ABSTRACT Computer vision systems can be an alternative to traditional methods of analyzing the quality of forage crops, allowing the instantaneous, non-destructive monitoring of the crop, with cost reduction. This study aimed to evaluate the quality parameters of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) using digital images, relating spectral indices to the quality parameters of this forage. In the experimental area, four levels of nitrogen fertilization were applied and the analyses were made at different times after the standardization cut (14, 28, 42, and 56 days). The quality parameters evaluated were mineral matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. From images obtained in the visible (RGB) and near-infrared (RGNIR) spectral regions, spectral indices were generated. Principal component analysis was applied to summarize the information obtained by spectral indices into a single principal component (PCI). PCI associated with spectral indices was related to forage quality parameters for each cutting time using simple quadratic regression models. The relationships between mineral matter and spectral indices were variable over time. Crude protein and neutral detergent fiber showed the highest relationships with the spectral indices obtained by RGNIR images already at the initial times. Thus, although the RGB images have shown satisfactory results to obtain information about the quality of Tifton 85, the NIR band tends to increase the reliability of the relationships at early times. crops instantaneous nondestructive non destructive crop reduction 8 Cynodon spp. spp area 14, 14 (14 28 42 5 days. days . days) (RGB nearinfrared near infrared (RGNIR regions generated PCI. (PCI) models Thus 1 (1 2 4 (PCI (

RESUMO Sistemas de visão computacional podem ser uma alternativa aos métodos tradicionais de análise de qualidade de culturas forrageiras, permitindo o monitoramento da lavoura de forma instantânea, não destrutiva, e com redução de custos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros de qualidade do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) por meio de imagens digitais, relacionando índices espectrais com parâmetros de qualidade desta forrageira. Na área experimental foram aplicados quatro níveis de adubação nitrogenada e as análises foram realizadas em diferentes épocas após o corte de uniformização (14, 28, 42 e 56 dias). Os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados foram a matéria mineral, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. A partir de imagens obtidas na região espectral do visível (RGB) e do infravermelho próximo (RGNIR), foram gerados índices espectrais. A análise de componentes principais foi aplicada para condensar as informações obtidas pelos índices espectrais em um único componente principal (PCI). Os PCI associados aos índices espectrais foram relacionados com os parâmetros de qualidade da forrageira para cada época de corte utilizando modelos de regressão quadrática simples. As relações da matéria mineral e os índices espectrais foram variáveis ao longo das épocas. A proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro apresentaram as maiores relações com os índices espectrais obtidos pelas imagens RGNIR já nas épocas iniciais. Assim, embora as imagens RGB tenham apresentado resultados satisfatórios para se obter informações sobre a qualidade do Tifton 85, a utilização da banda NIR tende a aumentar a confiabilidade das relações em instantes de tempo precoces. forrageiras instantânea destrutiva custos 8 Cynodon spp. spp digitais 14, 14 (14 28 4 5 dias. dias . dias) (RGB RGNIR, , (RGNIR) PCI. (PCI) simples iniciais Assim precoces 1 (1 2 (RGNIR (PCI (

RESUMO A adubação verde pode melhorar a viabilidade econômica e reduzir os impactos ambientais da agricultura. A pimenta rosa possui ecoplasticidade e desenvolvimento rápido, podendo ser cultivada sob diferentes sistemas de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a aplicação de bioestimulante influencia a produção de massa, liberação de nutrientes e produtividade da pimenta rosa em sucessão às culturas de cobertura, com ênfase no sequestro de carbono, saúde do solo e otimização da produção. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 4 × 2 × 5, correspondendo a três adubos verdes (crotalária, estilosantes e milheto, além da testemunha - vegetação espontânea), com ou sem aplicação de FertBokashi® sobre o solo e cinco épocas de avaliação (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias após o corte). Dos adubos verdes foram avaliadas as produções de massa e liberação de N, P e K. As plantas de pimenta rosa foram cortadas aos 270 dias após o transplante para mensuração das massas de folhas, caules e frutos. Os maiores teores de P e K na massa remanescente do milheto e da vegetação espontânea no dia e aos 180 dias após o corte sugere seu elevado potencial de ciclagem desses nutrientes. As plantas da pimenta rosa produziram mais massa de folhas (386,46 g por planta) e frutos (80,82 g por planta) quando cultivadas em sucessão à vegetação espontânea e com aplicação do FertBokashi®. O uso do FertBokashi® no solo contribui para maior produção de folhas e frutos da pimenta rosa. agricultura rápido manejo cobertura carbono casualizados 5 crotalária, crotalária (crotalária espontânea, , espontânea) FertBokashi 0, 0 (0 45 90 13 18 corte. . corte) N 27 386,46 38646 386 46 (386,4 planta 80,82 8082 80 82 (80,8 ( 9 1 386,4 3864 38 (386, 80,8 808 8 (80, 386, 3 (386 80, (80 (38 (8 (3

ABSTRACT Cover crops have the potential to improve economic viability while simultaneously mitigating the environmental impacts of agriculture. Pink pepper, known for its ecoplasticity and rapid growth, can be cultivated under various management systems. This study aims to assess the influence of biostimulant application on the mass production, nutrient release, and productivity of pink pepper following cover crops, focusing on carbon sequestration, soil health, and production optimization. The experimental design employed a randomized block in a 4 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. Three cover crops (crotalaria, stylosanthes, and millet) were compared with a control-group (spontaneous vegetation), with or without FertBokashi® application. Evaluation occurred at five periods (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 days post-cutting). Mass production and N, P, and K release were measured for over crops. Pink pepper plants were harvested at 270 days post-transplanting to assess leaf, stem, and fruit mass productivity. The residual mass of pearl millet and spontaneous vegetation showed the highest P and K levels at cutting and 180 days later, indicating significant potential for nutrient cycling by millet and certain spontaneous vegetation species. Pink pepper plants exhibited higher fresh leaf mass (386.46 g per plant) and fruit mass (80.82 g per plant) when cultivated after spontaneous vegetation and with FertBokashi® application. Soil application of FertBokashi® positively influenced pink pepper leaf and fruit production. agriculture growth systems sequestration health optimization arrangement crotalaria, crotalaria (crotalaria stylosanthes controlgroup control group vegetation, , vegetation) FertBokashi 0, 0 (0 45 90 135 18 postcutting. postcutting post . post-cutting) N 27 posttransplanting transplanting stem later species 386.46 38646 386 46 (386.4 plant 80.82 8082 80 82 (80.8 ( 9 13 1 post-cutting 386.4 3864 38 (386. 80.8 808 8 (80. 386. 3 (386 80. (80 (38 (8 (3

RESUMO O gladíolo é uma espécie que apresenta cultivares com flores coloridas, e essas hastes podem ser produzidas utilizando práticas de manejo simples e de baixo custo. A cultura não é explorada no Vale do São Francisco, demandando pesquisas que orientem os produtores sobre o cultivo e comercialização. O programa PhenoGlad foi criado para simular a produção de gladíolos com base em dados de temperatura do ano anterior. O objetivo do estudo foi produzir gladíolos em diferentes épocas, avaliar a qualidade das hastes e validar o modelo PhenoGlad. O experimento foi conduzido entre 2020 e 2021 na Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados completos, em arranjo fatorial 4x3. Os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro cultivares (Red Beauty; Jester; T704; White Friendship) e três picos de colheita (C1: Festa do Dia da Padroeira de Petrolina-PE, 15 de agosto de 2020; C2: Dia de Finados, 2 de novembro de 2020; e C3: Dia Internacional da Mulher, 8 de março de 2021). Os parâmetros avaliados foram comprimento total da haste, comprimento do pendão floral, diâmetro da haste e longevidade pós-colheita no estádio R2-R5. A interação cultivares e picos de colheita foi significativa para comprimento total da haste e diâmetro da haste. Todas as cultivares se cultivadas em C1 tiveram bom desempenho e apresentaram baixo erro em relação com as observações de campo, validando o modelo PhenoGlad. O cultivo de gladíolos na região é viável, pois as hastes atendem aos padrões de qualidade e possuem longevidade para comercialização. coloridas custo Francisco comercialização anterior épocas 202 completos 4x3 x Red Beauty Jester T704 T Friendship C (C1 PetrolinaPE, PetrolinaPE Petrolina PE, PE Petrolina-PE 1 C2 Finados C3 Mulher 2021. . 2021) floral póscolheita pós R2R5. R2R5 RR R2 R5. R5 R R2-R5 campo viável 20 4x T70 (C R2R R2-R T7

ABSTRACT Gladiolus is a species that presents cultivars with flowers of different colors, and these floral stems can be produced using simple and low-cost management practices. Its growth is not widespread in the São Francisco Valley, in Brazil, thus requiring research to guide growers regarding its production and commercialization. The PhenoGlad program was developed to simulate gladiolus production based on temperature data from the previous year. Therefore, the objective of this work was to produce gladioli at different times, assess stem quality, and validate the PhenoGlad model for the region. The experiment was conducted between 2020 and 2021 at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, using a complete randomized block design, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of four cultivars (Red Beauty, Jester, T704, and White Friendship) and three harvest peaks (H1: Feast of the Petrolina Patron Saint's Day, August 15, 2020; H2: All Souls' Day, November 2, 2020; and H3: International Women's Day, March 8, 2021). The parameters evaluated were total stem length, rachis length, stem diameter, and postharvest longevity at the R2-R5 stage. The interaction between cultivars and harvest peaks was significant for total stem length and stem diameter. All cultivars grown for H1 performed well and showed a low simulated error compared to field observations, validating the PhenoGlad model. Growing gladiolus in the region is feasible, as the stems meet quality standards and have a suitable shelf life for commercialization. colors lowcost cost practices Valley Brazil commercialization year Therefore times 202 design 43 4 3 4× arrangement Red Beauty Jester T704 T Friendship H (H1 Saints Saint s Day 15 H2 Souls 2 H3 Womens Women 8 2021. . 2021) diameter R2R5 RR R2 R5 R R2-R stage observations feasible 20 T70 (H 1 R2R T7

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) at four cutting heights and five maturity times of Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) during the periods of greatest and least precipitation in Pucallpa, Peru. Cuts were made at 0, 10, 20 and 30 cm height from the ground at 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of regrowth. Plant height, number of stems, number, length and width of leaves, DM, CP and IVDMD yield were evaluated under a complete randomized design with a 4x5 factorial arrangement and 4 repetitions. The plant reached 120.5 cm in height at 56 days of regrowth. At the beginning of the growth period, it had 28 stems and 127 leaves, decreasing until it was established on 15 stems and 58 leaves after 56 days. In that same period the leaves grow up to 77.9 cm long and 2.3 cm wide. The DM performance increases when the cutting height is higher. The DM (kg/ha/cut) in the wet season (391.8 ± 386.1) was higher (p<0.05) than in the dry (235.5 ± 205.1). Plants cut at 30 cm height achieved the highest forage yields (DM kg/ha/cut) at 49 days (557.8 ± 322.8) and 56 days (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). The DM content of the plant was 15.9%. The highest CP content (13%) was obtained in 30 cm high cuts with 28 days of growth. The average PC was 9.645 ± 1.63 in the season of lowest precipitation and 11.94 ± 1.94 in the season of highest precipitation. The IVDMD value at 0 cm height at 28 days (59.5 ± 19.4%) was similar to that at the cuts at 35 days (59.5 ± 5.5%). It is concluded that maralfalfa can produce up to 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/cut, and reach 11.0% CP, while the IVDMD reaches 59.5%, and it can be considered as an option to improve the diet of animals in the humid tropics of Pucallpa.

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el rendimiento de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) en cuatro alturas de corte y cinco tiempos de madurez del Pennisetum sp (Maralfalfa) durante las épocas de mayor y menor precipitación en la zona de Pucallpa, Perú. Se realizaron cortes a 0, 10, 20 y 30 cm de altura con respecto al suelo a los 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 días de rebrote. Se evaluó la altura de planta, número de tallos, número, largo y ancho de hojas, rendimiento de MS, PC y DIVMS bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 4x5 y 4 repeticiones. La planta alcanzó 120.5 cm de altura a los 56 días de rebrote. Al inicio del crecimiento tuvo 28 tallos y 127 hojas disminuyendo hasta establecerse en 15 tallos y 58 hojas a los 56 días. En ese mismo periodo las hojas crecen hasta 77.9 cm de largo y 2.3 cm de ancho. El rendimiento de MS se incrementa cuando la altura de corte es mayor. La MS (kg/ha/corte) en época de mayor precipitación (391.8 ± 386.1) fue mayor (p<0.05) que en la época de menor precipitación (235.5 ± 205.1). Las plantas cortadas a 30 cm de altura lograron los mayores rendimientos de forraje (MS kg/ha/corte) a los 49 días (557.8 ± 322.8) y 56 días (537.5 ± 138.5) (p<0.05). El contenido de MS de la planta fue 15.9%. El mayor contenido de PC (13%) se obtuvo en cortes de 30 cm de altura con 28 días de crecimiento. El promedio de PC fue (9.645 ± 1.63) en la época de menor precipitación y (11.94 ± 1.94) en la de mayor precipitación. El valor de DIVMS a 0 cm de altura a los 28 días (59.5 ± 19.4%) fue similar que al corte a los 35 días (59.5 ± 5.5%). Se concluye que la maralfalfa puede producir hasta 557.8 ± 322.8 MS kg/ha/corte, y alcanzar 11.0% de PC, mientras que la DIVMS llega a 59.5%, pudiendo considerarse como una opción para mejorar la dieta de los animales en el trópico húmedo de Pucallpa.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar y comparar el rendimiento y la calidad del forraje de Tithonia diversifolia bajo diferentes alturas de cosecha, durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa en el tropico de México. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres alturas de cosecha a 40, 60 y 80 cm del nivel del suelo cortadas cada 60 días, durante dos épocas del año. En cada período, la biomasa se cosechó y se separó en componentes comestibles y no comestibles. Se determinó el rendimiento de biomasa y la concentración de proteína cruda (CP), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, cenizas y materia orgánica (MO) del forraje. El corte a 80 cm de altura produjo la mayor biomasa de forraje por cosecha (2 008 kg MS ha−1) mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de forraje entre 40 y 60 cm de altura. Las diferencias en las alturas de corte también afectaron la calidad de los nutrientes del forraje comestible animal porque las concentraciones de CP, FDA y FDN variaron significativamente. Hubo una interacción significativa entre las alturas de corte y la temporada en la producción y calidad del forraje. En la estación seca, el contenido de NDF, FDA, lignina y ceniza fue mayor, mientras que el PC y MO fueron menores. Se recomienda el uso de T. diversifolia como una planta forrajera y cosechar a una altura de 80 cm para mantener la mejor producción y la calidad del forraje durante todo el año para la producción ganadera.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the yield performance and quality of Tithonia diversifolia forage under different harvesting heights, during the dry and rainy seasons in tropical Mexico. The treatments consisted of three harvest heights 40, 60 and 80 cm from the ground level, cut every 60 days, during two seasons of the year. In each period, the biomass was harvested and separated into edible and non-edible components. We determined the biomass yield, and the concentration of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, ash and organic matter (OM) of the forage. Cutting at 80 cm height yielded the highest forage biomass per harvest (2 008 kg DM ha−1) while there were no significant differences in forage yield between 40 and 60 cm heights. The differences in cutting heights also affected the nutrient quality of the animal edible forage because the concentrations of CP, ADF and NDF varied significantly. There was a significant interaction between cutting heights and the season on forage production and quality. In the dry season, the content of NDF, FDA, lignin and ash were higher, while the PC and OM were lower. The use of T. diversifolia as a forage plant and cutting it to a height of 80 cm is recommended to maintain the best production and the quality of the forage throughout the year for livestock production.

Abstract Grass species forage yield and nutritional value directly affect livestock production performance. They also vary in response to regional climate and soil conditions. Forage yield and nutritional value in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cuba CT-115 were evaluated at five regrowth ages (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 d) in three seasons (dry, rainy and northwinds). A completely randomized block design with repeated measures was used, with four replicates per treatment. In all three seasons, maximum height was reached at 75 d: 127.1 cm in the dry season, 151.6 cm in the rainy season and 137.0 cm the northwind season. Forage yield was highest (27.0 t DM ha-1) at 90 d in the rainy season, with a growth rate of 300.2 kg DM ha-1 d-1, 7.3% crude protein and 37.0% in situ digestibility of dry matter. The leaf:stem ratio was highest at 30 d in all seasons, with a 1.65 average value. Crude protein content was highest in the northwind season at 30 and 45 d, with a 15.6 % average value. In all three seasons, digestibility was highest at 30 (mean= 49.3 %), 45 (51.8 %) and 60 d (48.2 %). Based on forage yield, use of P. purpureum cv. Cuba CT-115 grass for open grazing is recommended for cutting at 90 days’ regrowth and based on its nutritional quality is recommended for grazing at 60 days’ regrowth, both during the rainy season.

Resumen Se evaluó el rendimiento de forraje y valor nutritivo del pasto Pennisetum purpureum cv Cuba CT-115, en cinco edades de rebrote: 30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 días, en tres épocas del año: seca, lluvias y nortes. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con medidas repetidas, con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. La mayor altura se registró a partir de los 75 días, en todas las épocas, con valores de 127.1, 151.6 y 137.0 cm, en seca, lluvias y nortes, respectivamente. El rendimiento más alto de forraje (27.0 t MS ha-1) se obtuvo a los 90 días en la época de lluvias, con una tasa de crecimiento (TC) de 300.2 kg MS ha-1 día-1, 7.3 % de proteína cruda (PC) y 37.0 % de degradación in situ de la materia seca (DIMS). La relación hoja:tallo fue mayor a los 30 días de rebrote, con un valor promedio de 1.65. El contenido de PC fue mayor en la época de nortes a 30 y 45 días, con un valor promedio de 15.6 %. La DIMS fue más alta a 30, 45 y 60 días, con valores promedio de 49.3, 51.8 y 48.2 %, respectivamente. Con base al rendimiento de forraje, se recomienda el uso del pasto Cuba CT-115 para corte a 90 días de rebrote durante la época de lluvias, mientras que, por su calidad nutricional, se recomienda su uso para pastoreo a 60 días de crecimiento después del corte.

RESUMEN Este trabajo reflexiona en torno al surgimiento de la universidad latinoamericana y su proceso evolutivo contextualizando épocas que sitúan la modernidad, la posmodernidad y la transmodernidad, siendo transversal la lógica de la cooptación y la dependencia intelectual a un proyecto ‘civilizador’ dominante euroccidental. Para ello, se empleó una metodología documental, de corte ensayístico-reflexivo, concluyendo que, cada una de estos movimientos culturales y políticos ha tenido y tienen aún un impacto relevante en los procesos de generación y producción de conocimiento, y en los focos de construcción de la sociedad. Cada uno de los movimientos presentados tiene como foco de atención la asunción de conocimiento desde la particularidad, no obstante, la apuesta final de este trabajo apunta al pensamiento complejo concebido como el eje dinamizador, multidimensional y multifactorial de una nueva visión de universidad como institución al servicio social, político, técnico, económico y cultural de una sociedad.

ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the emergence of the Latin American university and its evolutionary process, contextualizing epochs that place modernity, postmodernity and transmodernity, being transversal the logic of co-optation and intellectual dependence to a dominant Euro-Western 'civilizing' project. For this purpose, a documentary methodology of essayistic-reflexive cut was used, concluding that each of these cultural and political movements has had and still has a relevant impact on the processes of generation and production of knowledge, and on the foci of construction of society. Each of the movements presented has as a focus of attention the assumption of knowledge from the particularity, however, the final bet of this work points to the complex thought conceived as the dynamizing, multidimensional and multifactorial axis of a new vision of university as an institution at the social, political, technical, economic and cultural service of a society.

Resumo O gênero Tibouchina apresenta aproximadamente 350 espécies, dentre elas, Tibouchina affinis fothergillae, Tibouchina heteromalla, Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae e Tibouchina sellowiana. Por se tratarem de espécies nativas do Brasil, podem ser utilizadas para revegetação de áreas antropizadas, devido à característica pioneira. A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar a propagação vegetativa via miniestaquia, utilizando ácido indol butírico (AIB) e ácido fúlvico (AF), bem como realizar determinações bioquímicas e quantificar a produtividade de minicepas destas espécies. Os propágulos foram coletados de um minijardim clonal, nos meses de abril, junho, setembro e novembro/2017, confeccionados com 5+1 cm de comprimento, corte em bisel na base e reto no ápice, mantendo-se um par de folhas reduzidas à metade. As bases das miniestacas foram submetidas aos tratamentos: 0 mg L-1AIB/AF, 2000 mg L-1AIB, 2000 mg L-1AF e 2000 mg L-1AIB+AF. O experimento foi instalado utilizando-se tubetes de 53 cm³ com vermiculita, avaliados após 33 dias de permanência em casa de vegetação, considerando-se a porcentagem de enraizamento das miniestacas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial de 4x4 (quatro épocas de coleta x quatro tratamentos), conduzido individualmente/espécie. As espécies não responderam aos tratamentos com AIB/AF. Nas diferentes épocas de coleta dos propágulos, o enraizamento foi superior a 95% para todas as espécies em abril, setembro e novembro, exceto para Tibouchina sellowiana com 49% de enraizamento no mês de novembro, demonstrando o efeito direto das condições ambientais as quais as plantas matrizes estavam sujeitas, sob a rizogênese. Conclui-se que não há necessidade da aplicação de AIB/AF para a propagação vegetativa das diferentes espécies de Tibouchina, sendo viável o uso da técnica de miniestaquia. Visando a maior produtividade de miniestacas, recomenda-se coletar os propágulos em abril para Tibouchina affinis fothergillae e Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, em novembro para Tibouchina heteromalla e em junho para Tibouchina sellowiana.

Abstract Tibouchina gene showed approximately 350 species, among these, Tibouchina affinis fothergillae, Tibouchina heteromalla, Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, Tibouchina sellowiana, are native species of Brazil, were used for revegetation in anthropized areas, due to the pioneerinh chacacteristic. The present research aimed to study rhizogenic from the technique of plant propagation by minicutting with the use of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and fulvic acid (FA), biochemical determinations, in addition to the ministumps production. The minicuttings were sampled in april, june, september and november and prepared with 5+1 cm length, bevel cut at the base and straight in the apical portion, keeping two leaves reduced to half. The bases of the minicuttings were to put to different treatments: 0 mg L-1 IBA/FA, 2000 mg L-1 IBA, 2000 mg L-1 FA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA+FA. The installation was in tubes with 53 cm3 with vermiculite, evaluating after 33 days of stay in the greenhouse, analyzed the rooting percentage of minicutting. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial of 4x4 (4 sample x 4 treatments). Rooting was greater than 95% for all species in the samples held in april, september and november, except to Tibouchina sellowiana with 49% of rooting in the month of November, showing the direct effect of the environment under the rizogenic. Concluded was unnecessary supplementation with exogenous IBA and FA for technical minicutting of different Tibouchina species. The production of minicutting was viable in april for Tibouchina affinis fothergillae and Tibouchina moricandiana var. vinaceae, in november Tibouchina heteromalla and june Tibouchina sellowiana.

Abstract In order to evaluate the ruminal degradation of Paspalum notatum (grass pasture) in rumen of bovines at different times of the year, in a field of northeastern Argentina, samples of this pasture were collected at 15, 30 and 45 days of regrowth, were cut and placed 5 g in dacron bags, to be introduced in the rumen at 120, 72, 48, 24, 12, 6, 3 and 0 hours, and removed at the same time, an aliquot was fixed in aceto-alcoholic formalin solution (FAA), dehydrated with acetone and mounted on aluminum foil and metallized for observation in scanning microscope (MEB). The degradation of the tissues was determined according to the state of the cell walls. Four categories were established: D: highly degraded; DA: advanced degradation; PD: partially degraded; ND: not degraded. In autumn, the cut from 15 days to 12 hours, the disappearance of the chlorenchyma (mesophyll) was advanced and the phloem beganto be digested. After 48 hours, some paranchymal cells of the beam sheath remained undigested. At 30 days and 48 hours of incubation, mesophyll and phloem suffered complete degradation. At 45 days instead, he only showed a complete digestion for the chlorenchyme, the phloem presented advanced digestion. In winter, at 24 hours on lythex ylem tissues and abaxial sclerench y maremained. After 48 hours in rumen the only thing not digested was xylem, sclerenchyma and sheath of the beam. The mesophyll and the phloem, at 15 days and 24 hours, were digested 100%, for 30 and 45 days, advanced digestion was observed. In spring, the three ages showed chlorenchyme, phloem, and partially degraded sheath at 12 hours, the 24-hour the reveal e advanced degradation and complete digestion after 48 hours. The xylem, was degraded in it sentir et y to 48 hours of the cut of 15 days, instead for 30 and 45 days, the degradation was advanced . In summer the behavior was similar to spring. In general terms the anatomical characteristics observed, in the thre eages of cut and different seasons were variable fort his species.

Resumen Con el objetivo de evaluar la degradación ruminal de Paspalum notatum (pasto horqueta) en rumen de bovinos en distintas épocas del año, en un campo del nordeste argentino se recolectaron muestras de dicha pastura a los 15, 30 y 45 días de rebrote, se cortaron y colocaron 5 g en bolsas de dacrón, para ser introducidas en el rumen a 120; 72; 48; 24; 12; 6; 3 y 0 horas, y retiradas al mismo tiempo. Una alícuota se fijó en solución de formol aceto-alcohólica (FAA), se deshidrató con acetona y montó en lámina de aluminio y metalizó para observación en microscopio de barrido (MEB). Se determinó la degradación de los tejidos según el estado de las paredes celulares. Se establecieron cuatro categorías: D: altamente degradado; DA: degradación avanzada; PD: parcialmente degradado; ND: no degradado. En otoño, el corte de 15 días a 12 h, la desaparición del clorénquima (mesófilo) fue avanzado, y el floema comenzó a ser digerido. Luego de 48 h algunas células paranquimáticas de la vaina del haz permanecieron sin digerir. A 30 días y 48 h de incubación, mesófilo y floema sufrieron degradación completa. A 45 días en cambio solo mostró una digestión completa para el clorénquima, el floema presentó digestión avanzada. En invierno, a 24 hs solo permanecieron los tejidos xilemáticos y casquete de esclerénquima abaxial. Al cabo de 48 h en rumen lo único no digerido fue xilema, esclerénquima y vaina del haz. El mesófilo y el floema, a los 15 días y 24 horas, se digirieron en un 100%, para 30 y 45 días, se observó una digestión avanzada. En primavera las tres edades, mostraron clorénquima, floema, y vaina del haz parcialmente degradados a las 12 h, el in situ de 24 h reveló degradación avanzada y digestión completa luego de 48 h. El xilema, se degradó totalmente a 48 h de incubación en el corte de 15 días, en cambio para 30 y 45 días, la degradación fue avanzada. En verano el comportamiento fue similar a primavera. En términos generales las características anatómicas observadas, en las tres edades de corte y distintas estaciones fueron variables para esta especie.

RESUMO O conhecimento de como as condições climáticas afetam a morfofisiologia das plantas é essencial para compreender como manejar os ciclos de crescimento das diferentes culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de épocas de cultivo em condições semiáridas sobre os parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de trocas gasosas de plantas de girassol ornamental. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados arranjado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados seis cultivares (‘Bonito de Outono Sortido’, ‘Sol Noturno’, ‘Sol Vermelho’, ‘Jardim Amarelo Alto’, ‘Girassol F1 Sunbright Supreme’ e ‘Girassol F1 Vincents Choice’) na parcela principal e duas diferente épocas de cultivo (GS) nas subparcelas (GS1 - clima quente e GS2 - clima ameno). As avaliações de trocas gasosas, índices de clorofilas e área foliar foram realizadas na fase reprodutiva (R5.5). O cultivo de girassol de corte no semiárido é afetado significativamente pela época de cultivo. Mudanças nas variáveis de trocas gasosas e morfofisiologia das plantas de girassol ornamental em duas epócas de cultivo, refletem uma característica de alta plasticidade fenotípica dessa espécie. O cultivo de girassol ornamental sobre condições semiáridas em época de cultivo quando a temperatura do ar e radiação solar são altas, pode ser limitada devido às altas taxas de transpiração. Recomenda-se o cultivo de girassol ornamental em épocas de clima moderado em regiões semiáridas.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of how climatic conditions affect plant morphophysiology is essential for understanding how to manage the growth cycles of different crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the growing seasons in a semi-arid area on the morphophysiological variables of ornamental sunflower plants. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Six cultivars (‘Bonito de Outono Sortido’, ‘Sol Noturno’, ‘Sol Vermelho’, ‘Jardim Amarelo Alto’, ‘Girassol F1 Sunbright Supreme’ and ‘Girassol F1 Vincents Choice’) were evaluated in the main plots and two different growing seasons (GS) in the subplots (GS1 - warm climate and GS2 - mild climate). Evaluations of gas exchange, chlorophyll indices, and leaf surface area were carried out at the reproductive stage (R5.5). The cultivation of ornamental sunflowers in semi-arid regions was significantly affected by the growing season. Changes in gas exchange variables and the morphophysiology of ornamental sunflower plants in the two growing seasons reflected the high phenotypic plasticity characteristic of this species. The cultivation of ornamental sunflowers under semi-arid conditions in the growing season, when air temperature and solar radiation are high, could be limited due to elevated transpiration rates. Therefore, it is recommended that they are grown mainly during the moderate climatic season in semi-arid regions.

Resumen Se determinó producción, calidad nutritiva y preferencia de T. diversifolia por ovinos Pelibuey a diferentes edades, en tres épocas del año. Se midió la producción de materia seca (MS) y calidad nutritiva de forraje cada 14 días, desde el corte hasta 84 días de edad. Se tomaron muestras de hoja y tallo para determinar proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). Se utilizaron ocho ovinos Pelibuey adultos para determinar su preferencia por el follaje de T. diversifolia a los 42, 56 y 70 días de rebrote. La producción de MS total fue similar en otoño e invierno y ambas mayores que primavera. En otoño a los 56 días y en invierno a los 70 días después del corte, la producción de MS fue 9 t ha-1, mientras que en primavera a los 84 días fue cercana a las 3 t ha-1. El incremento o decremento de los componentes morfológicos de la biomasa a través del tiempo fue distinto entre las épocas evaluadas y mostró un comportamiento curvilíneo en el tiempo, dentro de cada época. La PC aumentó en forma lineal con la edad de corte. En otoño e invierno hubo mayor porcentaje de FDN y FDA. Las plantas de 42 días tuvieron menor porcentaje de FDA. El rendimiento de MS y la calidad nutritiva de T. diversifolia difiere según la época del año y la edad de rebrote. La edad de corte de la planta afectó su preferencia por los ovinos Pelibuey (P=0.0091), fue mayor por el follaje de 42 días, seguido por 56 y 70 días.

Abstract Production, nutritional quality and preference of T. diversifolia by Pelibuey sheep was determined, at different ages, in three seasons of the year. Dry matter (DM) production and nutritional quality of forage were measured every 14 d, from the cut to 84 d of age. Leaf and stem samples were taken to determine crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Eight adult Pelibuey sheep were used to determine their preference for T. diversifolia foliage at 42, 56 and 70 d of regrowth. Total DM production was similar in autumn and winter and both greater than spring. In autumn at 56 d and in winter at 70 d after the cut, the production of DM was 9 t ha-1, while in S at 84 d, it was close to 3 t ha-1. The increase or decrease of the morphological components of the biomass over time was different between the seasons evaluated and showed a curvilinear behavior over time, within each season. CP increased linearly with the cutting age. In autumn and winter, there was a higher percentage of NDF and ADF. The 42-d plants had a lower percentage of ADF. The yield of DM and the nutritional quality of T. diversifolia differs depending on the season of year and the age of regrowth. The cutting age of the plant affected its preference by Pelibuey sheep (P=0.0091), it was higher for the foliage of 42 d, followed by 56 and 70 d.

RESUMO: Em campos de produção de sementes de forrageiras tropicais, a redução do porte das plantas pode ser uma estratégia de melhorar os índices de radiação solar no dossel inferior da lavoura, com possíveis consequências positivas para a produtividade e qualidade das sementes produzidas. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido um trabalho com propósito de estudar as respostas dos componentes de produção, produtividade e qualidade de sementes de U. brizantha cv. MG-5 em razão de cortes sequenciais da parte aérea, em condições de cultivo em sistema de sequeiro. Para tanto foram implantados dois experimentos (ano agrícola 2015/16 - s1 e ano agrícola 2016/17 - s2), em que se adotou o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cortes sequenciais da parte aérea, sendo que os cortes mensais e a nomenclatura dos respectivos tratamentos indicam o mês do último corte e ano agrícola: Ago - s1; Set - s1; Out - s1; Nov - s1; Dez - s1; Jan - s1 e Fev - s1 para o ano agrícola 2015/16 (s1) e Ago - s2; Set - s2; Nov - s2; Dez - s2; Jan - s2 e, Fev - s2 para o ano agrícola 2016/17 (s2). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas de crescimento da planta, e variáveis de qualidade e produtividade de sementes. O manejo de cortes sequenciais incrementa a produtividade e qualidade de sementes puras para cortes finais realizados entre novembro e dezembro. Cortes realizados posteriormente a dezembro aumentam os componentes reprodutivos, entretanto, na região em questão, os índices pluviométricos comprometem o enchimento das sementes e consequentemente a produtividade e qualidade, visto que o florescimento destas épocas de cortes (janeiro e fevereiro) ocorrem em maio.

ABSTRACT: In tropical grass seed production fields, reducing plant size can increase the solar radiation to the base of the plant canopy and improve the quantity and quality of the seeds produced. This research studied the responses of the production components, the productivity, and the seed quality of U. brizantha cv. MG-5 to different canopy sequential cuttings under cultivation conditions in rain fed systems. Two experiments were carried out (agricultural year 2015/16 (s1) and 2016/17 (s2)) in a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of sequential cut-off, indicating the month of the last cut and the agricultural year: for the 2015/16 agricultural year: Aug - s1, Sep - s1, Oct - s1, Nov - s1, Dec - s1, Jan - s1, and Feb - s1; for the 2016/17 agricultural year: Aug - s2; Set - s2; Nov - s2; Dec - s2; Jan - s2, and Feb - s2. Plant growth biometrics, seed quality variables, and productivity were evaluated. The sequential cut strategy increased the productivity and quality of pure seeds when the final cuts were done between November and December. Cuts performed after December increased the reproductive components. However, in the region in question, rainfall levels compromised seed filling; and therefore productivity and quality since the flowering of these cuttings (January and February) occurs in May.

Resumen Introducción. Los forrajes de pastoreo son la principal fuente alimenticia del ganado. La variación climática reta a los productores a mantener una oferta constante de alimento, por lo que es necesario explorar otras alternativas forrajeras. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento de veinte genotipos de Chloris gayana para explotaciones ganaderas. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación El Nus de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), San José del Nus, Antioquia, Colombia. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, tres repeticiones y veinte tratamientos (genotipos Chloris gayana). En el análisis se utilizó un modelo mixto medidas repetidas en el tiempo, con el procedimiento GLIMMIX, cuyo efecto tiempo lo representó edad de corte. Las frecuencias de corte utilizadas fueron 21, 28, 35 y 42 días, entre agosto 2017 y octubre 2019 en época de baja y alta precipitación. Se evaluó vigor, cobertura de la especie, altura de planta, incidencia de plagas y patógenos, floración, rendimiento de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra en detergente neutro y ácido (FDN, FDA), lignina (LIG), digestibilidad (DIG), hemicelulosa (HEM) y energía neta de lactancia (ENL). Resultados. Los caracteres que aportaron mayor variabilidad fueron MS, PC, FDN, FDA y DIG, se observó una asociación entre DIG, HEM y ENL. Se presentaron diferencias entre épocas y entre genotipos para la mayoría de las variables, a excepción de PC. La lignina fue la única que presentó diferencia en la triple interacción (genotipo*época*días de corte). La interacción genotipo*época mostró diferencias para FDA y LIG. El genotipo 13103 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (3032,2 kg MS ha-1). La B. decumbens presentó el menor contenido de FDA y LIG, pero la mayor digestibilidad. Conclusiones. Los genotipos experimenales presentaron características de productividad y nutricionales similares e incluso mejores que los testigos.

Abstract Introduction. Grazing forages are the main feed source for livestock. Climatic variation challenges producers to maintain a constant supply of food, so it is necessary to explore other forage alternatives. Objective. To evaluate the performance of twenty genotypes of Chloris gayana for livestock farms. Materials and methods. The work was carried out at the El Nus Research Center of the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), San José del Nus, Antioquia, Colombia. A randomized complete block design, three repetitions, and twenty treatments (Chloris gayana genotypes) was used. The analysis used a mixed model repeated measures over time, with the GLIMMIX procedure, whose time effect was represented by cut-off age. The cutting frequencies used were 21, 28, 35, and 42 days, between August 2017 and October 2019 in low and high rainfall seasons. Vigor, species cover, plant height, pests, and pathogen incidence, flowering, dry matter yield (MS), crude protein (PC), fiber in neutral and acid detergent (FDN, FDA), lignin (LIG), digestibility (DIG), hemicellulose (HEM), and net lactation energy (ENL) were evaluated. Results. The characters that contributed the greatest variability corresponded to MS, PC, FDN, FDA, and DIG; an association was observed between DIG, HEM, and ENL. There were differences between seasons and between genotypes for most of the variables, except for PC. Lignin was the only variable that showed a difference in the triple interaction (genotype*season*cutting days). The genotype*season interaction showed differences for FDA and LIG. Genotype 13103 obtained the highest MS yield (3032.2 kg DM ha-1). B. decumbens had the lowest content of FDA and LIG; but the highest of digestibility. Conclusions. The experimental genotypes presented similar or even better productivity and nutritional characteristics than the controls.

RESUMO A zínia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) é uma planta de rápido crescimento e fácil cultivo que apresenta flores de variadas colorações. Essa espécie tem se tornado uma opção a ser introduzida comercialmente em vários países como flor de corte e sua qualidade floral é influenciada por diferentes técnicas de cultivo. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia (cv. Gigante da Califórnia Vermelha) em resposta a épocas de cultivo e níveis de irrigação. Em casa de vegetação localizada no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), plantas de zínia foram cultivadas em dois ciclos (outono-inverno e inverno-primavera) em vasos com reposição de água correspondente a 46, 64, 75 e 100% da sua necessidade hídrica. Com base no comprimento e diâmetro de hastes e no diâmetro de flores, houve variação na qualidade das hastes florais produzidas nas épocas de cultivo avaliadas. Todas as hastes do ciclo outono-inverno foram classificadas como A1 (alta qualidade), enquanto, aproximadamente, 9% das hastes do ciclo inverno-primavera foram classificadas como A2 (média qualidade). Houve tendência de crescimento linear na produção e qualidade das hastes florais de zínia com o aumento do nível de irrigação na maioria dos casos, assim como efeito significativo dos ciclos, sendo os melhores resultados de número de hastes, peso fresco, comprimento e diâmetro de haste e diâmetro de flor encontrados no ciclo outono-inverno. As condições meteorológicas deste ciclo favorecem a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia, e a reposição de 100% da necessidade hídrica da espécie é recomendada em ambos ciclos de cultivo.

ABSTRACT Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is a fast-growing and easy to cultivate plant that has flowers of different colors. This species has become an option to be introduced commercially in many countries as cut flower and its floral quality is influenced by different cultivation techniques. We evaluated the production and the quality of floral stems of zinnia (cv. Red California Giant) in response to growing seasons and irrigation levels. In a greenhouse located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), zinnia plants were grown in two cycles (autumn-winter and winter-spring) in pots with water replacement corresponding to 46, 64, 75 and 100% of their water requirement. Based on the stem length and diameter and on the flower diameter, there was variation in the quality of the stems produced in the growing seasons evaluated. All stems from the autumn-winter cycle were classified as A1 (high quality), while almost 9% of the stems from the winter-spring cycle were classified as A2 (medium quality). There was a linear growth trend in the production and quality of zinnia stems with the increase of the irrigation level in most cases, as well as significant effect of the growing seasons, with the best results of number of stems, fresh weight, length and diameter of the stem and flower diameter found in the autumn-winter cycle. The weather conditions of this cycle favor the production and quality of zinnia floral stems, and the replacement of 100% of the specie’s water requirement is recommended in both cultivation cycles.

RESUMO As flores de corte são produtos delicados cuja qualidade e longevidade dependem das condições de cultivo e pós-colheita. O trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o antocrono e a pós-colheita de hastes de gladíolo produzidas sob diferentes épocas de cultivo e níveis de irrigação. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), durante os períodos de inverno/primavera de 2018 e outono/inverno de 2019. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis de irrigação (45%, 60%, 80% e 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura) e 5 repetições. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado pelo acionador automático para irrigação, instalado no tratamento 100%. A medida em que alcançavam o ponto de colheita, considerado como “mostrando a cor” dos três floretes basais, as hastes florais eram colhidas, sempre no período da manhã, e imediatamente levadas ao laboratório para padronização do tamanho (75 cm). Durante o armazenamento, as hastes foram mantidas à temperatura de 25 ºC, com a base imersa em recipiente contendo 300 mL de água. As avaliações de massa fresca, absorção de água, antocrono e longevidade foram realizadas diariamente, além de uma avaliação visual, realizada por meio de uma escala de senescência proposta. A ocorrência de déficit hídrico acentuado durante o cultivo interfere na massa fresca das hastes em pós-colheita e aumenta a velocidade de abertura das flores. A longevidade das hastes florais é reduzida quando gladíolo é produzido com o nível de irrigação de 45%. Não há diferenças significativas na longevidade das flores cultivadas nas diferentes estações e o valor do antocrono é influenciado pela disponibilidade de água, sendo menor nas hastes mantidas em condição de campo (0,70 a 0,80) em comparação à condição pós-colheita (0,83 a 0,92).

ABSTRACT Cut flowers are delicate products whose quality and longevity depends on growing and postharvest conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anthochron and the postharvest of gladiolus stems produced under different growing seasons and irrigation levels. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse in the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) during the winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019 periods. A randomized block design with 5 replications was used, considering irrigation levels of 45%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the crop water requirement. Irrigation management was performed by the automatic irrigation controller, installed in the 100% irrigation level treatment. As they reached the harvest point, considered to be “showing the color” of the three basal florets, the floral stems were harvested, always in the morning, and immediately taken to the laboratory for standardization of size (75 cm). During the storage period, the stems were kept at a temperature of 25 ºC, with the base immersed in a container with 300 mL of water. Fresh mass, water absorption, anthochron and longevity evaluations were performed daily, in addition to a visual evaluation, performed using a proposed senescence scale. The occurrence of severe water deficit during cultivation interferes with the fresh mass of the stems in postharvest and increases the opening speed of the flowers. The floral stems’ longevity is reduced when gladiolus is produced under the 45% irrigation level. There are no significant differences in the longevity of flowers grown in the different seasons and the anthochron value is influenced by the water availability, being lower in the stems kept in field condition (0.70 to 0.80) in comparison to the postharvest condition (0.83 to 0.92).