Resumen Rhipicephalus microplus, es la especie parasitaria que más daño genera a la ganadería mexicana y global debido a las pérdidas directas e indirectas, como lo es el incremento de la multirresistencia y la resistencia cruzada. En la actualidad, son pocos los estudios que se tienen sobre la resistencia a lactonas macrocíclicas en México, siendo su mayoría en el sur. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el estado de la resistencia a ivermectina en R. microplus, en el noreste de México y factores de riesgo asociados a ésta. Se colectaron 20 poblaciones de Rhipicephalus microplus, en los estados de Veracruz, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas y San Luis Potosí, y se analizaron con la prueba de inmersión de larvas. Los datos de mortalidad se sometieron a un análisis Probit, estimándose las concentraciones letales (CL) del 50% y 99% y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y para la determinación de los posibles factores de riesgo se realizó un análisis multivariado y tablas de contingencia de 2 x 2 para las variables de exposición, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, y un modelo de regresión logística binomial para aquellas variables con una P≤0.05. El 80 % de las poblaciones analizadas presentaron resistencia con rangos de RR50= 2.07-11.14 y RR99= 3.03-47.93 (P≤0.05) y mediante la regresión logística binomial, se pudo observar que la variable frecuencia de tratamientos obtuvo una P ≤0.0134, resultado que mostró ser significativo.

Abstract Rhipicephalus microplus is the parasitic species that causes the most damage to Mexican and global livestock due to direct and indirect losses, such as the increase in multidrug resistance and cross-resistance. Currently, there are few studies on resistance to macrocyclic lactones in Mexico, most of them in the south. This study aimed to evaluate the status of ivermectin resistance in R. microplus in northeastern Mexico and its associated risk factors. A total of 20 populations of Rhipicephalus microplus were collected in the states of Veracruz, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosí, and they were analyzed with the larval immersion test. Mortality data were subjected to a Probit analysis, estimating lethal concentrations (LC) of 50 % and 99 % and their respective 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI), and to determine possible risk factors, a multivariate analysis and 2 x 2 contingency tables were performed for the exposure variables, with a 95 % confidence interval, and a binomial logistic regression model for those variables with a P≤0.05. Eighty (80) percent of the analyzed populations showed resistance with ranges of RR50= 2.07-11.14 and RR99= 3.03-47.93 (P≤0.05), and through the binomial logistic regression, it was observed that the variable of frequency of treatments obtained a P≤0.0134, a result that proved to be significant.

RESUMEN El manejo fitosanitario en producciones de plantas ornamentales se basa en el uso de productos de síntesis provocando efectos negativos sobre el ambiente. El objetivo fue analizar el impacto ambiental (IA) del manejo de plagas en producciones ornamentales intensivas del partido de Moreno, provincia de Buenos Aires. Se describió el manejo fitosanitario de tres establecimientos (E1, E2 y E3) representativos de la zona. Se analizaron las aplicaciones y se cuantificó el IA a través del cálculo del Cociente de Impacto Ambiental a campo (CIAc) que contempla el efecto sobre la fauna benéfica, los trabajadores y los consumidores. Los valores de CIAc fueron variables (1172,90; 752,90 y 54,70 para el E1, E2 y E3, respectivamente) debido a diferencias en las dosis y número de aplicaciones. Los productores utilizaron de manera homogénea insecticidas/acaricidas (42 %) y fungicidas/bactericidas (58 %). También se observó similitud en la proporción de fitosanitarios según la clase toxicológica, aplicando el doble de compuestos de clases III y IV que los de clases I y II. El presente trabajo constituye el primer aporte sobre IA de los fitosanitarios en producciones ornamentales en Argentina en general, y en el partido de Moreno en particular.

ABSTRACT Phytosanitary management in ornamental plant production is based on the use of synthetic products causing negative effects on the environment. The aim of this work was to analyze the environmental impact (EI) of pest management in intensive ornamental production in the district of Moreno, province of Buenos Aires. The phytosanitary management of three establishments (E1, E2 and E3) representative of the area was described. The applications were analyzed and the EI was quantified through the calculation of the Field Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQf), which considers the effect on beneficial fauna, workers and consumers. The EIQf values were variable (1172.90, 752.90 and 54.70 for E1, E2 and E3, respectively), due to differences in the doses and number of applications. Producers used insecticides/acaricides (42 %) and fungicides/ bactericides (58 %) homogeneously. Similarity was also observed in the proportion of phytosanitary products used according to the toxicological class, applying twice as many compounds from classes III and IV than those from classes I and II. This is the first contribution on EI of phytosanitary products in ornamental productions in Argentina in general, and in the Moreno district in particular.

RESUMO: O Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um carrapato duro que é endêmico de regiões de pecuária e causa perdas econômicas nos maiores países produtores de carne bovina, incluindo Brasil, México, Argentina, Austrália e Uruguai. O uso de acaricidas ainda é a principal estratégia para controlar infestações por R. microplus. No entanto, o controle imunológico do R. microplus com uma vacina contra carrapatos é uma alternativa adequada e possui diversas vantagens, por evitar a seleção de populações de carrapato resistentes a drogas, evitar a presença de resíduos de acaricidas no leite, na carne e no ambiente. As vacinas baseadas no antígeno Bm86 tiveram relativo sucesso comercial e técnico no controle do R. microplus em diversas regiões. No entanto, a eficácia dessas vacinas varia entre as populações de carrapatos e é insuficiente para fornecer um nível aceitável de proteção. Portanto, há uma necessidade de procurar novos antígenos. Esta revisão foca nas restrições impostas ao uso de acaricidas no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como nos impactos das vacinas baseadas em Bm86 no controle do R. microplus. Também é discutida a eficácia de vacinas anti-carrapatos experimentais (baseadas em subolesina, glutationa S-transferase, ferritina 2; canal aniônico dependente de voltagem; aquaporina, proteína ribossômica ácida 60S, metaloprotease, tripsina) que podem elicitar uma resposta imune contra as funções fisiológicas de vários carrapatos. RESUMO Boophilus (Boophilus bovina México Argentina Uruguai R entanto vantagens drogas leite ambiente Bm Bm8 proteção Portanto antígenos Europeia anticarrapatos anti subolesina Stransferase, Stransferase S transferase, transferase S-transferase 2 voltagem aquaporina 60S metaloprotease tripsina

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hard tick endemic in livestock-growing regions and causes economic losses in the largest beef-producing countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Australia and Uruguay. The use of chemical acaricides is still the main strategy to control R. microplusinfestations. Nevertheless, immunological control of R. microplus with an anti-tick vaccine is a suitable alternative and has manifold advantages because it can avoid drug-resistance and the presence of acaricide residues in milk, beef and in the environment. Indeed, vaccines based on the Bm86 antigen have had relative commercial and technical success to control R. microplus in some regions. Although, the efficacy of such vaccines varies among tick populations and is insufficient to provide an acceptable level of protection. Therefore, the need to search for better antigens is impelling. This review focused on the restrictions imposed on the use of acaricides in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as on the impacts of Bm86-based vaccines on R. microplus control. The efficacy of experimental anti-tick vaccines (based on subolesin, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin 2; voltage-dependent anion channel; aquaporin, 60 S acidic ribosomal protein, metalloprotease and trypsin) that can elicit an immune response against the physiological functions of various ticks is discussed. ABSTRACT Boophilus (Boophilus livestockgrowing livestock growing beefproducing producing countries Mexico Argentina Uruguay R microplusinfestations Nevertheless antitick anti drugresistance drug resistance milk environment Indeed Bm Bm8 Although protection Therefore impelling Union Bm86based Bmbased subolesin Stransferase, Stransferase transferase, transferase S-transferase 2 voltagedependent voltage dependent channel aquaporin 6 protein trypsin discussed

Resumo Boophilus microplus é uma das principais espécies de carrapatos bovinos, causando grandes perdas econômicas para a indústria de laticínios em todo o mundo, incluindo o Paquistão. Triclorfon e deltametrina são usados no controle de carrapatos bovinos, e seus sprays também são usados em outros programas de controle de pragas que exercem pressão sobre os carrapatos para ganhar resistência. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar o nível de resistência de Rhipicephalus microplus contra triclorfon e deltametrina. Os carrapatos ingurgitados foram coletados de duas regiões ecológicas de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Paquistão, ou seja, Swat & Dir (Zona 1) e Charsadda & Nowshera (Zona 2). Quatro concentrações de acaricidas em duas e dez vezes ppm com três repetições para cada foram usadas em ambos os bioensaios. O ensaio de eclosão de ovos e testes de imersão em adultos foram usados para avaliar o status de resistência. A análise probit do ensaio de eclosão de ovos mostrou a maior porcentagem de eclosão na zona 1 em ambas as diluições (67% na diluição de duas vezes e 68,33% na diluição de dez vezes), enquanto a concentração letal (CL95) foi de 2,187 ppm e dose discriminante (DD) como 4,374 ppm para triclorfon. Na zona 2, a porcentagem de eclosão foi de 73 em duas vezes e 72% em dez vezes, enquanto LC95 foi registrado como 0,599 ppm e DD como 1,198 ppm. Os mesmos parâmetros foram estudados para a deltametrina, e na zona 1 a porcentagem de eclosão foi de 38% na diluição de duas vezes e 37% na diluição de dez vezes, enquanto CL95 foi registrado como 0,001 ppm e DD como 0,002 ppm. Na zona 2, a eclodibilidade foi registrada como 42% na diluição de duas vezes e 43% na diluição de dez vezes. Os valores para LC95 foram registrados como 0,001 ppm e DD como 0,002 ppm. Além disso, a análise do teste de imersão de adulto contra triclorfon revelou os valores de LC50 como 2,85 ppm e LC95 como 4,71 ppm na zona 1 e na zona 2 como 3,14 ppm e 5,28 ppm, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, LC50 e LC95 contra deltametrina foram registrados como 0,79 ppm e 1,71 ppm na zona 1 e 0,45 ppm e 4,325 ppm na zona 2, respectivamente. Com base nos achados deste estudo, o isolado Rhipicephalus microplus mostrou-se mais resistente ao acaricida amplamente utilizado, ou seja, triclorfon do que deltametrina. Para manter a eficácia dos acaricidas em nível nacional, o estudo recomenda o monitoramento contínuo da resistência.

Abstract Boophilus microplus is a major cattle tick specie causing great economic loss to the dairy industry throughout the globe including Pakistan. Trichlorfon and Deltamethrin are used to control bovine ticks, and their sprays are also used in other pest control programs that exert pressure on ticks to gain resistance. This study is aimed to examine the resistance level of Rhipiciphalus microplus against trichlorfon and deltamethrin. The engorged ticks were collected from two ecological regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Pakistan i.e., Swat & Dir (zone-1), and Charsadda & Nowshera (zone-2). Four concentrations of acaricides in two-fold and ten-fold ppm with three replicates for each were used in both bioassays. Egg hatch assay and adult immersion tests were used to assess the resistance status. The probit analysis of egg hatch assay showed the highest hatching percentage in zone 1 on both dilutions (67-76% on two-fold and 68-88% on ten-fold dilution) while lethal concentration (LC95) was found to be 2.187 ppm and discriminating dose (DD) as 4.374 ppm for trichlorfon. In zone 2, hatching percentage was 73-84 on two-fold and 72-91% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.599 ppm and DD as 1.198 ppm. The same parameters were studied for deltamethrin and in zone 1 the hatching percentage was found as 38-56% on two-fold dilution and 37-80% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. In zone 2, the hatchability was recorded as 42-58% on two-fold and 43-85% on ten-fold dilution. The values for LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. Further, analysis of adult immersion test against trichlorfon revealed the values of LC50 as 2.85 ppm and LC95 as 4.71 ppm in zone 1 and in zone 2 as 3.14 ppm and 5.28 ppm, respectively. Similarly, LC50 and LC95 against deltamethrin was recorded as 0.79 ppm & 1.71 ppm in zone 1 and 0.45 ppm & 4.325 ppm in zone 2, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the isolated Rhipicephalus microplus was found to be more resistant to the widely used acaricides i.e., trichlorfon than deltamethrin. In order to maintain the efficacy of acaricides at country level, the study recommends continuous monitoring of resistance.

Resumo Rhipicephalus microplus é uma das principais causas de significativas perdas econômicas na indústria pecuária, e as populações de carrapatos desenvolveram diversas formas de resistência a acaricidas. Portanto, é necessário abordar o potencial de novos compostos bioativos naturais eficazes no combate aos carrapatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atividades acaricida e anticolinesterase das sementes de R. aculeata e identificar compostos naturalmente ocorrentes que possam inibir a anticolinesterase por meio de docking in silico. A atividade acaricida do extrato de sementes de R. aculeata contra larvas e fêmeas adultas de R. microplus foi avaliada por meio de testes de imersão. A inibição da atividade anticolinesterase foi medida espectrofotometricamente. Extratos de sementes de R. aculeata apresentaram atividade contra larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus, sendo observada também uma redução no índice reprodutivo. Rutina, ácido clorogênico, quercetina e epicatequina mostraram interações notáveis com os resíduos do sítio ativo de RmAChE. Esses resultados podem contribuir significativamente para a exploração de novos produtos naturais que potencialmente inibem RmAChE e poderiam ser utilizados no desenvolvimento de novos acaricidas para o controle de carrapatos. pecuária Portanto R silico imersão espectrofotometricamente reprodutivo Rutina clorogênico

Abstract Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a leading cause of significant economic losses in the livestock industry, and tick populations have developed multiple forms of resistance to acaricides; therefore, the potential of novel natural bioactive compounds that are effective for targeting ticks must be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of R. aculeata seeds and to identify naturally occurring compounds that potentially inhibit anticholinesterase through in silico docking. The acaricidal activity of the extract of R. aculeata seeds against larval and adult R. microplus ticks was assessed through immersion tests. Inhibition of anticholinesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Extracts of R. aculeata seeds showed activity against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, and a reduction in the reproductive index were also observed. Rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin exhibited noteworthy interactions with the active site residues of RmAChE. These findings could significantly contribute to the exploration of novel natural products that can potentially inhibit RmAChE and could be used in the development of new acaricides for tick control. Boophilus (Boophilus industry therefore addressed R docking tests spectrophotometrically observed Rutin acid quercetin control

As resistance to chemical acaricides increases amongst tick populations, investigations of natural remedies that have acaricidal or tick-repellent effects have become essential in the search for alternatives for sustainable tick control. Garlium GEM HC (Garlium), a natural concentrated garlic product, was supplemented in-feed to beef cattle to determine if it could assist in reducing the number of attached ticks on cattle. Two grams of Garlium was supplemented daily to eight Bonsmara steers over 43 days. A second group of eight steers served as controls. All animals were infested with a similar number of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults and Rhipicephalus microplus larvae. Subsequently, the number of attached engorged ticks and the hatchability of the tick eggs were determined. Blood samples were collected from the steers for whole blood analyses. The results were analysed using a two-sample t-test procedure. Due to large standard deviations observed, most of the tick parameters were only numerically improved. Although not significant, the number of larvae produced by female R. appendiculatus ticks per host was reduced by 23%. Estimated number of R. microplus larvae produced from ticks harvested from Garlium supplemented cattle were reduced by 42.3% (p = 0.10). No adverse effect was observed on haematocrits or haemoglobin concentrations. Garlium reduced segmented neutrophil count in the treatment group, suggesting that the immune system was less challenged. Although not statistically significant, the effect of reducing the number of larvae produced per host for the two tick species by approximately 20% and 40% respectively, may be of economic benefit to commercial cattle farmers.

RESUMO Os acaricidas químicos são utilizados como o principal método para controlar Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. No entanto, o uso incorreto desses compostos ao longo dos anos levou ao surgimento de populações de carrapatos resistentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro a eficácia de diferentes combinações de acaricidas sintéticos e do óleo essencial de Plectranthus amboinicus em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B.) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas foram obtidas de bovinos infestados, criados em fazendas leiteiras localizadas na mesorregião do Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram utilizadas cinco combinações diferentes de acaricidas sintéticos comerciais: I) Clorpirifós 30,0g + Cipermetrina 15,0g + Fention 15,0g; II) Clorpirifós 8,5g + Cipermetrina 15,0g + Etion 16,0g; III) Deltametrina 50,0g; IV) Amitraz 12,5g; V) Clorpirifós 15,0g + Cipermetrina 25,0g + Butóxido de piperonila 50,0g, e o óleo essencial de P. amboinicus a 1% para o teste de imersão de adultos. Apenas as combinações I e V de acaricidas sintéticos, juntamente com o óleo essencial, mostraram eficácia superior a 95%. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que populações de carrapatos resistentes estão presentes na área de estudo, e o óleo essencial de P. amboinicus é uma substância promissora para o desenvolvimento de produtos utilizados no controle de carrapatos. Por fim, é fundamental a implementação de atividades educacionais para melhorar a conscientização dos produtores quanto ao uso racional de acaricidas. Boophilus (Boophilus microplus entanto R B. B (B. infestados Pernambuco Brasil comerciais 300g g 30 0g 150g 15 II 85g 8 5g 16,0g 160g 16 III 50,0g 500g 50 IV 12,5g 125g 12 250g 25 P 1 adultos 95 95% fim (B 3 5 2 9

ABSTRACT Chemical acaricides are used as the primary method for controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. However, the incorrect use of these compounds over the years has led to the emergence of resistant tick populations. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different combinations of synthetic acaricides and the essential oil of Plectranthus amboinicus on engorged females of R. (B.) microplus. Engorged females were obtained from infested bovines in dairy farms in the Agreste mesoregion of Pernambuco, Brazil. Five different combinations of commercial synthetic acaricides: I) Chlorpyrifos 30.0g + Cypermethrin 15.0g + Fenthion 15.0g; II) Chlorpyrifos 8.5g + Cypermethrin 15.0g + Ethion 16.0g; III) Deltamethrin 50.0g; IV) Amitraz 12.5g; V) Chlorpyrifos 15.0g + Cypermethrin 25.0g + Piperonyl butoxide 50.0g, and the 1% essential oil of P. amboinicus were used for the Adult Immersion Test. Only the combinations I and V of synthetic acaricides and essential oil showed efficacy over 95%. The findings of this study demonstrate that ticks’ resistant populations are present in the study area, and the essential oil of P. amboinicus is a promising compound for developing products used for tick control. Finally, it is paramount to implement educational activities to improve farmers' awareness of the rational use of acaricides. Boophilus (Boophilus microplus However R B. B (B. Pernambuco Brazil 300g g 30 0g 150g 15 II 85g 8 5g 16.0g 160g 16 III 50.0g 500g 50 IV 12.5g 125g 12 250g 25 1 P Test 95 95% ticks area control Finally farmers (B 3 5 2 9

Resumo Carrapatos são artrópodes parasitos que causam perdas econômicas significativas na produção de bovinos em todo o mundo. Embora o carrapato bovino - Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus - esteja distribuído em todo o território brasileiro, não há um programa oficial de controle do parasito. Nesta revisão, foi abordada a situação da resistência de R. (B.) microplus aos carrapaticidas sintéticos no Brasil, incluindo: controle do carrapato; estado da resistência por estado; histórico da ocorrência de resistência a diferentes carrapaticidas; resistência múltipla; e as principais estratégias para o manejo integrado de carrapatos. No Brasil, laboratórios locais empregam empregam, inicialmente, o teste de imersão de adultos como método diagnóstico de resistência aos carrapaticidas. Apenas três estados (Acre, Amapá e Amazonas) não têm relatos de populações resistentes. O controle de carrapatos, no Brasil, é caracterizado por erros de manejo, há desinformação sobre estratégias de controle de carrapatos, uso inadequado dos produtos disponíveis, falta de adoção de práticas de manejo integrado de parasitos (MIP), baixo suporte técnico aos produtores e a rápida emergência de populações de carrapatos multirresistentes a carrapaticidas. Ao final, propõe-se uma lista de necessidades e prioridades para o controle de carrapatos em bovinos com relação à comunicação, pesquisa e políticas públicas. mundo Boophilus (Boophilus brasileiro parasito revisão R B. B (B. Brasil incluindo múltipla inicialmente Acre, Acre (Acre Amazonas resistentes disponíveis MIP, MIP , (MIP) final propõese propõe se comunicação públicas (B (MIP

Abstract Ticks are parasitic arthropods that cause significant economic losses to livestock production worldwide. Although Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the cattle tick, occurs throughout the Brazilian territory, there is no official program to control this tick, which is the vector of tick fever pathogens. We address the situation of R. (B.) microplus resistance to synthetic acaricides in Brazil, including cattle tick management; the status of tick resistance per Brazilian state; the history of resistance occurrence of different acaricides; multiple resistance occurrence; and the main strategies for integrated tick management. Tick control in Brazil is characterized by management errors. Local laboratories affiliated with federal and state research institutions and universities employ the Adult Immersion Test as a primary diagnostic method to assess acaricide resistance to topically applied drugs. Only three states (Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas) have no reports on resistant populations. Misinformation on tick control strategies, misuse of available products for tick control, no adoption of Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) practices, low technical support to producers, and the high-speed emergence of acaricide-resistant tick populations are the main problems. We also propose a list of needs and priorities for cattle tick control regarding communication, research, and policies. worldwide Boophilus (Boophilus territory pathogens R B. B (B. errors drugs Acre, Acre (Acre Amapá Amazonas IPM (IPM practices producers highspeed high speed acaricideresistant problems communication policies (B

Resumen Tetranychus urticae Koch es la plaga más importante en el cultivo del rosal, ya que reduce la calidad de la producción e incrementa los costos de manejo, en consecuencia, los acaricidas se han utilizado ampliamente para su control. Por lo anterior se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad para la determinación de resistencia en hembras adultas de T. urticae a los acaricidas, abamectina, acequinocyl, clorfenapir y extracto de Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl, sobre tres poblaciones de Tenancingo, Estado de México y una línea susceptible. La investigación se realizó en 2021 en el Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, para la evaluación de los plaguicidas se empleó la técnica de inmersión en hoja (IRAC, 2009). Los resultados demostraron que la población que presentó tendencia a desarrollar resistencia al plaguicida abamectina fue la L3 (Rancho Lizflor), mientras que las poblaciones L1 (Rancho Los Pilares) y L2 (Rancho Isoflor) se condujeron hacia el acaricida acequinocyl, por lo que se recomienda la disminución de las aplicaciones y rotación de plaguicidas de distinto grupo toxicológico. Para el resto de los plaguicidas no se reportó resistencia en ninguna de las poblaciones en estudio, por tal motivo se les puede considerar efectivos para el control de T. urticae en Tenancingo, Estado de México.

Abstract Tetranychus urticae Koch is the most important pest in rose crops, since it reduces the quality of production and increases management costs, consequently, acaricides have been widely used for its control. Therefore, susceptibility tests were performed to determine resistance in adult females of T. urticae to acaricides, abamectin, acequinocyl, chlorfenapyr, and extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl, on three populations of Tenancingo, State of Mexico and a susceptible line. The research was carried out in 2021 in the Department of Agricultural Parasitology, the leaf immersion technique was used for the evaluation of the pesticides (IRAC, 2009). The results demonstrated that the population that showed a tendency to develop resistance to the pesticide abamectin was L3 (Rancho Lizflor), while the populations L1 (Rancho Los Pilares) and L2 (Rancho Isoflor) had a tendency towards the acaricide acequinocyl, so it is recommended to reduce the applications and rotation of pesticides of different toxicological group. For the rest of the pesticides, no resistance was reported in any of the populations under study, for this reason they can be considered effective for the control of T. urticae in Tenancingo, State of Mexico.

Resumo Carrapatos Rhipicephalus linnaei transmitem patógenos como Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli e Hepatozoon canis, para os cães. O mercado veterinário dispõe de acaricidas sintéticos para o controle desses ectoparasitas. Ésteres derivados do óleo de mamona são eficientes, mas há pouca informação sobre seus efeitos em organismos não-alvos. Esse trabalho objetivou analisar clínica (AST, ALT e ALP), histológica e histoquímicamente (fígado e baço) coelhas expostas aos ésteres e ao afoxolaner, tendo sido as mesmas alocadas nos grupos: Controle (GC) que recebeu ração Bandeirante®; Tratamento 1 (TG1), além da ração foram expostas ao afoxolaner, Tratamento 2 (TG2) receberam ração enriquecida com os ésteres (1,75 g ésteres/kg). Não houve alterações nas enzimas AST, ALT e ALP na exposição aos ésteres (TG2). No TG1 houve alterações na AST. O fígado das coelhas do TG1 apresentou alterações histológicas e histoquímicas, tais como esteatose e vacuolização, bem como fraca marcação de proteínas. Polissacarídeos foi intensamente marcados no fígado do TG2. O baço não apresentou alterações em nenhum dos grupos. Os ésteres do óleo de mamona causaram menos alterações hepáticas nas coelhas do que quando elas foram expostas ao afoxolaner. canis cães ectoparasitas eficientes nãoalvos. nãoalvos alvos. alvos não-alvos AST (AST ALP, , ALP) afoxolaner grupos GC (GC Bandeirante® Bandeirante TG1, TG (TG1) TG2 (TG2 1,75 175 75 (1,7 ésteres/kg. éstereskg ésteres/kg . kg ésteres/kg) histoquímicas vacuolização proteínas (TG1 (TG 1,7 17 7 (1, 1, (1 (

Abstract In dogs, Rhipicephalus linnaei transmits pathogens such as Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis. The veterinary market has synthetic acaricides to ticks control. Esters derived from castor oil are efficient. However, there is little information about their effects on non-target organisms. This work consisted of a clinical (AST, ALT, and ALP) and histological and histochemical analysis (liver and spleen) of female rabbits exposed to these esters and afoxolaner. The rabbits were divided into three groups: control group (CG) received Bandeirante® rabbit feed; the afoxolaner treatment (TG1) received rabbit feed and two doses of afoxolaner; castor oil esters treatment (TG2) received rabbit feed enriched with esters (1.75 g esters/kg). No alterations were observed in the AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes in exposure to esters TG2. Rabbits from TG1 showed changes in AST. The liver of rabbits exposed to afoxolaner underwent histological and histochemical changes, such as steatosis and vacuolation, as well as poor protein labeling. Polysaccharides were intensely observed in the group exposed to esters. The spleen showed no changes in any of the exposure. Esters from castor oil caused fewer liver changes when incorporated into the feed and fed to rabbits than exposure to afoxolaner. dogs canis vogeli efficient However nontarget non target organisms AST (AST ALT groups CG (CG Bandeirante TG (TG1 TG2 (TG2 1.75 175 1 75 (1.7 esters/kg. esterskg esters/kg . kg esters/kg) vacuolation labeling (TG 1.7 17 7 (1. 1. (1 (

Abstract Brazil is among the largest apple producers in the world (Malus domestica Bork, Rosaceae), with production concentrated mainly in the southern of the country. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) have economic importance in apple and, recently, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Eriophyidae), was reported in Brazil. This review aims to delineate the distribution of the acarofauna associated to apple, with emphasis on the main groups of economic importance and their potential natural enemies and highlight the problems related to phytophagous species and management possibilities. Searches were carried out in databases, and the principal keywords were Aculus schlechtendali, Malus domestica and Panonychus ulmi. After the exclusion criteria resulted 166 publications. The social and economic importance of the apple has been increasing on the world, however, due to environmental imbalance, phytophagous mites are increasing their populations and acquiring resistance against acaricides. Panonychus ulmi has been reported in America for decades, being of economic importance for Brazil and the record of A. schlechtendali alerts to the possibility of damage in orchards in the country. Therefore, it is important that the literature be evaluated, that the mite species are identified and that forms of conscious management are developed. Prioritizing the human and animal health and environmental balance. Bork Rosaceae, Rosaceae , Rosaceae) country Koch (Koch Tetranychidae (Tetranychidae recently Nalepa (Nalepa Eriophyidae, Eriophyidae (Eriophyidae) possibilities databases 16 publications however imbalance acaricides decades A Therefore evaluated developed balance (Eriophyidae 1

Resumo O uso de acaricidas se tornou prática comum para o controle de pragas em todo o mundo, incluindo a Arábia Saudita. Apesar de matar as pragas-alvo, esses inseticidas também afetam o crescimento de ácaros predadores. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o impacto de dois acaricidas, abamectina e hexythiazox, em sete espécies de ácaros predadores. Soluções padrão de abamectina (8.4% w/v) e hexitiazox (10% w/w) foram adquiridas e preparadas para pulverização direta. Os acaricidas foram testados em três concentrações seriais de dose recomendada (RD), metade da dose recomendada (HRD) e o dobro da dose recomendada (DRD). Os ensaios foram feitos em ovos, ninfas e adultos das sete espécies de ácaros predadores em condições de laboratório. O efeito dos acaricidas aplicados foi determinado uma semana após a aplicação. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que todas as doses de hexitiazox e abamectina são tóxicas para as ninfas e adultos de todas as sete espécies de ácaros predadores, mas em extensão variável. Além disso, foi observado que hexitiazox e abamectina reduziram a porcentagem de eclosão de ovos para todas as sete espécies de ácaros predadores. Verificou-se que o hexitiazox é mais tóxico do que a abamectina para todos os sete ácaros predadores. A mortalidade mais alta foi registrada no DRD e RD, enquanto a mortalidade mínima foi registrada no HRD. O efeito acaricida é menos severo em ovos para incubação do que em imaturos e adultos de ácaros predadores. As espécies variam em suscetibilidade a acaricidas, e em algumas populações foi observada resistência. Com base neste estudo, recomenda-se que o uso frequente de acaricidas contra ácaros fitófagos seja evitado e a viabilidade de programas de controle biológico seja promovida para proteger o meio ambiente, a saúde de indivíduos vivos e de organismos não visados.

Abstract Use of acaricides has become a common practice to control pests all over the world including Saudi Arabia. In spite of killing the targeted pests, such insecticides also effect growth of predatory mites. Present study has been conducted to evaluate the impact of two acaricides, abamectin and hexythiazox, on seven species of predatory mites. Standard solutions of abamectin (8.4% w/v) and hexythiazox (10% w/w) were purchased and prepared for direct spray. Acaricides were tested at three serial concentrations of recommended dose (RD), half of the recommended dose (HRD) and double the recommended dose (DRD). Trials were made on eggs, nymphs and adults of the seven species of predatory mites under laboratory conditions. Effect of the applied acaricides was determined one week after the application. The results of the study revealed that all doses of hexythiazox and abamectin are toxic to the nymphs and adults of all seven species of predatory mites but to the variable extent. Furthermore, it was observed that hexythiazox and abamectin reduced the percentage of egg hatching for all seven species of predatory mites. Hexythiazox was found to be more toxic than abamectin to all seven predatory mites. Higher mortality was recorded at DRD and RD, while minimum mortality was recorded at HRD. Acaricidal effect is less severe on hatching eggs than on immatures and adults of the predatory mites. Species vary in susceptibility to acaricides and in some populations resistance has been observed. Based upon this study, it is recommended that the frequent use of acaricides against phytophagous mites should be avoided and feasibility of biological control programs should be promoted to protect the environment, health of living individuals and the non-target organisms.

Resumen Objetivos. Determinar la efectividad de acaricidas en poblaciones de campo de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus colectadas en fincas ganaderas de los municipios de Ibagué, Espinal y Cajamarca, departamento del Tolima. Metodología. En 12 fincas se colectaron 1200 teleoginas de R. microplus que fueron sometidas a una prueba de inmersión de adultas (PIA) modificada, a fin de evaluar cuatro acaricidas comúnmente usados en la región: cipermetrina al 15%, amitraz al 20,8%, etión al 84% e ivermectina al 1%. Se calcularon parámetros como la eficiencia reproductiva y el porcentaje de eclosión, con los cuales se determinó la eficacia de cada acaricida. Resultados. Se encontró que en el 91,66% de los predios evaluados las poblaciones de R. microplus fueron resistentes a la cipermetrina, el 91,66% al amitraz, 75% a etión y 66,66% a ivermectina, evidenciando pérdida de eficacia de estos químicos. Conclusión. Se demostró la alta dispersión de resistencia a los acaricidas de uso frecuente en campo para el control de poblaciones de R. microplus en tres municipios del Tolima, denotando la necesidad de establecer nuevas estrategias de control que permitan limitar las infestaciones de la garrapata común del ganado.

Abstract Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of acaricides in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected in cattle farms in the municipalities of Ibagué, Espinal and Cajamarca, department of Tolima. Methodology: A total of 1200 teleogines of R. microplus were collected in 12 farms and subjected to a modified adult immersion test (AIT) in order to evaluate four commonly used acaricides in the region: cypermethrin 15%, amitraz 20.8 %, 84% ethion and 1% ivermectin. Parameters such as reproductive efficiency and hatching percentage were calculated, with which the efficacy of each acaricide was determined. Results: It was found that in 91.66% of the farms evaluated the populations of R. microplus were resistant to cypermethrin, 91.66% to amitraz, 75% to ethion and 66.66% to ivermectin, showing loss of efficacy of these chemicals. Conclusion: The high dispersion of resistance to the acaricides frequently used in the field for the control of populations of R. microplus in three municipalities of Tolima was demonstrated, denoting the need to establish new control strategies that allow limiting infestations of the common cattle tick.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Costa Rica se procesan anualmente 681 millones de litros de leche, debido al alto consumo per cápita que es de 216 kilogramos, por lo que es particularmente importante evitar los efectos tóxicos de la leche contaminada, asociados a vómitos, parálisis y calambres, y, a largo plazo, cáncer, trastornos endocrinos, diabetes y alteraciones cromosómicas, entre otros. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de residuos de cinco acaricidas usados en Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafós, Clorpirifós, Ciflutrina y Cipermetrina, en muestras de leche entera bovina de Costa Rica. Métodos: De enero a setiembre del 2018 tomamos muestras en 200 sistemas de producción de seis provincias y aplicamos técnicas de cromatografía de gases y de líquidos, acopladas a espectrometría de masas. Resultados: no hallamos residuos de Coumafós y la Ciflutrina, pero en 19 fincas detectamos Amitraz, Cipermetrina y Clorpirifós (este último, 0,01mg/kg). Pocos encargados conocen alternativas al control químico, y la mayoría ni respeta el periodo de retiro del garrapaticida, ni hace la rotación del ingrediente activo. Conclusión: Se debe mejorar la educación y el monitoreo sobre el uso de garrapaticidas en los sistemas de producción de leche.

ABSTRACT ''Acaricide residues in whole bovine milk from Costa Rica''. Introduction: Because of the high per capita consumption of 216 kilograms, in Costa Rica, 681 million liters of milk are processed annually, and it is particularly important to avoid the toxic effects of contaminated milk, associated with vomiting, paralysis and cramps, and, in the long term, cancer, endocrine disorders, diabetes and chromosomal alterations, among others. Objective: To determine the residue levels of five acaricides used in Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafos, Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin and Cypermethrin, in samples of whole bovine milk. Methods: From January to September 2018, we collected samples from 200 production systems in six provinces and applied gas and liquid chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: We did not find residues of Coumafos and Cyfluthrin, but in 19 farms we detected Amitraz, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (the latter, 0.01mg/kg). Few managers know alternatives to chemical control, and most do not respect the withdrawal period of the tick, and do not rotate the active ingredient. Conclusion: Education and monitoring on tick control should be improved in dairy farms.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate an integrated control scheme for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in pregnant and calving cows combining two treatments with chemical acaricides and paddock rest in a representative locality of northeastern Argentina. This scheme was designed to combine the therapeutic effect of strategic control (two treatments applied between late winter and spring) with the rest of pastures (in the present work of three months) on the amount of larvae present in a paddock. Twenty-two Braford-type heifers and cows were divided into two groups in paddocks naturally infested with ticks, with a rest of three months before the animals were admitted. Group I received two acaricidal treatments with fluazuron and flumethrin and group II remained without treatment as a control group. Tick infestation was monitored monthly and therapeutic efficacy was calculated. The infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in group I was significantly lower than that of the control group and the efficacy levels were always higher than 93%, with the exception of the February count, where the efficacy was 89.1%. The complementary integration of the partial decontamination applied through a three-month pasture rest with a strategic treatment scheme (two in a 10-month period) allowed reaching significant levels of efficacy in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus while maintaining low levels of infestation with minimal movements to management pens, and providing sustainability to the use of acaricides.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar un esquema de control integrado para Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en vacas preñadas y con cría combinando dos tratamientos con acaricidas químicos y el descanso de potreros en una localidad representativa del noreste argentino. Este esquema fue diseñado para combinar el efecto terapéutico del control estratégico (dos tratamientos aplicados entre fines del invierno y la primavera) con el que tiene el descanso de las pasturas (en el presente trabajo de tres meses) sobre la cantidad de larvas presentes en un potrero. Veintidós vacas y vaquillas de biotipo Braford fueron distribuidas en dos grupos en potreros infestados naturalmente con garrapatas, con un descanso de tres meses previo al ingreso de los animales. El grupo I recibió dos tratamientos acaricidas con fluazurón y flumetrina y el grupo II permaneció sin tratamientos como grupo control. Se estimó mensualmente la infestación con garrapatas y se calculó la eficacia terapéutica. La infestación con Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en el grupo I fue significativamente menor que la del grupo control y los niveles de eficacia fueron siempre superiores al 93%, con la excepción del conteo de febrero dónde el porcentaje de eficacia fue del 89,1%. La integración complementaria de la descontaminación parcial ejercida mediante un descanso de pasturas de tres meses con un esquema de tratamientos estratégicos (dos en un período de 10 meses) permitió alcanzar niveles significativos de eficacia en el control de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus manteniendo bajos niveles de infestación con mínimos movimientos a corral, y brindando sustentabilidad al uso de los acaricidas.