Abstract Purpose: To analyze the role of the community assembly as a determining instrument to exercise governance in local indigenous politics, because the various disputes between political factions erode the social fabric and increase the inequality gap. Methodological design: A qualitative, ethnographic study in the municipality of San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca. Fifteen in-depth interviews were carried out with authorities throughout the municipality and with the adult population. The analysis was done with the analytical categories of governance in the Internal Regulatory Systems, in addition to the participants’ opinion on the performance of the municipal administrator. Results: It was found that the recovery of the municipal community assembly, as well as the assemblies in agencies and rancherías caused greater trust among the participants, together with an increase in the possibility of tracing a joint route to recover local governance through the election of the municipal council. Limitations of the study: Although the ethnographic approach sought to give voice to multiple community actors and social sectors, the research had a greater relationship with the authorities because they coexist more closely with the resource administration processes and their oversight. Findings: The community assembly is a fundamental element of the Internal Regulatory Systems which are consistent with the local customs and habits. The function of the assembly is not only to build consensus, it also acts as a means of control and administrative surveillance. Also, there is persistent conflict derived from the institutional design of indigenous municipalities, which have forms of resolution in their uses and customs such as the assembly, which is a space to address problems directly and without intermediaries.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el rol de la asamblea comunitaria como instrumento determinante para ejercer gobernanza en la política local indígena, ya que las diversas disputas entre facciones políticas erosionan el tejido social e incrementan la brecha de desigualdad. Diseño metodológico: Es de tipo cualitativo con una etnografía en el municipio de San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas a profundidad con autoridades en todo el municipio y con población adulta. El análisis se hizo con las categorías analíticas de gobernanza en los Sistemas Normativos Internos, además de la opinión sobre la figura de administrador municipal. Resultados: Se constató que la recuperación de la asamblea comunitaria municipal, así como las asambleas en agencias y rancherías, provocó mayor confianza entre las partes y la posibilidad de trazar una ruta conjunta para recobrar la gobernanza local a través de la elección del cabildo municipal. Limitaciones del estudio: Aunque la etnografía buscó dar voz a múltiples actores y sectores sociales comunitarios, la investigación tuvo mayor relación con las personas autoridades ya que éstas conviven con mayor cercanía con los procesos de administración de los recursos y su contraloría. Hallazgos: La asamblea comunitaria es un elemento fundamental en los Sistemas Normativos Internos, los cuales están insertos en los usos y costumbres indígenas y su función no sólo es construir consensos, sino que además actúa como medio de contraloría y vigilancia administrativa. También existe persistente conflictividad derivada del diseño institucional de los municipios indígenas, los cuales tienen formas de resolución en sus usos y costumbres como la asamblea, la cual es un espacio para abordar problemas de forma directa y sin intermediarios.

Abstract: The article presents the discussion of medical knowledge about yellow fever during an epidemic episode that occurred in the city of Mérida and other towns in the state of Yucatán between 1911 and 1912. This work was prepared based on the scientific reports from physicians who conducted research on this disease and malaria. The Statistical Bulletin was reviewed to contrast the figures provided by both scientists and health authorities. Regarding epidemic episodes, the reports were critical of the provisions of the health authorities because they did not constantly monitor susceptible people. On the other hand, the origin of the condition broke with the postulates in the medical literature. In addition, the clinical manifestations of the patients in the interior generated a debate on the methods for diagnosis through of laboratory analysis and therapy.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la discusión de los conocimientos médicos sobre la fiebre amarilla durante un episodio epidémico que se presentó en la ciudad de Mérida y otros poblados del estado de Yucatán, entre los años de 1911 y 1912. Este trabajo se elaboró con base en los reportes científicos de los médicos que realizaron investigaciones sobre esta enfermedad y el paludismo. Se revisó el Boletín de Estadística para contrastar las cifras proporcionadas tanto por los científicos como por las autoridades sanitarias. En cuanto a los episodios epidémicos, los reportes eran críticos con las disposiciones de las autoridades sanitarias porque no hacían un seguimiento constante de las personas susceptibles. Por otra parte, el origen del padecimiento rompía con los postulados de la literatura médica. Además, las manifestaciones clínicas de los enfermos del interior generaron un debate sobre los métodos para el diagnóstico a través de los análisis de laboratorio y la terapéutica.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the provisions and practices associated with funerals in New Spain during the last decades of the colonial era and to compare the parish fees of the archbishopric of Mexico and the bishopric of Guadalajara. Funeral services were of enormous consequence for the people of New Spain, both because of their significance in the community and because of the participation of the parish priest and his ministers. Two sources intersect here, the first being the taxes approved by the Church authorities of Mexico and Guadalajara, which established the amounts the faithful had to pay on the death of their relatives according to their status and the area where the bodies would be laid to rest. The second is the data from the records kept in the burial books of the parish of Jalostotitlán in the bishopric of Guadalajara to highlight the differences between the parochial rights in two bishoprics, and some of the changes that ocurred during the last years of the colonial period.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las disposiciones y las prácticas relativas a los funerales en Nueva España durante las últimas décadas coloniales y comparar los aranceles parroquiales del arzobispado de México y el obispado de Guadalajara. Las honras fúnebres revestían especial importancia para los novohispanos, tanto por su significado en la comunidad, como por la participación del párroco y sus ministros. Aquí se cruzan dos fuentes: los aranceles aprobados por las autoridades eclesiásticas de México y Guadalajara, que establecían los montos que los fieles debían cubrir a la muerte de sus familiares según su calidad y el espacio donde reposarían los cuerpos, y los datos procedentes de las actas anotadas en los libros de entierros de la parroquia de Jalostotitlán del obispado de Guadalajara para mostrar las diferencias entre los derechos parroquiales de los dos obispados y algunos de los cambios que experimentaron las exequias a finales del periodo virreinal.

Abstract: The Diocese of Chihuahua is related to the impulse of Rerum Novarum, its first three bishops supported social Catholicism. It was characterized by its peaceful orientation, in the porfirista stage they respected the political authorities, they were alien to the armed resistance. However, in the second half of the 1920s they changed their pacifist attitude to a defensive one and even motivated them to decide on the war option. On January 23, 1927, the Revista Católica, published in El Paso, Texas, a plan for an armed religious uprising, whose objective was to overthrow Plutarco Elías Calles. What caused the change and prompted the armed option? What happened to this plan?

Resumen: La Diócesis de Chihuahua promocionó, a inicios del siglo XX, la Rerum Novarum: sus tres primeros obispos impulsaron un catolicismo social exitoso, se distinguieron por su orientación pacífica, durante la etapa porfirista respetaron las autoridades políticas y fueron ajenos a la resistencia armada. Sin embargo, en la segunda mitad de los años veinte adoptaron una actitud defensiva que incluso los motivó a elegir la opción bélica. El 23 de enero de 1927, la Revista Católica publicó, en El Paso, Texas, un plan de levantamiento armado, cuyo objetivo era derrocar al gobierno federal de Plutarco Elías Calles. ¿Qué originó el cambio y motivó a la opción armada, qué pasó con dicho plan?

Abstract The present study aims to identify the impact generated by the information media, social networks and the media on Peruvian university students in the context of the COVID19 quarantine in Peru, and to know how it relates to the emotional state, and to the compliance with health recommendations. This retrospective correlational study collected information from 396 students from a Peruvian university, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, through a virtual survey conducted during two weeks of the Peruvian quarantine (March 13 - May 13, 2021). The main results show that there is an association between the effects of the media and compliance with health recommendations. The most reassuring messages came from authorities such as the president of Peru, the university, and government text messages; as well as television; while the most disturbing messages were spread through social networks and other media. Furthermore, the findings show that university students mostly complied with the main recommendations of the Peruvian government and the WHO.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar el impacto que generan los medios de información, las redes sociales y los medios de comunicación en los estudiantes universitarios peruanos en el contexto de la cuarentena de COVID19 en Perú, y conocer cómo se relaciona con el estado emocional y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de salud. Este estudio correlacional retrospectivo recopiló información de 396 estudiantes de una universidad peruana, la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, a través de una encuesta virtual realizada durante dos semanas de la cuarentena peruana (del 13 de marzo al 13 de mayo del 2021). Los principales resultados muestran que existe una asociación entre los efectos de los medios y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones sanitarias. Los mensajes más tranquilizadores vinieron de autoridades como el presidente del Perú, la universidad y los mensajes de texto del gobierno; así como de la televisión; mientras que los mensajes más inquietantes se difundieron a través de las redes sociales y los otros medios de comunicación. Además, los hallazgos muestran que los estudiantes universitarios cumplieron mayormente con las recomendaciones principales del gobierno peruano y de la OMS.

Abstract Introduction: One of the main barriers to access to vaccination against infectious diseases is vaccine hesitancy, which is usually measured or associated to a low disposition to receive vaccination, anti-vaccine attitudes or the reported probability to receive a vaccine. However, there is no consensus in the way this construct is measured. Objective: The objective of this study it to identify the psychometric properties and the factorial structure of the Scale Dispvac in a Colombian sample. Method: To this goal, a psychometric design was made to identify the psychometric properties of the new scale making use of 1131 participants (male: 37.30%, female: 61.90%, other: 0.79%; age mean: 25.84, age SD: 10.19), through a convenience sampling. We conducted an exploratory factorial analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis, a reliability analysis, and the convergent validity. Results: Two factors are suggested: Cognitive attitudes towards vaccination and perceived legitimacy of authorities to require vaccination. The Dispvac Scale is negatively correlated with the VAX Scale. Conclusions: The mentioned factors suggest that intention to vaccinate also implies beliefs on the authority in vaccination.

Resumen Introducción: una de las barreras al acceso a la vacunación contra las enfermedades infecciosas es la reticencia a la vacunación, la cual suele medirse o asociarse a una poca disposición para vacunarse, actitudes antivacunas o la probabilidad reportada de obtener una vacuna. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso en la forma en la cual este constructo es medido. Objetivo: el propósito de este artículo es identificar las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la nueva Escala Dispvac en una muestra colombiana. Método: se realizó un diseño psicométrico para identificar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala con una muestra de 1131 participantes (masculino: 37.30%, femenino 61.90%, otro: 0.79%; media edad: 25.84, SD edad: 10.19), a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, un análisis factorial confirmatorio, un análisis de fiabilidad y la validez convergente. Resultados: se sugieren dos factores: actitudes cognitivas hacia la vacunación y legitimidad percibida de las autoridades al requerir la vacunación que comprende la prueba. La prueba Dispvac se correlaciona de manera negativa con la Escala VAX. Conclusiones: los dos factores que comprenden la Escala Dispvac sugieren que la intención a vacunarse implica también creencias sobre la autoridad/instituciones en vacunación.

Abstract This paper analyzes the reform of the secular clergy in the archbishopric of Mexico between 1764 and 1810 in two major regards: the excessive number of priests and their indiscipline. During the eighteenth century various royal and ecclesiastical authorities tried to solve these long-standing problems because, in their view, these issues affected Spanish economic progress and the spiritual work of the Church. This article studies the different criticisms of the secular clergy in the Bourbon era, the strategies of the archbishopric to solve these problems, and the trends in priestly ordination of the diocesan clergy. The purpose is to contrast the objectives and practicality of this reform in the most important American diocese at the end of the colonial era.

Resumen En este artículo se exploran los alcances de la reforma al estado eclesiástico en el arzobispado de México durante los años 1764-1810 en dos cuestiones particulares que aspiraba revertir: el excesivo número de sacerdotes y la indisciplina del clero. Durante el siglo XVIII, diversas autoridades regias y eclesiásticas pretendieron solucionar estos problemas arcaicos porque consideraban que afectaban el progreso económico de los reinos y la labor espiritual de la Iglesia. Para su estudio, se someten a análisis las diferentes críticas al clero secular en la época borbónica, los mecanismos implementados por el arzobispado de México para su resolución y las tendencias de ordenación sacerdotal del clero diocesano, con el fin de contrastar el ideal y las posibilidades reales de aplicación de esta reforma en la diócesis americana más importante de finales de la época colonial.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the army of the Center’s organization, as well as its military action during the French intervention, and its subsequent destruction. I aim to demonstrate that its creation was intricately connected to the commitment and public reintegration efforts of its creator, former president Ignacio Comonfort. He faced significant challenges such as political opposition, resource scarcity, resistance from certain authorities, and public reluctance to collaborate. These challenges, coupled with the desertion, ill-advised decisions, political intrigues, inadequate equipment, and insufficient training ultimately led to its ineffectiveness. With a focus on political and military history, this article examines various primary sources such as Comonfort’s official and private correspondence, soldiers’ testimonies, newspaper articles, and military reports.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la organización del ejército del Centro, así como su participación militar en contra de la intervención francesa y su eventual destrucción. Me interesa demostrar que la formación de este ejército estuvo ligada al compromiso y a la rehabilitación pública de su creador, el expresidente Ignacio Comonfort, quien, no obstante, enfrentó serios problemas como oposición política, falta de dinero y resistencias a colaborar por parte de la población civil y de ciertas autoridades. Esto, sumado a las malas decisiones, a las intrigas, a la deserción y al descuido, ocasionó que el ejército del Centro se convirtiera en una fuerza ineficiente. Con un enfoque basado en la historia política y militar, este artículo examina diversas fuentes primarias, como la correspondencia oficial y privada de Comonfort, testimonios de los soldados, artículos de prensa e informes militares.

Abstract Research and literature on the juvenile criminal justice system in Brazil has focused on the specific legal aspects and rights guarantees of the procedures related to the apprehension of adolescents in flagrante delicto, without highlighting the issues related to the obstacles to the investigation of violence committed at the time of apprehension. As for the criminal justice system, the creation and disputes related to pre-trial hearings have shed light on the first moments immediately after the arrest of adults in flagrante delicto and the importance of structuring a state support network for the collection and recording of any violence committed at the time of arrest. In this article, we seek to understand to what extent the difference between the two procedures creates a dichotomy between mechanisms for determining violence, what are possible reasons for resistance to incorporating pre-trial hearings into the juvenile justice system, and what are the possible ways to deepen the debate on police violence and the presentation to authorities of the justice systems. pretrial pre trial article systems

Resumo As pesquisas e produções bibliográficas sobre o sistema de justiça juvenil criminal no Brasil têm se debruçado aos aspectos jurídicos e garantias de direitos específicos dos procedimentos relacionados à apreensão de adolescentes em flagrante, sem darem destaque às questões ligadas aos entraves para apuração de violências cometidas no momento das apreensões. Já em relação ao sistema de justiça criminal, a criação e as disputas relacionadas às audiências de custódia têm lançado luz aos primeiros momentos imediatamente após a prisão em flagrante de adultos e a importância da estruturação de uma rede de apoio do Estado para a coleta e o registro de eventuais violências cometidas no momento da prisão. Neste artigo, busca-se compreender em que medida a diferença entre os dois procedimentos cria uma dicotomia entre mecanismos de apuração de violências, quais seriam possíveis motivos para a resistência da incorporação das audiências de custódia para o sistema de justiça juvenil, e quais os caminhos possíveis para aprofundar o debate sobre violência policial e a apresentação a autoridades dos sistemas de justiças. apreensões artigo buscase busca justiças

Abstract The article is the result of an ethnographic research developed with the Arhuaco indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, between 2017 and 2020, from my participation as an expert witness before the Supreme Court of Justice (highest instance of criminal and penal matters in the country), in the process of seeking justice for the detention, torture and murder of three indigenous authorities in 1990. In the article I analyze the complex process of the Arhuaco people to confront this act of violence, by undertaking a socio-legal mobilization that invoked the presence of the Colombian state with the prosecution of what happened to the three authorities. Colombia 201 2020 highest country, country , country) detention 1990 violence sociolegal socio legal 20 202 199 2 19 1

Resumen El artículo es resultado de una investigación etnográfica desarrollada con el pueblo indígena arhuaco de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia, entre 2017 y 2020, a partir de mi participación como perita ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia (máxima instancia de los asuntos penales y criminales en el país), en el proceso de búsqueda de justicia por la detención, tortura y asesinato de tres autoridades indígenas en 1990. Sobre la base de esta experiencia pretendo analizar en el artículo el complejo recorrido del pueblo arhuaco para enfrentar este hecho de violencia, al emprender una movilización sociolegal que invocó la presencia del estado colombiano con la judicialización de lo ocurrido a las tres autoridades. Colombia 201 2020 máxima país, país , país) detención 1990 violencia 20 202 199 2 19 1

Abstract This text analyzes, from the perspective of framing, how newspapers framed the “Spanish influenza” suffered by the inhabitants of Chiapas in 1918. It was found that initially, they tried to minimize the lethality of the disease, but when the deceased increased and was verified the seriousness of the situation, they highlighted the measures dictated by political and health authorities, the generated solidarity, and marginally the economic consequences. The most frequently used frame was human interest, followed by solutions/recommendations and attribution of responsibility, in a context where Chiapas was experiencing military conflicts, eventho these had already decreased, from the Mexican Revolution.

Resumen Este texto analiza, desde la perspectiva del framing, la forma en que los periódicos enmarcaron la “influenza española” que padecieron los habitantes de Chiapas en 1918. Se encontró que en un principio trataron de minimizar la letalidad de la enfermedad, pero cuando los fallecidos incrementaron y se comprobó la gravedad de la situación, destacaron las medidas dictadas por las autoridades políticas y sanitarias, la solidaridad generada y, de forma marginal, las consecuencias económicas. El frame que más se empleó fue de interés humano, seguido por el de soluciones/recomendaciones y de atribución de responsabilidad, en un contexto en el que Chiapas vivía enfrentamientos militares, aunque ya disminuidos, de la Revolución mexicana.

Abstract: This article analyzes the Yaqui rebellions from 1926 to 1929 in order to understand the factors that led them to come together and unite their forces, making use of Subaltern Studies to observe actions aimed at overthrowing the authorities, dialogue and insurrection. It utilizes journalistic sources that emphasize the interest in the movement in the border region of Sonora and Arizona and the political positions that were constituted around it. It observes that groups of Yaqui rebels turned to dialogue with the authorities and insurrection due to the intervention in their territory and the elimination of policies that benefited their ways of life, as well as that their incorporation was characterized by a reflective consciousness within the group, whose primary objective lay in opposition to the government in power.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las rebeliones yaquis entre los años de 1926 y 1929, para conocer los factores que los llevaron a integrarse y unificar esfuerzos. Se utilizan los Estudios Subalternos con el objeto de observar las acciones para destituir a las autoridades, el de diálogo e insurrección. Con la finalidad de fundamentar lo anterior, se emplearon fuentes periodísticas donde se destaca el interés del movimiento en la zona fronteriza de Sonora y Arizona, y las posiciones políticas que se conformaron en torno a éste. Como hallazgo se observa que los grupos rebeldes del Yaqui utilizaron el diálogo con las autoridades y la insurrección, por la intervención en su territorio y eliminación de políticas que beneficiaban sus formas de vida. Asimismo, se muestra que su integración se caracterizó por una conciencia reflexiva dentro del grupo, cuyo objetivo principal radicaba en la oposición al gobierno en turno.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To analyze the evolution of COVID-19 in rural populations of Loreto and Ucayali in the early stage of the pandemic. Materials and methods. A community-level longitudinal observational study was conducted and based on two rounds of telephone surveys with local authorities of more than 400 indigenous and non-indigenous rural communities in Loreto and Ucayali, in July and August 2020. We collected information on cases and deaths by COVID-19 in their communities, protective measures adopted and if state assistance was received in the early stage of the pandemic. Descriptive statistics allowed us to evaluate the evolution of the pandemic after the initial outbreak and compare the trends of the two regions, as well as between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Results. In July 2020, COVID-19 had reached 91.5% of the communities, although deaths from COVID-19 were reported in 13.0% of the communities, with rural mortality being higher in Ucayali (0.111%) than in Loreto (0.047%) and in non-indigenous communities. By August, prevalence decreased from 44.0% to 32.0% of communities, but became more frequent in indigenous communities, and those in Ucayali. Traveling to the city to receive state bonuses and difficulties maintaining social distancing contributed to the spread. Conclusions. Our findings show the evolution of COVID-19 in rural communities and point to important areas of attention in future public policies, for the adoption of protective measures and reconsidering strategies for the distribution of assistance in the face of future pandemics.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Analizar la evolución del COVID-19 en poblaciones rurales de Loreto y Ucayali en la etapa temprana de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional longitudinal a nivel de comunidades basado en dos rondas de encuestas telefónicas con autoridades locales de más de 400 comunidades rurales indígenas y no-indígenas en Loreto y Ucayali, en julio y agosto de 2020, para recopilar información sobre casos y muertes por COVID-19 en sus comunidades, medidas de protección adoptadas y la recepción de asistencia estatal en la etapa temprana de la pandemia. Estadísticas descriptivas permiten evaluar la evolución de la pandemia después del brote inicial y comparar las tendencias de las dos regiones, así como entre poblaciones indígenas y no-indígenas. Resultados. En julio de 2020, el COVID-19 había llegado al 91,5% de las comunidades, aunque se reportaron muertes por COVID-19 en 13,0% de las comunidades, siendo la mortalidad rural mayor en Ucayali (0,111%) que en Loreto (0,047%) y en comunidades no-indígenas. Para agosto, la prevalencia disminuyó de 44,0% a 32,0% de comunidades, pero se volvió más frecuente en las comunidades indígenas, y aquellas en Ucayali. Viajar a la ciudad para recibir bonos estatales y las dificultades para mantener el distanciamiento social contribuyeron al contagio. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos mostraron la evolución del COVID-19 en comunidades rurales y señalan áreas importantes de atención en futuras políticas públicas, para la adopción de medidas de protección y reconsiderar estrategias para la distribución de asistencia ante pandemias futuras.

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

Resumen La transición de lo rural a lo semiurbano en Yucatán ocurre principalmente en las cabeceras municipales, y trae consigo problemas de gestión de los residuos. Las autoridades municipales son las encargadas del Manejo Integral de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (MIRSU); pero en últimos años, la asociación entre el sector público y el privado para la gestión de los residuos resulta una estrategia eficaz. Existen pocos estudios sobre el MIRSU en zonas rurales o semiurbanas y la disposición a pagar de los usuarios, información que ayudaría a los creadores de política pública a diseñar planes y programas adecuados para su gestión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la disposición a pagar por el MIRSU de los usuarios de municipios semiurbanos de Yucatán. Se realizaron 1,144 encuestas en 6 localidades semiurbanas de Yucatán, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un modelo econométrico de regresión Tobit. El 69,75% de los usuarios encuestados declararon estar dispuestos a pagar por el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos un monto promedio de 17,65 pesos mexicanos (0,85 dólares estadounidenses). La disposición a pagar disminuye cuando predomina el idioma maya, y mientras menos activos físicos y habitaciones tenga el hogar. Existen elementos culturales y sociales arraigados en la recolección de residuos sólidos, este sistema integral puede ir acompañado de otro tipo de incentivos económicos para modificar el comportamiento de los consumidores hacia algo más beneficioso para el medio ambiente, tal como el ingreso familiar.

Abstract In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.