechos electorales fundamentales, para la certeza y legalidad de los actos y resoluciones electorales, así como para la celebración de elecciones libres, auténticas y periódicas. La práctica de utilizar la legitimidad democrática de la función judicial para socavar intencionalmente el núcleo de la democracia está poco teorizada. No obstante, es muy posible que hacia el futuro estas formas de ataque se añadan al conjunto de herramientas autoritarias ejercidas por parte de grupos de talante antidemocrático. Esto es, la circunstancia de que sean los tribunales y no los actores políticos los que adopten una medida antidemocrática con la ventaja de la dificultad para su identificación, dada la tradición asignada al poder judicial en el estadio) constitucional democrático de derecho, hace indispensable revisar el uso de la ponderación propia de la representación argumentativa. Esto, para evitar que mediante la interpretación constitucional se erosione la democracia y se tolere la ausencia del consenso social mínimo sobre los argumentos que se propone sostener con relativa estabilidad temporal. Más todavía, cuando se trata de quienes integran la jurisdicción constitucional especializada en materia de elecciones y democracia. En México, el máximo órgano jurisdiccional electoral es el TEPJF. Dicho órgano ha emitido decisiones controversiales y trascendentes para la democracia electoral que permiten un análisis jurídico crítico, el cual sirva de insumo a la actividad legislativa, sobre todo en temas de participación ciudadana como la revocación de mandato y la imposición de sanciones por su difusión por parte de servidores públicos, así como en los casos de violencia política en razón de género (VPG) y la privación del modo honesto de vivir (MHV) como sanción. Asimismo, resulta notorio el tema de las sentencias sobre la modificación o abandono defectuoso de la jurisprudencia en tópicos como la asunción de competencia sobre actos parlamentarios en la integración de los órganos administrativos o de gobierno del Congreso de la Unión, y los mensajes de los legisladores sobre los cuales se ha determinado que no están protegidos por el principio de inviolabilidad parlamentaria.

Abstract It is commonplace to state that the borderline courts are the last obstacle in the defense of fundamental rights, the rule of law, the division of powers, and hence, of constitutional democracy. Nevertheless, there are judgments of last resort which are very illustrative examples of argumentative practices used to conceal decisions that may be systematically politicized, and therefore can be detrimental to fundamental electoral rights, to the certainty and legality of electoral acts and resolutions, as well as to the holding of free, authentic, and periodical elections. The practice of using the democratic legitimacy of the judicial function to intentionally undermine the core of democracy is barely theorized. However, it is highly possible that in the future these types of attack will be part of the authoritarian tools used by groups of an anti-democratic nature. That is to say, the circumstance that the courts and not the political actors are the ones that implement undemocratic measures with the advantage of the difficulty for its identification, given the traditional role assigned to the judiciary in the democratic constitutional state of law, makes it essential to review the use of the weighting of the argumentative representation. This, in order to prevent democracy from being damaged by constitutional interpretation and to avoid the tolerance for the absence of a minimum social consensus on the arguments that it intends to sustain with relative temporary stability. Even more so, when it comes to those who make up the constitutional jurisdiction specialized in elections and democracy. In Mexico, the Superior Court of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (TEPJF) is the highest electoral court. This body has issued controversial and transcendent decisions for electoral democracy which can be subject to critical legal analysis as an input for legislative activity. This is particularly related to issues concerning citizen participation such as the revocation of mandate and the imposition of sanctions due to its diffusion by public servants, as well as cases of gender-based political violence (VPG, by its acronym in Spanish) and the deprivation of an honest way of living (MHV, by its acronym in Spanish) as a sanction. Another topic worth considering is the rulings on the modification or defective abandonment of the jurisprudence in matters such as the assumption of competence over parliamentary acts in the integration of the administrative or government bodies by the Congress of the Union, and the messages of the legislators, which are not protected by the principle of parliamentary immunity, as has been established.

Abstract In Colombia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, an administrative authority belonging to the executive branch, decides who is granted the right to receive asylum because they are at risk of persecution, torture, or serious human rights violations. In the last decade, matters related to asylum have become an important issue in judicial decision-making. However, the fundamental right to asylum and the judicial role in its protection has been little studied in Colombia. Therefore, this text seeks to identify the developments and gaps in the protection of the right to asylum in the decisions of constitutional judges in Colombia. To this end, this text presents the results of the analysis of case law in Colombia. Finally, the text gives recommendations for the judicial protection of this constitutional right.

Resumen En Colombia, la decisión sobre a quién se le reconoce el derecho de asilo porque corre riesgo de ser perseguido, torturado o sufrir graves vulneraciones a sus derechos humanos si regresa a su país de origen la toma el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, una autoridad administrativa perteneciente a la rama ejecutiva. Aunque el contexto migratorio colombiano de la última década convierte al asilo en un área importante en la toma de decisiones judiciales, este derecho fundamental y el rol judicial para su protección se ha estudiado poco en Colombia. Ante este panorama, este texto busca identificar los avances y vacíos de protección del derecho de asilo en la jurisprudencia de jueces constitucionales de Colombia, para lo cual desarrolla un análisis jurisprudencial, y presenta recomendaciones para su protección judicial.

Abstract The present paper approaches the relationship between the State and the environment, aiming to evaluate the inquiries opened by the Public Ministry of the State of São Paulo (MPSP) and by the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) of Jales, of the 24th and 37th Federal Judiciary Subsection, the coercion and the sanction of environmental crimes of acts and/or omissions of municipal public agents (mayors) in the face of the administrative improbity law, arising from environmental damage. The study was carried out by collecting data from the MPSP and MPF from 48 municipalities in the northwest region of São Paulo, in procedures opened from January 2008 to August 2021 whose defendants were mayors and municipalities. After data collection, there was a tabulation and correlation with the bibliography, the legislation and the found jurisprudence. It has been identified that 120 proceedings were initiated, and the majority of these investigations lead to public civil actions by the MPSP, with most of them being civil inquiries, while the remaining ones were police inquiries. Additionally, the MPF in Jales opened a total of 606 proceedings, and the majority of them evolved into public civil actions. It is concluded that the MPSP of the districts and MPF of Jales have been fulfilling the constitutional duty in environmental protection; however, it was identified that the mayors end up not suffering sanctions from the Administrative Impropriety Law for environmental crimes. It was observed that the main objective of the MPSP and the MPF is the restoration of the damage and not the coercion of the agent who carries out or omits actions that lead to environmental damage.

Resumen Este trabajo plantea la relación entre el Estado y el medio ambiente, con el objetivo de evaluar las investigaciones abiertas por el Ministerio Público del Estado de São Paulo (MPSP) y el Ministerio Público Federal (MPF) de Jales, de la 24ª y 37ª Subsección Judicial Federal, la coerción y sanción de los delitos ambientales de los actos y/u omisiones de los agentes públicos municipales (alcaldes) a la luz de la Ley de Improbidad Administrativa resultante de los daños ambientales. El estudio se condujo por medio de la recolección de datos del MPSP y del MPF de 48 municipios de la región Noroeste del Estado de São Paulo, en los procedimientos abiertos en el período de enero de 2008 a agosto de 2021 cuyos demandados eran alcaldes y municipios. Una vez recopilados los datos, se procedió a su tabulación y correlación con la bibliografía, la legislación y la jurisprudencia encontradas. Se ha identificado que se iniciaron 120 procedimientos, y la mayoría de estas investigaciones conducen a acciones civiles públicas por parte del MPSP, siendo la mayoría de ellos investigaciones civiles, mientras que los restantes fueron investigaciones policiales. Además, el MPF en Jales abrió un total de 606 procedimientos, y la mayoría de ellos evolucionaron hacia acciones civiles públicas. Se concluye que el MPSP de las comarcas y el MPF de Jales han cumplido con el deber constitucional de protección ambiental, sin embargo, se comprobó que los alcaldes terminan por no sufrir sanciones según la Ley de Improbidad Administrativa por delitos ambientales. Se obervó que el principal objetivo del MPSP y del MPF es la reparación del daño y la cesación de la actividad que lo genera, y no la coerción del agente que realiza u omite acciones generadoras del daño ambiental.

Resumo O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre o Estado e o meio ambiente, objetivando avaliar os inquéritos abertos pelo Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo (MPSP) e pelo Ministério Público Federal (MPF) de Jales, da 24ª e 37ª Subseção Judiciária Federal, a coerção e a sanção dos crimes ambientais de atos e/ou omissões dos agentes públicos municipais (prefeitos) perante a Lei de Improbidade Administrativa, decorrente do dano ambiental. O estudo foi realizado por meio de coleta de dados com o MPSP e o MPF de 48 municípios da região noroeste paulista, em procedimentos abertos no período de janeiro de 2008 a agosto de 2021, cujos réus fossem prefeitos e municípios. Após a coleta de dados, houve a tabulação e a correlação com a bibliografia, a legislação e a jurisprudência encontrada. Identificou-se que foram abertos 120 procedimentos, e a maioria desses inquéritos evoluiu para ações civis públicas pelo MPSP, sendo que grande parte deles eram inquéritos civis, enquanto os restantes eram inquéritos policiais. Além disso, o MPF de Jales abriu um total de 606 procedimentos, e a maioria deles evoluiu para ações civis públicas. Conclui-se que o MPSP das comarcas e o MPF de Jales vêm cumprindo o dever constitucional na proteção ambiental; entretanto, identificou-se que os prefeitos acabam não sofrendo sanções da Lei de Improbidade Administrativa por crimes ambientais. Observou-se que o principal objetivo do Ministério Público Estadual e do Federal é a reparação do dano e a cessação da atividade que o gera, e não a coerção do agente que pratica ou omite ações geradoras do dano ambiental.

Abstract Foreign trade in conventional arms and dual-use material is an activity regulated and controlled by the State, which is essential to prevent undesired diversions and avoid misuse by the recipient of the arms. For this reason, in view of the potential danger involved in the export of arms, States adopt the system of prior licensing to authorize their export. This paper explores the general problems of arms exports, highlighting the implications of this activity for peace, security and the prevention of serious human rights violations, and then examines the normative limits that supranational legislation has imposed on States, specifically the Arms Trade Treaty of 2 April 2013 and the European Union Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment. It will also analyze the arms export regime in Spain, the problem of the secrecy of the export file and the implications that this regulation may have for Spanish criminal law, especially for the crime of smuggling or administrative malfeasance of officials. Additionally, the paper raises the need to assess, de lege ferenda, the inclusion of new criminal offenses in the field of ex post control and monitoring once the weapons have arrived at their destination. The avoidance of undesired diversion to criminal groups and the verification of the final use of the weapons are essential duties of the States and the companies of the sector, taking into account the potentially harmful effects of armament on social coexistence and human rights.

Resumen El comercio exterior de armas convencionales y material de doble uso es una actividad regulada y controlada por el Estado, imprescindible para prevenir desvíos indeseados y evitar un uso indebido por parte del destinatario de las armas. Por esta razón, atendiendo a la peligrosidad potencial que comporta la exportación de armamento, los Estados adoptan el sistema de licencia previa para autorizar su exportación. En el presente trabajo se explora la problemática general de la exportación de armas, subrayando las implicaciones que esta actividad comporta para la paz, la seguridad y la prevención de violaciones graves de los derechos humanos, para seguidamente examinar los límites normativos que la legislación supranacional ha impuesto a los Estados, muy en concreto el Tratado de Comercio de Armas, de 2 de abril de 2013, y la Posición Común de la Unión Europea 2008/944/PESC del Consejo, de 8 de diciembre de 2008, por la que se definen las normas comunes que rigen el control de las exportaciones de tecnología y equipos militares. Asimismo, se analizará el régimen de exportación de armas en España, el problema del secreto del expediente de exportación y las implicaciones que esta regulación puede tener para el Derecho Penal español, especialmente para el delito de contrabando o la prevaricación administrativa de funcionarios. Adicionalmente, el trabajo plantea la necesidad de valorar, de lege ferenda, la inclusión de nuevos tipos penales en el ámbito del control y seguimiento ex post una vez las armas han llegado al lugar de destino. La evitación del desvío indeseado hacia grupos criminales y la comprobación del uso final de las armas son deberes irrenunciables de los Estados y de las empresas del sector, teniendo en cuenta el potencial lesivo del armamento en la convivencia social y en los derechos humanos.

Abstract: On March 15, 2022 was published the long-awaited Law N° 21.430 on guarantees and comprehensive protection of the rights of children and adolescents, a regulation that is called to be the framework law on children’s rights in Chile. This work offers an overview of this new law, its structure and general characteristics, the rights and principles contained in it, the regulation of administrative protection and reforms to other laws. Then, an analysis of five relevant and problematic aspects in this regulation is proposed: the profusion of principles, the redundancy of numerous catalog rights, the inconsistency of various provisions, the confusing design of the administrative protection procedure and the repetition of the problems of design of the Rights Protection Offices in the Local Children’s Offices.

Resumen: El 15 de marzo de 2022 se publicó la esperada ley N° 21.430, de garantías y protección integral de los derechos de la niñez y adolescencia, normativa que está llamada a ser la ley marco en derechos de la niñez en Chile. Este trabajo ofrece un panorama general de esta nueva ley, su estructura y características generales, los derechos y principios contenidos en ella, la regulación de la protección administrativa y las reformas a otras leyes. Luego, se plantea un análisis de cinco aspectos relevantes y problemáticos en esta normativa: la profusión de principios, la redundancia de numerosos derechos del catálogo, la inconsistencia de diversas disposiciones, el diseño confuso del procedimiento de protección administrativa y la repetición de los problemas de diseño de las Oficinas de Protección de Derechos (OPD) en las Oficinas Locales de Niñez.

RESUMEN. El ordenamiento jurídico chileno ha impuesto a los aseguradores y corredores de seguros especiales deberes de conducta durante el proceso de formación del contrato, que en su conjunto dan lugar a un deber de información en sentido omnicomprensivo, cuyo incumplimiento puede provocar diversos efectos, que van desde la modificación o adaptación del contrato hasta la nulidad, la indemnización de perjuicios y las sanciones administrativas. Nuestro objetivo general busca precisar los límites de los referidos efectos derivados del incumplimiento del deber de información.

ABSTRACT. The Chilean legal system has imposed on insurers and insurance brokers special duties of conduct during the process of contract formation, which together give rise to a duty of information in an all-encompassing sense, the breach of which may cause various effects, ranging from modification or adaptation of the contract, nullity, compensation for damages and administrative sanctions. Our general objective is to specify the limits of the effects of the non-fulfilment of the duty of information.

Resumen El presente ensayo analiza las particularidades y diferencias del silencio administrativo positivo entre la notificación de concentración económica informativa y obligatoria conforme a la Ley Orgánica de Regulación y Control del Poder de Mercado. Las principales diferencias entre ambas radican en los umbrales, el plazo de presentación y la posibilidad de ejecutar la operación de concentración económica. La notificación de concentración económica, al ser una manifestación del derecho constitucional de petición, debe ser resuelta por el órgano resolutivo de la SCPM dentro del término legal correspondiente. Caso contrario, se ejecuta ipso iure por el silencio administrativo positivo.

Abstract This essay analyzes and discusses the particularities and differences of positive administrative silence between informative filing and mandatory filing according to the Ecuadorian Competition Act. The main variance between the informative and mandatory filing lies in the thresholds, the submission period, and the possibility of its execution. The filing is a manifestation of the constitutional right of petition and shall be resolved by the resolution body of the Ecuadorian Competition Authority (SCPM) in the term specified in the law. Otherwise, it is executed ipso iure for the positive administrative silence.