Abstract The balance of powers is not the result of the simple distribution of legislative, executive and judicial powers among the authorities that make up the branches of public power, but is the result of the correct distribution of powers that allow for reciprocal control among these authorities. Thus, the excesses of one of the authorities of the State can be balanced, if the other authorities have sufficient powers to allow them to oppose them. However, if a strict theoretical analysis is made in law of the Colombian constitution, it is observed that the congress does not have sufficient powers to control the government, because it does not have the capacity to control budget. legislative power Thus balanced However constitution government budget

Resumen El equilibrio de poderes no es el resultado de la simple distribución de competencias legislativas, ejecutivas y judiciales entre las autoridades que conforman las ramas del poder público, sino que es el resultado de la correcta distribución de competencias que permiten el control reciproco entre estas autoridades. Así, los excesos de una de las autoridades del Estado pueden ser equilibrados si las otras autoridades tienen las competencias suficientes que les permitan oponerse. Sin embargo, si se hace un análisis teórico estricto en derecho de la constitución colombiana, se observa que el congreso no tiene las competencias suficientes para controlar al gobierno, porque no tiene la capacidad para controlar el gasto público. legislativas público Así oponerse embargo colombiana gobierno

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objeto realizar un análisis crítico de los tres delitos de abuso sexual incorporados al Código Penal (CP) de Uruguay mediante la Ley n.º 19.580 (Ley de Violencia hacia las Mujeres Basada en Género). Estos son el delito de abuso sexual (art. 272-BIS del CP), el delito de abuso sexual especialmente agravado (art. 272-TER del CP) y el delito de abuso sexual sin contacto corporal (art. 273-BIS del CP). En definitiva, la finalidad de este trabajo consiste en determinar el alcance de cada una de estas figuras penales, para lo cual se analizarán los elementos comunes a todas ellas (bien jurídico protegido, sujetos involucrados y dolo directo), así como las particularidades que presenta cada uno de estos tipos penales, destacando los aciertos y errores que presenta esta nueva legislación penal

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to carry out a critical analysis of the three crimes of sexual abuse incorporated into the Penal Code (PC) of Uruguay by the Law No. 19,580 (Law on Gender-Based Violence Against Women). These are the crime of sexual abuse (art. 272-BIS of the PC), the crime of especially aggravated sexual abuse (art. 272-TER of the PC) and the crime of sexual abuse without bodily contact (art. 273-BIS of the PC). In short, the purpose of this work is to determine the scope of each of these criminal figures, for which the elements common to all of them will be analyzed (protected legal property, subjects involved and criminal intent), as well as the particularities that each of these criminal types presents, highlighting the successes and errors presented by this new criminal legislation

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise crítica dos três delitos de abuso sexual incorporados ao Código Penal (CP) do Uruguai por meio da Lei nº 19.580 (Lei de Violência de Gênero contra a Mulher). São eles o delito de abuso sexual (art. 272-BIS do CP), o delito de abuso sexual especialmente agravado (art. 272-TER do CP) e o delito de abuso sexual sem contato corporal (art. 273-BIS do CP). Em suma, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o alcance de cada uma dessas infrações penais, para o qual serão analisados os elementos comuns a todas elas (bem jurídico protegido, sujeitos envolvidos e dolo direto), bem como as particularidades que cada um desses tipos penais apresenta, destacando os acertos e erros dessa nova legislação penal

In 2004, section 24G on ex post facto environmental authorisation was introduced into the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) of 1998 (as amended) to enable developers to get back into the regulatory loop. However, this introduction raised controversies among South African scholars and practitioners alike, despite some adjustments in subsequent amendments - 2008, 2013, and 2014. The argument has been that section 24G is a fait accompli, provides leverage for abuse by potential developers, facilitates environmental non-compliance, and therefore should be considered an anomaly to the constitutional right to an environment that is not harmful to health and well-being. In 2022, the National Environmental Management Laws (NEMAL) Amendment Bill, introduced significant changes to section 24G to drive South Africa's environmental compliance and enforcement regime. In this article, I revisit the question of ex post facto environmental authorisation under section 24G to advance substantive normative and theoretical insight that will attempt to clarify 'the controversial' debate about section 24G. This unique insight is achieved through the methodological combination of systemic analysis of the 2022 amendment of section 24G against previous criticisms of section 24G in tandem with existing literature. I articulate these controversies to provide conceptual direction in academic discourse that earlier criticisms about section 24G are no longer tenable. From these theoretical and analytical understandings, I argue that, unlike previous amendments, the 2022 amendment provides a fundamental radical shift in South Africa's environmental law. Along this line, I advocate for rethinking the "contentious" debate about section 24G and the issue of ex post facto environmental authorisation underpinning it. The legal doctrinal research methodology is used in this article.

BACKGROUND: The Nigerian mental health law titled the Lunacy Act of 1958 has been under scrutiny for violating the human rights of people with mental illness. The call to reform the obsolete Lunacy Act has garnered attention from the government, as the law has been unamended for over 60 years AIM: This study presents the challenges and implications of the new mental health law to the mental health services of Nigeria METHODS: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to find pertinent material. The implications and difficulties facing the new mental health law examined from the literature were discussed. Recommendations were made following an exploratory search for literature on mental health legislation in Nigeria RESULTS: The new Law in Section 5(6) saw the introduction of mental health services in primary and secondary healthcare. It also addresses critical issues such as non-discrimination, fundamental human rights, standards of treatment, access to information, confidentiality and autonomy, and the employment rights of persons with mental health and substance abuse-related disorders. The Law failed to include mental health services in the country's health insurance system CONCLUSION: There is a need for legislation to meet people's mental health needs and encourage them to seek treatments, such as regulations that protect against discrimination and harsh treatment of people with mental illness CONTRIBUTION: Nigerian mental health services would benefit from the new mental health law if the key issues raised in this review are addressed

A literature review revealed that sexual grooming can be counteracted in public schools by focussing on educators' professional boundary violations. However, there is a scarcity of literature where sexual grooming behaviours are linked to professional boundary violations and on the handling of these behaviours from a legal perspective. Such information would be most valuable to school principals, departments of education, bodies overseeing the teaching profession and forums and courts that consider cases dealing with educator-on-learner sexual grooming. Following on an article titled "Sexual Grooming of Children in Teaching as a Trust Profession in South Africa" the author, in this article, concentrates on sexual grooming behaviours as professional boundary violations. She not only links typical grooming behaviours with professional boundary violations but also considers the law and policy that governs it, and which would apply when dealing with such as a breach of the South African Council for Educators Code of Professional Ethics, and or misconduct. Sexual grooming behaviours are associated with the violation of professional relationship boundaries which protect learners from the abuse of power and trust, inappropriate communication, educators exceeding their tasks and roles, educators physically abusing learners and educators invading learners' personal space and privacy. To allege that an educator has committed a professional boundary violation it is essential to distinguish between boundary violations which are acceptable and boundary violations that are inappropriate and part of sexual grooming. The author suggests a test that can be used to make this distinction and that would make it possible to deal with boundary violations before a sexual grooming pattern forms. The article is concluded with recommendations inter alia to rephrase section 17(1 )(f) of the Employment of Educators Act 76 of 1998 so that it would be unambiguous and be able to cover sexual grooming as a form of serious misconduct.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with communication disabilities encounter obstacles in attaining equal access to justice compared to others. Despite experiencing widespread violence and abuse, they come across as challenges in seeking remedies through the legal system. One barrier is the lack of awareness among legal practitioners regarding suitable accommodations that would facilitate effective participation in court for individuals with communication disabilities. OBJECTIVES: This study explores the awareness of final-year law students concerning court accommodations available for individuals with communication disabilities, allowing them to testify in a South African court. The findings can serve as inspiration for expanding the current curriculum for law students. METHOD: This qualitative study used a modified six-step nominal group technique whereby participants (six law students identified through snowball sampling) generated, discussed and reached a consensus on accommodations needed by individuals with communication disabilities, enabling them to provide testimony in court. Data were analysed using thematic analysis principles). RESULTS: The study found that although participants had not received any instruction on disability rights, access to justice or court accommodations during their legal training at the undergraduate level, they were able to perceive and learn about four main types of court accommodations for persons with communication disabilities to enable their testimony. CONCLUSION: Final-year law students are aware of court accommodations despite not having received formal instruction in disability law. CONTRIBUTION: The inclusion of disability rights and court accommodations is recommended at the undergraduate level to ensure that when in practice, lawyers have knowledge on ensuring access to justice for persons with communication disabilities.

ABSTRACT The general objective of the research was to legally analyze the violation of sexual and reproductive integrity. Case: Shuar Community, Ecuador. The study was based on a positivist paradigm, from a quantitative and descriptive perspective, complemented with a documentary design. For this purpose, norms, laws, refereed articles and theses were analyzed, which contributed to the formulation of the theoretical body and conclusions related to the proposed topic. It is concluded that, where the research was conducted, unfortunately the constitutional guarantees, the internal criminal legal system itself, and international treaties, simply do not exist for those who are vulnerable within the Shuar population.

RESUMEN El objetivo general de la investigación fue analizar jurídicamente la vulneración de la integridad sexual y reproductiva. Caso: Comunidad Shuar, Ecuador. El estudio se basó en un paradigma positivista, desde una perspectiva cuantitativa y descriptiva, complementado con un diseño documental. Para ello se analizaron normas, leyes, artículos arbitrados y tesis, lo que contribuyó a la formulación del cuerpo teórico y las conclusiones relacionados con el tema propuesto. Se concluye que, en donde se situó la investigación, lamentablemente las garantías constitucionales, el propio ordenamiento jurídico penal interno, y los tratados internacionales, sencillamente no existe para quienes son vulnerables dentro de la población Shuar.

RESUMEN ¿Cómo afectan las plataformas digitales el ejercicio de derechos constitucionales?, ¿qué pueden hacer los Estados, en el marco de su soberanía, para regular el poder de estos actores?, ¿Qué se ha intentado en el caso mexicano al respecto? El presente artículo analiza cómo las plataformas digitales del sector Big Tech, tales como Facebook y Google, pueden afectar la democracia y nuestras vidas colectivas. Este artículo resalta las implicaciones jurídicas de acceso a la información y al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Esta investigación presenta un análisis general del marco jurídico aplicable, para luego analizar en mayor contexto el borrador de iniciativa propuesto en 2021, que tenía como objeto regular las prácticas de moderación de contenidos en plataformas digitales. La metodología empleada es derecho comparado, para contrastar en un primer momento elementos de derecho europeo y estadounidense, y posteriormente el marco normativo mexicano.

ABSTRACT How do Big Tech platforms affect the exercise of fundamental rights? What can the States do, in the context of their sovereignty, to moderate these actors’ powers? What has been explored in the context of Mexico? This article discusses how Big Tech platforms, such as Facebook and Google, may impact our collective lives and democracy. It highlights the legal implications of access to information and freedom of expression. This research provides an overall legal framework on this issue, to later place in context the Mexican draft bill introduced in 2021 to regulate platforms’ content moderation practices, analyzing its flaws and areas of improvement, and suggesting specific elements for further legal discussion to prevent abuse of power from these companies within the Latin American and Mexican context. A comparative legal methodology is used, resorting to elements of American and European Law, to later discuss the Mexican legal framework.

Abstract In times of global crisis caused by terrorism, migration, climate change, and the pandemic caused by Covid-19, it is necessary to reflect on the norms and measures adopted by the different States to face the crisis, which, on repeated occasions, have jeopardized the fundamental pillars of democracy. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to carry out a comparative analysis of the Law of Exceptionality in Colombia and Mexico, highlighting not only the differences existing in both legal models about regulation, the system of controls and the suspension of rights according to the constitutional order in force but also highlighting how the Executive Branch avoids the use of these mechanisms by using the statutory law of Exceptionality to circumvent the system of limits, controls, and guarantees established in the Law of exception, as has occurred during the pandemic, where both countries restricted citizens’ rights and freedoms using ordinary norms, which shows an excessive abuse of the ordinary Law of exceptionality by the governments of these countries, with the consequent breach of the democratic order and the social rule of law. terrorism migration change Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 Covid-19 occasions democracy sense Mexico regulation limits exception citizens Covid1 1 Covid-1 Covid-

Resumen En tiempos de crisis global causadas por el terrorismo, la migración, el cambio climático y la pandemia causada por el Covid-19, es necesario reflexionar sobre las normas y las medidas adoptadas por los distintos Estados para enfrentar la crisis. En reiteradas ocasiones, estas acciones ponen en jaque los pilares fundamentales de la democracia. La finalidad de este artículo es realizar un análisis comparativo del Derecho de excepcionalidad en Colombia y México. Esto permitirá no solo resaltar las diferencias en ambos modelos jurídicos en términos de regulación, sistema de controles y suspensión de derechos según el orden constitucional vigente, sino también destacar cómo el Poder Ejecutivo utiliza el Derecho de excepcionalidad ordinario para eludir el sistema de límites, controles y garantías establecido en el Derecho de excepción, lo que conlleva el quebrantamiento del orden democrático y del Estado social de derecho. Este análisis arroja luces sobre la necesidad de repensar las prácticas gubernamentales y garantizar que las acciones de emergencia se ajusten a los principios democráticos y al Estado de derecho, protegiendo así los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos. terrorismo migración Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 Covid-19 ocasiones democracia México regulación vigente límites excepción derecho ciudadanos Covid1 1 Covid-1 Covid-

Parental alienation syndrome has been identified more markedly, since the psychiatrist Richard Gardner (1985), defined it as a childhood disorder, derived from conflicts between parents, related to the custody of their daughters and sons, the result of a programming induced to girls and boys by the defamation of the alienating parent towards the other”. It can be identified as the rejection of the daughter or son, towards their father or mother, as a form of punishment and revenge exercised by one of those parents against their counterpart, who is generally the one who does not maintain custody and custody; This can be a form of child abuse and therefore violate the human rights of children. Objective: To reflect on parental alienation as a violation of children's human rights from developmental psychology. Results: This phenomenon is contemplated in the Constitutional text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the diverse Mexican legislation, particularly what is indicated by the General Law on the Rights of Girls, Boys and Adolescents in its article 23, which protects the right that they have, despite the fact that their families are separated, even due to divorce, to live together and maintain personal relationships and direct contact with their mother and father and their other family, doing it regularly, which is in accordance with with their right to mental development and well-being, despite this, it does not appear in the DSM-5. Conclusion: This syndrome violates human rights, since the exercise of rights in childhood must be guaranteed, an affective, understanding and non-violent environment, taking care of their psychological integrity, eliminating acts that impair their integral development, violate respect, generate violence or rejection of their relationships with their parents and other relatives.

El síndrome de alienación parental ha venido identificándose más marcadamente, desde que el psiquiatra Richard Gardner (1985), lo definió como “un trastorno de la infancia, derivado de conflictos entre los progenitores, relativo a la custodia de sus hijas e hijos, resultado de una programación inducida a las niñas y los niños por la difamación del progenitor alienador hacia el otro”. Puede identificarse como el rechazo de la hija o hijo, hacia su padre o madre, como una forma de castigo y venganza ejercida por uno de esos progenitores en contra de su contraparte, que generalmente es quien no mantiene la guarda y custodia; esto puede ser una forma de maltrato infantil y por ende atacar contra los derechos humanos de la niñez. Objetivo : Reflexionar acerca dealienación parental como violación de derechos humanos de la niñez desde la psicología del desarrollo. Results : Este fenómeno, se contempla en el texto Constitucional de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño y la diversa legislación mexicana, particularmente lo señalado por la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en su artículo 23, que ampara el derecho que tienen estos, a pesar de que sus familias se encuentran separadas, inclusive por motivo de divorcio, a convivir y mantener relaciones personales y contacto directo con su madre y padre y los demás familia de ellos, realizándolo de modo regular, lo que va acorde con su derecho a un desarrollo y bienestar mental, pese a ello, no aparece en el DSM-5. Conclusión:Este síndrome, violenta derechos humanos, pues se debe garantizar el ejercicio de derechos en la infancia, un entorno afectivo, comprensivo y sin violencia, cuidando su integridad psicológica, eliminando actos que menoscaben su desarrollo integral, vulneren el respeto, generen violencia o rechazo de sus relaciones con sus padres y otros familiares.

A síndrome da alienação parental tem sido identificada de forma mais acentuada, desde que o psiquiatra Richard Gardner (1985), a definiu como “um distúrbio da infância, derivado de conflitos entre pais, relacionados à guarda de suas filhas e filhos, resultado de uma programação induzida às meninas e meninos pela difamação do genitor alienador para com o outro”. Pode ser identificada como a rejeição da filha ou do filho, em relação ao pai ou à mãe, como forma de punição e vingança exercida por um desses pais contra o seu homólogo, que geralmente é aquele que não mantém guarda e guarda; Isso pode ser uma forma de abuso infantil e, portanto, violar os direitos humanos das crianças. Objetivo: Refletir sobre a alienação parental como violação dos direitos humanos da criança a partir da psicologia do desenvolvimento. Resultados: Este fenômeno está contemplado no texto constitucional da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança e nas diversas legislações mexicanas, particularmente o que indica a Lei Geral dos Direitos de Meninas, Meninos e Adolescentes em seu artigo 23, que protege a direito que têm, apesar de as suas famílias estarem separadas, mesmo por motivo de divórcio, de viverem juntas e manterem relações pessoais e contactos directos com a mãe e o pai e com os restantes familiares, fazendo-o regularmente, o que está de acordo com os seus direito ao desenvolvimento mental e ao bem-estar, apesar disso, não consta no DSM-5. Conclusão: Esta síndrome viola os direitos humanos, uma vez que deve ser garantido o exercício dos direitos na infância, um ambiente afetivo, compreensivo e não violento, cuidando de sua integridade psicológica, eliminando atos que prejudiquem seu desenvolvimento integral, violem o respeito, gerem violência ou rejeição de seus relacionamentos com seus pais e outros parentes.

Abstract The patriarchal structures that still define Brazilian society are manifested in different forms of violence against women. The concept of epistemic injustice, developed by Miranda Fricker, is a key concept for understanding the impacts of identity prejudices in the trial of cases of violence against women, as it explains the distortions in the credibility distribution between aggressor and victim. Under this framework, endorsed by the bibliographical review of the specific literature, this article develops the hypothesis that the patriarchal power structures surface in epistemic practices, despite the presumed neutrality of the law, unbalancing the degree of credibility attributed to women and men in the context of criminal proceedings, and leading to injustices such as aggressors’ impunity and victim blaming based on gender stereotypes. Through this analysis, the article aims to answer: Fricker’s “virtuous hearer” ideal can be a helpful parameter to guide judicial hearings, especially regarding the judge’s posture towards victims of domestic abuse and other crimes against women? If so, how such virtuous epistemic practices can avoid negative gender biases on the evaluation of testimonial evidence, and ultimately contribute to diminish the harmful effects of identity prejudices in the justice system – given its inherent symbolic power? injustice Fricker framework literature law proceedings aggressors stereotypes analysis answer Frickers s hearer hearings judges judge so evidence

Resumo As estruturas patriarcais que ainda marcam a sociedade brasileira afloram na forma de diferentes espécies de violência contra a mulher. O conceito de injustiça epistêmica, concebido por Miranda Fricker, emerge como um importante referencial teórico para a compreensão dos impactos dos preconceitos identitários no julgamento de casos de violência contra a mulher, na medida em que explica as distorções na distribuição da credibilidade entre agressor e vítima. A partir desse marco teórico, corroborado pela revisão bibliográfica da literatura específica, o artigo desenvolve a hipótese de que as estruturas de poder forjadas pelo patriarcado se manifestam nas práticas epistêmicas, inclusive sob a guarida da pretensa neutralidade do discurso jurídico, gerando um desbalanço no grau de confiabilidade atribuído às mulheres e aos homens, no âmbito do processo penal, e culminando em graves injustiças como a impunidade do agressor e a culpabilização da vítima, com base em estereótipos de gênero. Busca-se, por meio dessa análise, responder ao seguinte questionamento: em que medida o “ouvinte virtuoso” idealizado por Fricker pode servir de parâmetro para guiar a colheita do testemunho de vítimas de violência doméstica e outros crimes contra mulheres? E, ainda, em que medida a adoção dessas práticas epistêmicas virtuosas pode contribuir para evitar a influência de preconceitos na avaliação da prova testemunhal, e, em última instância, para mitigar os perniciosos efeitos do preconceito identitário no Sistema de Justiça – considerando o poder simbólico ostentado pelo Direito? mulher epistêmica vítima específica jurídico homens penal gênero Buscase, Buscase Busca se, Busca-se análise questionamento ouvinte virtuoso E testemunhal instância Direito

Abstract This article explores the interaction between international investment law and intellectual property rights through examining two arbitration disputes known as Philip Morris versus Uruguay and Philip Morris versus Australia. Once intellectual property rights are recognized as a form of investment under international agreements, new challenges concerning autonomy regulation of States are imposed. The field of research is intellectual property. The proposed objective is to verify whether arbitral tribunals have restricted autonomy regulation of Uruguay and Australia. Because of this objective, the research adopts the case study method. The results demonstrate: (i) further investment disputes can consider national measures to regulate intellectual property as indirect expropriation; (ii) the principle of abuse of rights is useful to preclude jurisdiction recognition over investment disputes. Two main conclusions are obtained: (i) the final arbitration awards do not restrict national regulatory autonomy of Uruguay and Australia; (ii) the international investment agreements can impact national regulatory autonomy. Australia imposed method demonstrate i (i expropriation ii (ii obtained

Resumo Este artigo explora a interação entre o direito internacional de investimento e os direitos de propriedade intelectual mediante o exame de duas controvérsias arbitrais conhecidas como Philip Morris versus Uruguai e Philip Morris versus Austrália. Uma vez reconhecidos os direitos de propriedade intelectual como uma forma de investimento à luz de acordos internacionais, novos desafios sobre a autonomia regulatória nacional se impõem. O campo de pesquisa é a propriedade intelectual. O objetivo proposto é verificar se os tribunais arbitrais restringiram a autonomia regulatória do Uruguai e da Austrália. Em razão desse objetivo, a pesquisa adota o método de estudo de caso. Os resultados demonstram: (i) futuras controvérsias sobre investimentos podem considerar medidas nacionais para regular a propriedade intelectual como desapropriação indireta; (ii) o princípio do abuso de direito possui utilidade para impedir o reconhecimento da jurisdição em disputas de investimentos. Duas conclusões principais são obtidas: (i) as decisões finais arbitrais não restringiram a autonomia regulatória do Uruguai e da Austrália; (ii) os acordos internacionais de investimentos promovem potencial impacto sobre a autonomia regulatória nacional. Austrália impõem caso demonstram i (i indireta ii (ii obtidas

Abstract Obstetric violence is the appropriation of women’s bodies and reproductive processes by health professionals. It is expressed in dehumanized treatment, abuse of medicalization, and pathologization of natural birth events. The objective of this research is to map the national jurisprudence on obstetric violence in order to analyze in depth the judicial decisions of southern Brazil, in order to identify how “persuasive definitions” and “normative stereotypes” are mobilized in the discourses used to support the sentences. It is qualitative, exploratory, inductive research, using the documentary technique. The study analyzed 12 judgments in their entirety. As main results, normative stereotypes referring to four axes were identified in the speeches: “specialized literature”, “expert evidence”, “obligation of means” and “expertise, medical records and witnesses” and persuasive definitions related to two axes: “medicine” and “Pregnant”. In addition, silences have been identified about bioethical principles and fundamental rights, which are little explored in the judgments. From the results, the research infers that the rationality and legal argumentation of the decisions involving violence against the pregnant women analyzed here has a lack of specificity, meta foundation, and sin by not allowing control over the decision-making provisions, making it difficult to contrast them, finally, the dialogical characteristic of the right and the guarantee of the health law. womens s professionals treatment medicalization events Brazil sentences qualitative exploratory technique 1 entirety results speeches specialized literature, literature , literature” expert evidence, evidence evidence” obligation means expertise, expertise “expertise witnesses medicine “medicine Pregnant. Pregnant . “Pregnant” addition rights specificity foundation decisionmaking decision provisions them finally law “Pregnant

Resumo A violência obstétrica é a apropriação do corpo e dos processos reprodutivos das mulheres por profissionais de saúde. Expressa-se por meio do tratamento desumanizado, do abuso da medicalização e da patologização dos eventos do parto. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é mapear a jurisprudência nacional sobre violência obstétrica para, então, analisar em profundidade as decisões judiciais do sul do Brasil, de modo a identificar como são mobilizadas as “definições persuasivas” e os “estereótipos normativos” nos discursos das sentenças. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, indutiva, com utilização de técnica documental. O estudo analisou 12 julgados em seu inteiro teor. Como resultados, foram identificados nos discursos “estereótipos normativos” referentes a quatro eixos: “literatura especializada”, “prova pericial”, “obrigação de meio” e “perícia, prontuário e testemunhas”, e “definições persuasivas” relativas a dois eixos: “medicina” e “gestante”. Além disso, foram identificados silêncios quanto a princípios bioéticos e direitos fundamentais. A partir dos resultados, a pesquisa infere que a racionalidade e a argumentação jurídica das decisões que envolvem violência contra a mulher gestante aqui analisadas carecem de especificidade, de metafundamentação e pecam ao não permitir controle sobre os provimentos decisórios, dificultando o seu contraste, maculando, por fim, a característica dialógica do Direito e a garantia do direito à saúde. saúde Expressase Expressa se desumanizado parto para então Brasil definições persuasivas estereótipos normativos sentenças Tratase Trata qualitativa exploratória indutiva documental 1 teor resultados eixos literatura especializada, especializada , especializada” prova pericial, pericial pericial” obrigação perícia, perícia “perícia testemunhas, testemunhas testemunhas” medicina “medicina gestante. . “gestante” disso fundamentais especificidade decisórios contraste maculando fim “gestante

La Ley Menino Bernardo prohíbe el uso de los castigos físicos y desde su promulgación ha generado resistencia de las alas conservadoras, especialmente religiosas, considerándola una intervención del Estado en los “asuntos de la familia”. Analizamos los discursos pro-castigos físicos diseminados en Internet, identificando sus argumentos y contextos discursivos. Examinamos 43 videos, trascritos y su codificación interpares se realizó por medio de Atlas.ti, seguida de análisis crítico del discurso. Reconociendo la diversidad del “mundo evangélico” y de sus posturas políticas, identificamos discursos de liderazgos conservadores que enuncian la oposición entre la “Familia de Dios” x “Estado del Demonio”. El castigo físico se traduce por el concepto bíblico de “vara” a ser aplicado por los padres que son la autoridad instituida por Dios. La LMP se asocia al caos, a la pérdida de valores cristianos y al acto del Estado para debilitar la familia. conservadoras religiosas asuntos familia . familia” procastigos pro Internet discursivos 4 videos Atlasti Atlas ti Atlas.ti discurso mundo evangélico políticas Familia Dios Demonio. Demonio Demonio” vara “vara caos

The Menino Bernardo Law prohibits the use of physical punishment and, since its enactment, has generated resistance from conservatives, especially religious groups, who consider it an intervention of the State in “family matters”. We analyzed pro-physical punishment discourses disseminated on the Internet, identifying their arguments and discursive contexts. Forty-three videos were examined and transcribed, and peer coding was performed using Atlas.ti, followed by critical discourse analysis. Recognizing the diversity of the “evangelical world” and its political positions, we identified conservative discourses about the opposition between the “Family of God” and the “State of the Devil”. Physical punishment is translated by the biblical concept of “rod” to be applied by parents, who are the authorities instituted by God. The Menino Bernardo Law is associated with chaos, loss of Christian values, and the State’s action to weaken the family. enactment conservatives groups family matters. matters . matters” prophysical pro Internet contexts Fortythree Forty three transcribed Atlasti Atlas ti Atlas.ti analysis evangelical world positions Family God Devil. Devil Devil” rod “rod parents chaos values States s

A Lei Menino Bernardo (LMB) proíbe o uso dos castigos físicos e, desde sua promulgação, tem gerado resistência das alas conservadoras, especialmente religiosas, considerando-a uma intervenção do Estado nos “assuntos de família”. Analisamos os discursos pró-castigos físicos disseminados na Internet, identificando seus argumentos e contextos discursivos. Examinamos 43 vídeos, que foram transcritos, e sua codificação interpares foi feita por meio do Atlas.ti, seguida de análise crítica do discurso. Reconhecendo a diversidade do “mundo evangélico” e de suas posturas políticas, identificamos discursos de lideranças conservadoras que enunciam oposição entre a “Família de Deus” e o “Estado do Demônio”. O castigo físico é traduzido pelo conceito bíblico de “vara”, a ser aplicado pelos pais, que são a autoridade instituída por Deus. A LMB é associada ao caos e à perda de valores cristãos; e é considerada um ato do Estado para enfraquecer a família. (LMB promulgação religiosas considerandoa considerando assuntos família . família” prócastigos pró Internet discursivos 4 vídeos transcritos Atlasti Atlas ti Atlas.ti discurso mundo evangélico políticas Família Deus Demônio. Demônio Demônio” vara, vara , “vara” pais cristãos “vara

Abstract: The intervention made by social workers in situations of intrafamilial sexual abuse lacks a systematization that takes into account the fundamental historic mediations that characterize the particularities of such circunstances. This analysis establishes links between the Law and Social Work, in the specificities required by Family Matter Courts and the challenges presented to Forensics in Social Work within the complexity of sexual violence, sexuality and family. Findings from the analysis show that aspects of violence and its manifestations can surface when we apprehend family sociability, Abstract circunstances sociability

Resumo: A intervenção de assistentes sociais em situações de abuso sexual intrafamiliar carece de sistematização, contemplando as mediações históricas fundamentais que perfazem as particularidades dessa atuação. A presente análise faz aproximações à interlocução do Direito e do Serviço Social, na especificidade das exigências das Varas da Família e dos desafios postos à perícia social em Serviço Social na complexidade da violência sexual, sexualidade e família. Os achados da análise empreendida apontam que é pela apreensão da sociabilidade familiar que podem emergir aspectos da violência e suas manifestações. Resumo sistematização atuação família manifestações