Abstract: The functions that guarantee or control courts must fulfill in adversarial accusatory models are crucial for the proper protection of the rights and guarantees of all participants, especially the defendant and the accused. These functions are critical to the debates regarding the appropriateness of personal precautionary measures and require the judge to strictly observe the principles governing such measures and to justify how these principles are applied in each case. Supervisory courts must define and clearly state the standards required for each type of personal precautionary measure requested by the litigants and must reproduce in their rulings the criteria employed and the reasoning used to either confirm or dismiss the requirements of the personal precautionary measures, such as their material prerequisites and the necessity for caution

Resumen: Las funciones que los tribunales de garantía o de control deben cumplir en los modelos acusatorios de corte adversarial son fundamentales para la debida protección de los derechos y las garantías de todos los intervinientes, en especial del imputado y el acusado. Estas funciones resultan críticas para los debates en torno a la procedencia de las medidas cautelares personales y suponen por parte del juez la estricta observancia de los principios que regulan tales medidas y la fundamentación acerca del modo en que estos principios son aplicados en cada caso. Los tribunales de garantía deben definir y explicitar los estándares exigibles para cada tipo de medida cautelar personal solicitada por los litigantes, y reproducir en sus resoluciones los criterios empleados y los fundamentos utilizados para dar por acreditados o desestimados los requisitos de las medidas cautelares personales, como son los presupuestos materiales de estas y la necesidad de cautela

Resumo: As funções que os tribunais de garantias ou de controle devem cumprir nos modelos acusatórios de corte adversarial são fundamentais para a devida proteção dos direitos e garantias dos intervenientes, especialmente do imputado e do acusado. Essas funções são críticas para os debates sobre a procedência das medidas cautelares pessoais e implicam, por parte do juiz, a estrita observância dos princípios que regulam tais medidas e a fundamentação sobre a maneira como esses princípios são aplicados em cada caso. Os tribunais de garantia devem definir e explicitar os padrões exigíveis para cada tipo de medida cautelar pessoal solicitada pelos litigantes, e reproduzir em suas resoluções os critérios empregados e os fundamentos utilizados para considerar comprovados ou rejeitados os requisitos das medidas cautelares pessoais, como são os pressupostos materiais dessas medidas e a necessidade de cautela

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the criticisms leveled by El Defensor de la Religión (a newspaper published in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) against certain actors from 1827 to 1833. It accused them of being “enemies of God,” since they questioned the ecclesiastical discipline of the time, which, within the framework of a confessional state, was regarded as beyond question by the priesthood. It also explains why the Guadalajara diocesan clergy used the press to refute their enemies rather than the system of religious censorship in force from 1821 to 1855. Through an examination of El Defensor de la Religión, the author shows that the Guadalajara clergy were reluctant to join a liberal political system with regalian pretensions, with deep roots in Bourbon Spain, even though this system guaranteed the Church a central role as the spiritual guide of Mexican society. Ecclesiastical autonomy from civil power was central to the Catholic republic project defended by the Guadalajara clerics. This study is relevant because it argues that, despite the abolition of the Inquisition in 1820, ecclesiastical censorship continued to function in independent life. In addition, it underwent substantial changes about the colonial period, such as using the press as a complement to the differentiated system for freedom of the press.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las impugnaciones que, entre 1827 y 1833, realizó El Defensor de la Religión (periódico de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México) contra ciertos actores a los que acusó de “enemigos de Dios”, toda vez que cuestionaron la disciplina eclesiástica de la época, la cual, en el marco de un Estado confesional, fue considerada como incuestionable por el sacerdocio. Asimismo, se esclarece por qué el clero diocesano tapatío utilizó la prensa para rebatir a sus enemigos, en lugar de valerse del régimen de censura religiosa vigente entre 1821 y 1855. A través del examen de El Defensor de la Religión se demuestra que el clero de Guadalajara fue reacio a incorporarse a un sistema político liberal con pretensiones regalistas, con profundas raíces en la España borbónica, aunque dicho sistema garantizara a la Iglesia un lugar central como guía espiritual de la sociedad mexicana. La autonomía eclesiástica frente al poder civil resultó central en el proyecto de república católica defendido por los clérigos tapatíos. Este estudio resulta relevante porque logra argumentar que, a pesar de la desaparición de la Inquisición en 1820, la censura eclesiástica continuó funcionando en la vida independiente, además de que experimentó cambios sustanciales en relación con el periodo colonial, entre ellos, el uso de la prensa como complemento del sistema diferenciado en materia de libertad de imprenta.

ABSTRACT The article reflects on police investigations that led to 14 criminal prosecutions for induced abortion in Rio de Janeiro city between 2005 and 2019. Adopting an approach informed by the Sociology of Morality, I propose to analyze the moralities involved in the construction of police inquiries from the social accounts contained in the documents produced at police stations recording the depositions of the accused women and the witnesses involved in the criminal offense of induced abortion. 1 200 2019 Morality 20 201 2

RESUMO O artigo tem como proposta trazer reflexões a partir dos inquéritos policiais contidos nos autos de 14 processos judiciais sobre o crime de aborto na capital do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2005 e 2019. A partir da Sociologia da Moral, proponho caminhos para analisar as moralidades envolvidas na produção do inquérito policial por meio dos accounts registrados nos documentos de termo de declaração, produzidos na delegacia com os relatos de acusadas e de testemunhas quando envolvidas na infração penal do crime de aborto. 1 200 2019 Moral declaração 20 201 2

Abstract Objective: Acute telogen effluvium (ATE) is a scalp hair disorder featured by diffuse, non-scarring shedding with higher female predilection. In general, the disorder is perceived as extremely frightening and urges the patient to visit a physician immediately. We retrospectively analyzed the 3-month prognosis of the female patients with hair loss complaint. Methods: Two-hundred and sixty-six female patients who were referred to our hospital with ATE were retrospectively recruited. The patients were analyzed for serum iron, iron-binding capacity, vitamin B12, folate, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin values. All were prescribed standard zinc and vitamin E supplements in addition to needed medications and invited to a second visit after 3 months. Results: All of the mean values for all parameters were found in normal ranges. Two hundred and nine patients came to the second visit after the 3-month treatment period. Of these patients, 9.1% stated hair shedding ceased completely, 74.6% diminished to some extent, and 16.3% continued as before. Conclusions: Mainly due to normal mean values, none of the analyzed parameters can be accused as the cause of hair sheddings. The frustrations of the patients are so great that it is reasonable to prescribe some supplements, at least for their placebo effects. Treatment for ATE is primarily reassurance and counseling.

Resumo Objetivo: O deflúvio telogênico agudo (DTA) é uma condição do couro cabeludo caracterizada por uma queda difusa e não cicatricial, com maior incidência no sexo feminino. Geralmente, a doença é percebida como altamente alarmante, levando os pacientes a buscar imediatamente assistência médica. Neste estudo, analisamos retrospectivamente o prognóstico de tês meses em mulheres com queixa de queda de cabelo. Método: Duzentos e sessenta e seis pacientes do sexo feminino encaminhados ao nosso hospital com DTA foram recrutados retrospectivamente. As pacientes foram submetidas à análise dos níveis séricos de ferro, capacidade de ligação do ferro, vitamina B12, folato, hormônio estimulante da tireoide e prolactina. Todas receberam prescrição de suplementos padrão de zinco e vitamina E, além dos medicamentos necessários, e foram convidadas para uma segunda consulta após tês meses. Resultados: Todos os valores médios dos parâmetros analisados estavam dentro da faixa normal. Dentre os 209 pacientes que compareceram à segunda consulta após o tratamento de tês meses, 9,1% relataram cessação completa da queda de cabelo, 74,6% experimentaram diminuição em alguma medida, e 16,3% mantiveram o quadro como antes. Conclusões: Principalmente devido aos valores médios normais, nenhum dos parâmetros analisados pode ser atribuído como causa da queda de cabelo. As frustrações dos pacientes são tão significativas que é razoável prescrever alguns suplementos, ao menos pelos efeitos placebo que podem proporcionar. O tratamento do DTA consiste essencialmente em tranquilizar e aconselhar os pacientes.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to offer an approach to the use of letters of censorship and excommunication in New Spain during the 17th century. I maintain that the request for these legal documents served as a popular resource to demand justice from the ecclesiastical authorities due to damage against an individual or property. Thus, excommunication was regarded within the collective imagination as a penalty so terrible that, contrary to what was stipulated in the ecclesiastical codes, it implied the absolute condemnation of the accused both in earth and the hereafter. Derived from the study of sources located in various funds of the National General Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) in Mexico, and based on the approaches exposed by some theorists of the judicial history of the New Spain Catholic Church, I will outline a proposal regarding the use of letters of censorship, the role that excommunication could play within the collective imagination, as well as the work carried out by the ecclesiastical instance as a determining forum of justice against other secular organizations.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer un acercamiento al uso de las cartas de censura y excomunión en la Nueva España durante el siglo XVII. Sostengo que la solicitud de estos documentos jurídicos funcionó como un recurso popular para exigir justicia a las autoridades eclesiásticas por causa de agravios en contra de individuos o de propiedades. En este sentido, la excomunión fue entendida dentro del imaginario colectivo como una pena tan terrible que, contrario a lo estipulado en los códigos eclesiásticos, implicaba la condena absoluta del acusado en la tierra y en el más allá. Derivado del estudio de estas fuentes localizadas en varios fondos del Archivo General de la Nación de México y con base en los planteamientos expuestos por algunos teóricos de la historia judicial de la Iglesia católica novohispana, esbozaré una propuesta en torno al uso de las cartas de censura; al papel que pudo desempeñar la excomunión en el imaginario colectivo, aunado a las labores realizadas por la instancia eclesiástica como determinante foro de justicia frente a otros organismos seculares.

Abstract At the II Congress of the Socialist Party, in 1976, the only opposition list to the leadership of Mário Soares obtained twenty-five percent of the delegates’ votes. At the head of the group were Carmelinda Pereira and António Aires Rodrigues - constituent and first legislature deputies - who, accused of organizing a trotskyist faction, would be expelled in the following months. This article intends to explain the action of this group in the period opened by the 25th of April 1974, contextualizing its trajectory in the immediately previous years. Among the sources analyzed are interviews carried out with the protagonists, national and international newspapers of the time and documentation from the Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, the Fundação Mário Soares and the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.

Resumo No II Congresso do Partido Socialista, em 1976, a única lista de oposição à direção de Mário Soares obteve 25% dos votos dos delegados. À cabeça do grupo estavam Carmelinda Pereira e António Aires Rodrigues - deputados constituintes e da I legislatura - que, acusados de organizarem uma fração trotskista, seriam expulsos nos meses seguintes. Este artigo pretende explicar a ação deste grupo no período aberto pelo 25 de Abril de 1974, contextualizando o seu percurso nos anos imediatamente anteriores. Entre as fontes analisadas contam-se entrevistas realizadas aos protagonistas, jornais nacionais e internacionais da época e documentação proveniente do Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, da Fundação Mário Soares e do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.

Résumé Cet article analyse le déroulement des élections municipales au Pérou durant le contexte de la guerre civile opposant le gouvernement libéral provisoire du général Ramón Castilla aux forces rebelles conservatrices du général Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, entre novembre 1856 et mars 1858. L’argument des auteurs démontre que ces élections n’ont pas été directement affectées par le conflit, mais qu’elles furent en revanche conditionnées par un discours de “guerre civile”. Cette rhétorique, une fois activée, a remis en question le fonctionnement de certaines municipalités, comme observé dans le cas de la mairie de Lima, accusée de lieu de conspiration.

Abstract This paper analyzes the holding of municipal elections in Peru in the context of the civil war that pitted the provisional liberal government of General Ramón Castilla against the conservative rebel army of General Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco between November 1856 and March 1858. I argue that these elections were not directly affected by the war, but were occasionally conditioned by a “civil war” discourse. This rhetoric when activated came to question the functioning of municipalities, as was the case of the municipality of the city of Lima accused of conspiracy.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la celebración de elecciones municipales en el Perú en el contexto de la guerra civil que enfrentó al gobierno provisorio liberal del general Ramón Castilla con las fuerzas conservadoras sublevadas del general Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco entre noviembre de 1856 y marzo de 1858. Se argumenta que estas elecciones no fueron afectadas directamente por el conflicto bélico, pero en cambio, estuvieron ocasionalmente condicionados por un discurso “guerracivilista”. Al activarse esta retórica, se llegó a cuestionar el funcionamiento de los municipios, como fue el caso de la alcaldía de la ciudad de Lima acusada de conspiradora.

Resumen Son varias las cuestiones que, en la práctica ordinaria de los juzgados y tribunales, se plantean acerca de la intervención del acusado durante las sesiones del juicio oral, muchas de las cuales son puestas de manifiesto por los letrados de la defensa nada más comenzar el plenario y, por tanto, obligan al juzgador a pronunciarse sobre ellas. En primer lugar, el lugar en el que debe situarse el acusado, si junto a su letrado o en el conocido como “banquillo”. En segundo lugar, el momento en el que debe declarar, si tras las cuestiones previas y, en consecuencia, previamente a la práctica de las demás pruebas, o una vez practicadas todas ellas, concediéndole la posibilidad de escuchar a los testigos y peritos. Y, por último, el alcance y contenido de su derecho a la última palabra. Todo ello con relación al fundamental derecho de defensa que, como parte pasiva del proceso penal, goza el acusado con arreglo a la Constitución Española y a los tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos ratificados por España. Junto a ello, y por su importancia, también se mencionará el derecho a que, antes de la declaración del acusado, se le informe debidamente de sus derechos y de los hechos delictivos que se le atribuyen. Cuestiones todas que se analizarán en las próximas páginas, partiendo de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia más relevante, con la finalidad de dar respuesta a los interrogantes que se plantean en la práctica ordinaria de los juzgados y tribunales.

Abstract There are several issues that, in the ordinary practice, are raised about the intervention of the accused during the oral trial. First, as soon as the plenary begins, the place where he should be located, whether next to his lawyer or in what is known as “bench”. Secondly, the moment when he must declare. And finally, the scope and content of the right to the final word. All these questions are related to the fundamental right of defence. And, of course, the right to be duly informed prior to his declaration of his rights and the criminal acts attributed to him. These are the issues that will be analysed in the next pages, according to the most relevant doctrine and case law, with the aim of offering solutions to the problems existing in the ordinary practice.

Resumo O tema em estudo é relevante, pois tem por objetivo analisar o fenômeno do trabalho escravo contemporâneo ocorrido em estabelecimentos empresariais brasileiros. No que se refere à hipótese, atualmente, o crescimento do trabalho escravo contemporâneo continua sendo uma realidade presente nos ambientes empresariais laborais de municípios brasileiros, tendo em vista que o desconhecimento das leis associado ao descumprimento dos direitos trabalhistas da CLT são fatores que tem sido constantemente praticado pelo setor empresarial. No que tange à metodologia, estabelece-se uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa em prol dos motivos que têm levado à discussão acerca do fenômeno do trabalho escravo contemporâneo perante o ambiente de trabalho de estabelecimentos empresariais, além do uso do método comparativo com a função de discutir e comparar importantes posicionamentos doutrinários relativos à temática central proposta, sem esquecer o uso da pesquisa bibliográfica através dos livros, artigos científicos e legislações específicas. Por fim, como resultados alcançados, constatou que a maior parte dos estabelecimentos empresariais é do setor privado, dedicando-se as atividades industriais, comércio e prestação de serviços, e também se verificou que o crescimento do trabalho escravo contemporâneo no Brasil deve-se o fato de que há número reduzido de grupos móveis de fiscalização e auditores fiscais do trabalho habilitados em virtude da carência de recursos financeiros estatais que não tem sido investido na aquisição de novos equipamentos e capacitação do setor pessoal, o que tem dificultado o trabalho das inspeções e autuações perante aqueles estabelecimentos empresariais acusados de praticar o trabalho escravo contemporâneo.

Abstract The topic under study is relevant, as it aims to analyze the phenomenon of contemporary slave labor occurring in Brazilian business establishments. As far as the hypothesis is concerned, currently, the growth of contemporary slave labor continues to be a reality present in business work environments in Brazilian municipalities, considering that lack of knowledge of the laws associated with non-compliance with CLT labor rights are factors that have been constantly practiced by the business sector. Regarding the methodology, a quantitative-qualitative approach is established in favor of the reasons that have led to the discussion about the phenomenon of contemporary slave labor in the work environment of business establishments, in addition to the use of the comparative method with the function of discussing and comparing important doctrinal positions relating to the proposed central theme, without forgetting the use of bibliographical research through books, scientific articles and specific legislation. Finally, as results achieved, found that the majority of business establishments are in the private sector, dedicated to industrial activities, commerce and service provision, and it was also found that the growth of contemporary slave labor in Brazil this is due to the fact that there is a reduced number of mobile inspection groups and qualified labor inspectors due to the lack of state financial resources that have not been invested in the acquisition of new equipment and training of the personal sector, which has made the work of inspections and fines against those business establishments accused of practicing contemporary slave labor difficult.

On 6 September 1966, the prime minister of South Africa, Dr HF Verwoerd was killed by Mr Tsafendas, a Portuguese national of Greek descent, in parliament by stabbing him in the chest. Mr Tsafendas was a messenger in parliament. At the enquiry trial of Mr Tsafendas, he was found unfit to stand trial on the ground that he suffered from schizophrenia. The psychiatric evidence during the enquiry trial was reviewed and discussed under the following headings: Diagnosis of schizophrenia; Consideration of cultural factors in forensic psychiatric settings; Delusional infestation v. extreme overvalued beliefs; Simulation of psychosis; Ethical considerations in criminal capacity and trial competency assessments. Lessons from the Mr Tsafendas enquiry trial for forensic psychiatrists where a defendant previously diagnosed with schizophrenia commits a prominent political murder, are summarised. It is emphasised that the personhood of an accused referred for forensic observation should be respected and protected, instead of focusing exclusively on a specific diagnosis.

Abstract This paper investigates the positionings and discursive struggles between the key political actors around the expropriation project of Vicentin conglomerate, during the government of Alberto Fernández. As a result of the research work, we found an intense hegemonic struggle around the project. On the one hand, we found a package of discourses that expressed itself in favor of the measure and was condensed in the defense of food sovereignty, the rescue of a strategic company to control prices in the domestic market, regulate the foreign exchange and avoid abrupt devaluations, preserve jobs and guarantee payment to their creditors. In addition, it affirmed that it was an exceptional measure, stressed that Vicentin was bankrupt and accused of fraudulent maneuvers. On the other, we found a discursive package contrary to the project, which invoked as arguments the unconstitutionality of the measure and its negative effects on legal certainty and confidence necessary to attract investment. In addition, it maintained that all Argentines were going to take over the debt of a private company, classified the defense of food sovereignty as an ‘excuse’ or considered that Argentina was on the way to a ‘chavista’ model. Finally, we address the hegemonic impact at the institutional and social level, which generated social protests and a judicialization of politics and ended in the blocking of the project.

Resumen Este trabajo investiga los posicionamientos y disputas discursivas entre los actores políticos clave en torno al proyecto de expropiación del conglomerado Vicentin, durante el gobierno de Alberto Fernández (junio-julio de 2020). Como resultado del análisis empírico-discursivo, encontramos una intensa lucha hegemónica en torno al proyecto. Por un lado, hallamos un paquete de discursos que se expresaba a favor de la medida y se condensaba en la defensa de la soberanía alimentaria, el rescate de una empresa estratégica para regular los precios del mercado interno, controlar las divisas y evitar devaluaciones bruscas, preservar los puestos de trabajo y garantizar el pago a sus acreedores. Además, afirmaba que se trataba de una medida excepcional, destacaba que Vicentin se hallaba en quiebra y acusada de maniobras fraudulentas. Por el otro, encontramos un paquete discursivo contrario al proyecto, que invocaba como argumentos la inconstitucionalidad de la medida y sus efectos negativos sobre la seguridad jurídica y la confianza necesaria para atraer inversiones. Además, sostenía que todos los argentinos tendrían que hacerse cargo de la deuda de una empresa privada, catalogaban como una “excusa” la defensa de la soberanía alimentaria y consideraban que Argentina iba camino a un modelo “chavista”. En la última parte del artículo, abordamos el impacto hegemónico de la medida a nivel institucional y social, que derivó en protestas sociales y una judicialización de la política y concluyó en el bloqueo del proyecto.

RESUMO O instituto mais polêmico incorporado ao Código de Processo Penal de 2004 foi a sentença do absolvido, ou seja, o poder da Câmara Superior Criminal, ao decidir o recurso que porventura tenha sido interposto contra sentença anterior absolutória proferida em favor do acusado (sede de primeira instância), podendo modificála em condenação contra este mesmo sujeito processual (sede de segunda instância), decisão condenatória que originalmente só poderia ser questionada por meio de recurso de cassação, sem contudo, o legislador nacional, por meio da Lei nº 31.592, de 26 de outubro de 2022, decidiu reformar brevemente essa norma adjetiva, onde a novidade jurídica é que esse condenado tem a possibilidade de impugnar sua sentença por meio de novo recurso de apelação em que a Câmara Criminal de o Supremo Tribunal Federal está habilitado a atuar como instância judicial, isto de acordo com as regras exclusivas do processo penal comum (processo de base), porém esta modificação legal omitiu referirse às regras especiais do processo devido à função pública (processo especial processual), processo em que o réu é avaliador, afetando com essa lacuna legal a pluralidade de instâncias, a dupla conformação e a revisão compreensiva, aspecto que tem passado totalmente despercebido pela doutrina especializada e jurisprudência nacional. Assim, propõese um conjunto de recomendações que se dirigem a cada um destes 4 subprocessos e giram em torno da necessidade de viabilizar a possibilidade de impugnação através de recurso por parte do condenado pela primeira vez em segunda instância, estabelecendo também o respectivo foro. à Câmara Suprema Criminal correspondente; Portanto, caso essas modificações não ocorram, o anteriormente absolvido não poderá ser condenado em segunda instância.

RESUMEN La institución más polémica que incorporó el Código Procesal Penal de 2004 fue la condena del absuelto, es decir, la potestad que tiene la Sala Penal Superior, al resolver el recurso de apelación que se haya podido interponer contra una previa sentencia absolutoria dictada a favor del imputado (sede de primera instancia), en poder reformarla en una sentencia condenatoria en contra de este mismo sujeto procesal (sede de segunda instancia), decisión de condena que en su origen solo podía ser cuestionada por medio del recurso de casación. Sin embargo, el legislador nacional, a través de la Ley n.o 31592, del 26 de octubre de 2022, decidió reformar escuetamente esta norma adjetiva, en donde la novedad legal es que esta persona condenada tiene la posibilidad de impugnar su condena vía un nuevo recurso de apelación en el que se habilita que la Sala Penal de la Corte Suprema actúe como una instancia judicial, esto de acuerdo con las reglas exclusivas del proceso penal común (proceso base). Empero esta modificación legal ha omitido referirse a las reglas especiales del proceso por razón de la función pública (proceso especial), en el que el imputado es un aforado; con esta laguna legal se afecta la pluralidad de instancia, el doble conforme y la revisión integral, aspecto que ha quedado totalmente inadvertido por la doctrina especializada y la jurisprudencia nacional. Así, se plantean una serie de recomendaciones que se dirigen a cada uno de estos cuatro subprocesos y giran en torno a la necesidad de habilitar la posibilidad de impugnación vía recurso de apelación por parte del condenado por primera vez en segunda instancia, y se establece además la competencia respectiva a la Sala Penal Suprema que corresponda; por lo que de no darse dichas modificaciones no se podrá condenar en segunda instancia al previamente absuelto.

ABSTRACT The most controversial institution incorporated into the Criminal Procedure Code of 2004 was the sentence of the acquitted, which is the power that the Superior Criminal Chamber has, when resolving the appeal that may have been filed against a previous acquittal sentence issued in favor of the accused (first instance), in being able to amend it in a conviction against this same procedural subject (second instance), sentencing decision that originally could only be questioned by means of the appeal of cassation. However, the national legislator, through Law No. 31592 of October 26th 2022, has decided to briefly reform this adjective norm, where the legal novelty is that this convicted person has the possibility of challenging his sentence via a new appeal, in which the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court is enabled to act as a judicial instance, this according to the exclusive rules of the common criminal process (base process). However this legal modification has omitted to refer to the special rules of the process due to the public function (special process), a process in which the defendant is an appraiser, affecting with this legal gap the plurality of instance, the double conforming and the comprehensive review, an aspect that has been totally unnoticed by the specialized doctrine and national jurisprudence. Thus, a series of recommendations are proposed that are addressed to each of these four subprocesses and revolve around the need to enable the possibility of challenge via appeal by the person convicted for the first time in the second instance, also establishing the jurisdiction respective to the corresponding Supreme Criminal Chamber; therefore, if these modifications do not occur, the previously acquitted person cannot be convicted in the second instance.

The proliferation of online dating scams or fraud has presented a significant threat to users of online dating platforms globally. Scammers misrepresent themselves as would-be lovers, usually employing false identities, in order to defraud unsuspecting victims of large sums of money. Not only do romance scammers cause great financial harm to their victims, but also often leave victims with long-term psychological scars. As both the common law and the Cybercrimes Act 19 of 2020 address instances of fraud, both may potentially be employed to address the issue of online dating fraud. The State may charge an accused with both offences, but a conviction based on both would probably constitute a duplication of convictions. The offence of cyber fraud under the Cybercrimes Act may however be more onerous to prove, owing to the particular way that cyber fraud must be committed under section 8. A conviction based on the Cybercrimes Act may, however, be more attractive to the State as certain minimum sentences apply, depending on the amount defrauded, whether the accused was a law enforcement officer, whether someone was in charge of or had access to the data belonging to others, and whether the offence was committed in concert with others.

While the Second World War was characterised by battles and intelligence networks, it also involved cases of treason and military legal processes - and South Africa was no exception. The South African involvement in the war produced high treason cases, but trials of those historical figures who worked "behind the scenes" are occasionally neglected within academic literature on the South African history surrounding the Second World War. An example of such is the case of high treason of four Afrikaner men accused of broadcasting propaganda from Radio Zeesen to South Africa in Afrikaans, with the aim of jeopardising the South African war effort. This propaganda was carried out strategically within the context of existing Afrikaner resistance against participation in the war. The four accused were Sidney Erich Holm, Jan Adriaan Strauss, Johannes Jacobus Snoek, and Michael Johannes Pienaar. This article focuses on the trials of the four men accused as a series of lesser-known cases in South African history. The aim of the article is to provide a historical narrative of the cases. After providing the necessary contextualisation, the positions of the prosecution and defence, as well as the verdicts of the trials will be outlined. The objective of this article is not to offer a detailed analysis of the criminal justice procedure or the laws surrounding the cases, but rather to make a historiographic contribution to an overlooked aspect of South African history.

Abstract The moral theories of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are accused of depletion. This depletion would be mainly due to its limitations in contemplating the complexity involved in moral development, such as the role of affectivity in this process. Based on the pioneering work of Carol Gilligan that stuck to this relationship between cognition and affectivity, several theories emerged with their own propositions aimed at remedying the limitations of their predecessors, which could therefore be said to be post-Kohlberguian. This article aims to discuss the issue of complexity in moral development, especially regarding the influence of affectivity in this process, initially unveiled from Gilligan. It is concluded that if there is, in fact, such depletion, the post-Kohlberguian theories that consider complexity, indebted to Gilligan’s pioneering work that served as a reference, seem to have renewed the field of investigation for another cycle of decades of study on moral development. development process predecessors postKohlberguian. postKohlberguian post Kohlberguian. Kohlberguian fact Gilligans s reference

Résumé Les théories morales de Jean Piaget et Lawrence Kohlberg sont accusées d’épuisement. Cet épuisement serait dû à ses limites à envisager la complexité impliquée dans le développement moral, comme le rôle de l’affectivité dans ce processus. Sur la base des travaux pionniers de Carol Gilligan qui s’en tenaient à cette relation entre cognition et affectivité, plusieurs théories ont émergé avec leurs propres propositions visant à remédier aux limites de leurs prédécesseurs, alors appelé post-kohlberguiennes. L’objectif est discuter de la question de la complexité dans le développement moral, notamment en ce qui concerne l’influence de l’affectivité dans ce processus, initialement dévoilée de Gilligan. On en conclut que s’il y a, en fait, un tel épuisement, les théories post-kohlberguiennes qui considèrent la complexité, redevable au travail pionnier de Gilligan qui a servi de référence, semblent avoir renouvelé le champ d’investigation pour un autre cycle de décennies d’étude sur le développement moral. dépuisement. dépuisement d épuisement. d’épuisement moral laffectivité l affectivité processus sen s prédécesseurs postkohlberguiennes. postkohlberguiennes post kohlberguiennes. kohlberguiennes Lobjectif L objectif linfluence influence sil il fait référence dinvestigation investigation détude étude

Resumo As teorias morais de Jean Piaget e Lawrence Kohlberg são acusadas de esgotamento. Esse esgotamento seria devido, principalmente, a suas limitações em contemplar a complexidade envolvida no desenvolvimento moral, como o papel da afetividade nesse processo. A partir do trabalho pioneiro de Carol Gilligan que se ateve a essa relação entre cognição e afetividade, diversas teorias surgiram com proposições próprias visando sanar as limitações de suas predecessoras, e que por isso poderiam se dizer pós-kohlberguianas. Este artigo tem o objetivo de discutir a questão da complexidade no desenvolvimento moral, sobretudo quanto à influência da afetividade nesse processo, desvelada inicialmente a partir de Gilligan. Conclui-se que, caso haja, de fato, tal esgotamento, as teorias pós-kohlberguianas que consideram a complexidade, em débito com o trabalho pioneiro de Gilligan que lhes serviu de referência, parecem ter renovado o campo de investigação para mais um ciclo de décadas de estudo sobre o desenvolvimento moral. devido principalmente moral processo predecessoras póskohlberguianas. póskohlberguianas pós kohlberguianas. kohlberguianas Concluise Conclui haja fato referência

Resumen Las teorías morales de Jean Piaget y Lawrence Kohlberg están acusadas de agotamiento. Este agotamiento se debería a sus limitaciones para contemplar la complejidad del desarrollo moral, como el papel de la afectividad en este proceso. A partir del trabajo pionero de Carol Gilligan que se apegó a esta relación entre cognición y afectividad, surgieron varias teorías con propuestas propias destinadas a remediar las limitaciones de sus predecesoras, que podría decirse post-Kohlberguianas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el tema de la complejidad en el desarrollo moral, especialmente en lo que respecta a la influencia de la afectividad en este proceso, inicialmente desvelado por Gilligan. Se concluye que si existe tal agotamiento, las teorías post-Kohlberguianas que consideran la complejidad, en deuda con el trabajo pionero de Gilligan que sirvió de referencia, parecen haber renovado el campo de investigación para otro ciclo de décadas de estudio sobre el desarrollo moral. moral proceso predecesoras postKohlberguianas. postKohlberguianas post Kohlberguianas. Kohlberguianas referencia