Abstract Understanding forest structure and diversity allows the development and analysis of strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources. The objective of the research was to contribute to the knowledge of tree structure, as well as its regeneration capacity in an altitudinal gradient in a Natural Protected Area in Madera, Chihuahua. The study included three altitudinal intervals: lower (2 307 to 2 466 m), middle (2 466 to 2 625 m) and upper (2 625 - 2 785 m), in which 30 circular sites of 500 m2 were distributed where the diameter and height of the upper trees were measured, as well as the density of regeneration. The vertical structure was obtained with the Pretzsch index (A), in addition, the importance value index (IVI), diversity with the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and richness with Margalef (D mg ) were evaluated, as well as the renewal capacity and damage present. The values of A show the greatest structural homogeneity in interval 2; the Pinaceae family registered the highest ecological weight in the IVI; the values of H' and Dmg were higher in stratum II, however, all are considered of low diversity and richness; the species Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga menziesii, showed the highest proportion of regeneration in the community, in which suppression is the frequent damage, however, 95% of the individuals were not affected. This information is useful for the conservation of these ecologically important communities in temperate forests.

Resumen Comprender la estructura y diversidad forestal permite elaborar y analizar estrategias para el manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura arbórea, así como su capacidad de regeneración en un gradiente altitudinal en un Área Natural Protegida, en Madera, Chihuahua. El estudio comprendió tres intervalos altitudinales: inferior (2 307 a 2 466 m), medio (2 466 a 2 625 m) y superior (2 625 - 2 785 m), en los que se distribuyeron 30 sitios circulares de 500 m2 donde se midió el diámetro y altura del arbolado superior, así como la densidad de la regeneración. La estructura vertical se obtuvo con el índice de Pretzsch (A), además, se evaluó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), la diversidad con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) y riqueza con Margalef (D mg ), asimismo, se estimó la capacidad de renuevo y los daños presentes. Los valores de A muestran la mayor homogeneidad estructural en el intervalo 2; la familia Pinaceae registró el peso ecológico superior en el IVI; los valores de H’ y D mg fueron superiores en el estrato II, sin embargo, todos se consideran de baja diversidad y riqueza; las especies Abies concolor y Pseudotsuga menziesii, mostraron la mayor proporción de regeneración en la comunidad, en la que la supresión es el daño frecuente, no obstante, el 95% de los individuos no presentaron afectaciones. Esta información es de utilidad para la conservación de estas comunidades de importancia ecológica en bosques templados.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

Abstract The ecotone is of great importance given the environmental services they provide both to the environment and to human wellbeing. The objective was to know the structure and floristic composition of a contact zone between two types of bushes and also to know the potential it has as a carbon sink. Importance value indices, vertical species distribution, Margalef, Shannon, and true Shannon diversity, as well as biomass, total area, and carbon concentration were determined. Eleven species of vascular plants were recorded, the best represented family was Fabaceae and Cordia boisieri was the species with the highest importance value index. The diversity of the plant community is low according to the Shannon index. The total canopy area was 4 276.03 m2 ha-1, while the vertical index of species defined three height strata. The stored carbon is 2.82 Mg ha-1, while the total aerial biomass was 5 667.15 kg ha-1.

Resumen El ecotono es de gran importancia dado los servicios ambientales que prestan tanto al ambiente como al ser humano. El objetivo fue conocer la estructura y la composición florística en una zona de contacto entre dos tipos de matorrales y conocer además el potencial que tiene como sumidero de carbono. Se determinaron los índices de valor de importancia, distribución vertical de especies, Margalef, Shannon y la diversidad verdadera de Shannon. Además de la biomasa, área total y la concentración de carbono. Se registraron 11 especies de plantas vasculares, la familia mejor representada fue Fabaceae. La especie Cordia boisieri tuvo el mayor índice de valor de importancia. La diversidad de la comunidad vegetal fue baja. El área total de copa fue de 4 276.03 m2 ha-1, con tres estratos de altura. El carbono almacenado fue de 2.82 Mg ha-1, mientras que la biomasa aérea total fue de 567.15 kg ha-1.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

Resumo A fauna aquática de insetos continua sendo uma ferramenta importante para a bioindicação de distúrbios ambientais, ao mesmo tempo em que mantém um sistema aquático saudável. O objetivo do estudo foi documentar e identificar a diversidade e os padrões de distribuição dos insetos aquáticos, um aspecto altamente ignorado no Catar. Seguindo os procedimentos padrão, as amostras foram coletadas em hábitats aquáticos durante o período de outubro de 2015 a maio de 2017, mensalmente. Um total de 11.287 indivíduos, pertencentes a seis ordens, foram capturados. Dípteros foram os mais abundantes, com as porcentagens de 71,01 (n = 8.015), enquanto a menor porcentagem foi observada para Coleópteros 0,04 (n = 05). Doze famílias de insetos foram identificadas, destas, cinco foram registradas sob Diptera, seguido por Hemiptera (03), enquanto Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata e Ephemeroptera foram representados por famílias únicas. Dentre as localidades selecionadas, Dipterans foram coletados em 10 estações, seguidos por Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) e Trichoptera (1), respectivamente. Entre as amostras de corpos d'água, os riachos foram os hábitats mais preferidos (n = 2.767), enquanto as piscinas de água potável foram os menos (27). Além disso, o maior índice de diversidade de Simpson de 1,48 e o menor de 0,47 foi registrado para piscina de esgoto inundada e recipientes de plástico, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de baixa uniformidade foram observados para lagoas e menos de 1 valores de diversidade de Margalef foram observados para todos os hábitats. Este estudo documenta os padrões de diversidade e distribuição de insetos aquáticos e fornece uma linha de base para os estudos futuros do Catar.

Abstract Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef’s diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar.

Abstract The forest ecosystems of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) play a very important role in providing wood to the region and its communities, as well as serving as significant providers of environmental services. With the goal understanding the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems in northeastern Mexico, 30 plots, each of 250 m2, were established in three vegetation communities (10 per community), where recorded variables included normal diameter (Dn; cm), height (H; m), and crown area (m2) for all individuals with Dn > 5 cm. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity, and species richness were estimated using the Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) and Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) indices, and the similarity between ecosystems was assessed with the Bray-Curtis index. The highest IVI for the Pine ecosystem was found in Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) and P. arizonica (25.43%), in the Oak-Pine ecosystem for Quercus laceyi (37.47%) and Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%), and in the altered Forest for the species Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) and Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). In general, for the three studied ecosystems, the Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) and Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) indices indicated low diversity (1.13 and 1.14, respectively), while the similarity results showed that the Pine ecosystem and the altered Forest shared 51%. The Pine ecosystems along with Oak-Pine and Oak-Pine with the altered Forest exhibited lower similarities (20% and 21%, respectively). The studied vegetation communities provide insights into the current state of the forest ecosystems in the SMO.

Resumen Los ecosistemas forestales de la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) juegan un papel muy importante al proveer a la región y comunidades de madera y como importantes proveedores de servicios ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer la estructura y diversidad de ecosistemas forestales del noreste de México, se ubicaron 30 parcelas, cada una de 250 m2, en tres comunidades vegetales (10 por comunidad), en donde las variables registradas fueron diámetro normal (Dn; cm), altura (H; m) y área de copa (m2) para todos los individuos con Dn > 5 cm. Se estimó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), diversidad y riqueza de especies mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner ( H ´ ) y Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y la similitud entre ecosistemas con el índice de Bray-Curtis. El mayor IVI para el ecosistema de Pino fue para el Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) y P. arizonica (25.43%), en el ecosistema de Encino-Pino para Quercus laceyi (37.47%) y Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%) y en el Bosque alterado fue para las especies de Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) y Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). En general, para los tres ecosistemas estudiados, los índices de Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) consideraron la diversidad como baja (1.13 y 1.14, respectivamente), mientras que los resultados de similitud mostraron que el ecosistema de Pino y el Bosque alterado tienen 51% en común. Los ecosistemas de Pino con Encino-Pino y Encino-Pino con el Bosque alterado mostraron una similitud inferior (20% y 21%, respectivamente). Las comunidades vegetales estudiadas contribuyen al conocimiento acerca del estado actual de los ecosistemas forestales de la SMO.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the diversity, horizontal structure and vertical structure of tree species in three types of forest vegetation in the Adolfo Ruiz Cortines ejido in the south of the state of Durango, Mexico. The data analyzed corresponds to 665 circular sites of 0.1 ha; 56 sites correspond to pine forests (BP), 511 to pine oak forests (BPQ) and 98 to pine oak forests (BQP). For each site, the name of the species, the normal diameter (>7.5 cm) and the total height (m) of the trees were recorded. For the tree species in each type of vegetation, their diversity was determined using the Shannon index, their dominance with the Simpson index and their specific richness using the Margalef index. Subsequently, a test of over similarity or difference in the diversity-abundance Hutchenson's t was carried out to compare the diversity of species between the vegetation types using the Shannon index, to know if there are significant statistical differences between the diversity of species of the types of vegetation. To know the horizontal structure, the importance value index (IVI) was obtained, which is a hierarchical index that measures the dominance of the species through percentage values, which are obtained with the abundance Ai, dominance Di and frequency Fi of the species. species, these ecological parameters were analyzed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test to determine if there are significant statistical differences. The vertical structure was determined with the species vertical distribution index A. Hutchenson's t test demonstrated that there are significant statistical differences in the tree diversity of the forest types. According to the horizontal structure, only the absolute frequencies recorded significant statistical changes between the three vegetation types (BP-BPQ-BQP). The values of the vertical index of species A indicated that for the three types of vegetation there is a non-uniform plant community in terms of height, presenting a greater number of individuals in the lower stratum, followed by the middle stratum, to finally have a smaller amount in the higher altitude stratum. The information generated in this research provides a frame of reference on how the tree structure is formed in the vegetation types of the ejido, as well as the basis for future decision-making on forest management plans.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la diversidad, estructura horizontal y estructura vertical de especies arbóreas en tres tipos de vegetación forestal en el ejido Adolfo Ruíz Cortines al sur del estado de Durango, México. Los datos analizados corresponden a 665 sitios circulares de 0.1 ha; 56 sitios correspondientes a bosques de pino (BP), 511 a bosques de pino encino (BPQ) y 98 a bosques de encino pino (BQP). Para cada sitio se registró el nombre de la especie, el diámetro normal (>7.5 cm) y la altura total (m) de los árboles. Para las especies, en cada tipo de vegetación, se determinó su diversidad mediante el índice de Shannon, dominancia con el índice de Simpson y riqueza específica utilizando el índice de Margalef. Se realizó una prueba de similitud o diferencia en la diversidad-abundancia t de Hutchenson para comparar la diversidad de especies entre los tipos de vegetación utilizando el índice de Shannon, para conocer si existen diferencias estadísticas significativas entre la diversidad de especies de los tipos de vegetación. Para conocer la estructura horizontal se obtuvo el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), el cual es un índice jerárquico que mide la dominancia de las especies mediante valores porcentuales, los cuales son obtenidos con la abundancia A i , dominancia D i y frecuencia F i de las especies, dichos parámetros ecológicos se analizaron con la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis para determinar si existen diferencias estadísticas significativas. La estructura vertical se determinó con el índice de distribución vertical de especies A. La prueba de t de Hutchenson demostró que existen diferencias estadísticas significativas en la diversidad arbórea de los tipos de bosque. De acuerdo con la estructura horizontal, sólo las frecuencias absolutas registraron cambios estadísticos significativos entre los tres tipos de vegetación (BP-BPQ-BQP). Los valores del índice vertical de especies A, indicaron que para los tres tipos de vegetación se presenta una comunidad vegetal no uniforme en cuanto a sus alturas, presentando un mayor número de individuos en el estrato inferior, seguido del estrato medio, para finalmente tener una cantidad menor en el estrato de altura mayor. La información generada en esta investigación proporciona un marco de referencia sobre cómo se conforma la estructura arbórea en los tipos de vegetación del ejido, así como la base para futuras tomas de decisión sobre planes de manejo forestal.

Summary Climatic variations modify the distribution of species in temperate forests, affecting their composition, structure, richness, growth and regeneration. Cerro El Potosí has experienced multiple anthropogenic events that have caused a degradation and reduction in vegetation cover, affecting and reducing the populations of Pinus culminicola Andresen & Beaman. The objective was to determine the composition, structure, diversity, dasometry and regeneration of species in the distribution area of Pinus culminicola in an altitudinal gradient (3190 to 3700 masl) in Cerro El Potosí. Twelve circular sites of 400 m2 distributed in 4 altitudinal levels were established. The importance value indexes (IVI), species richness (Simpson, Shannon-Weiner and Margalef), dasometric parameters (height, stem diameter and crown area) and natural regeneration were determined. Levene, Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis. The Pinaceae family was found to be the most abundant, with four species. Species diversity is low at higher altitudes and gradually increases as altitude decreases. The species with the highest IVI at each altitudinal level were the following: 1) at 3190 masl: Pinus hartwegii; 2) at 3300 masl: Pinus culminicola; 3) at 3500 and 3700 masl: Pinus hartwegii and Pinus culminicola had similar values. The dasometric parameters showed that the sizes of P. culminicola and P. hartwegii decreased with altitude, with the largest individuals occurring at 3500 masl. The density of adult trees is higher than young trees at all altitudes, so the state of regeneration is low. It is concluded that in Cerro El Potosí, the increase in altitude influences the studied variables of abundance and richness. The findings of this study could guide future studies that include management and conservation plans.

Resumen Las variaciones climáticas modifican la distribución de las especies en los bosques templados, afectando su composición, estructura, riqueza, crecimiento y regeneración. El Cerro El Potosí ha experimentado múltiples eventos de origen antrópico que han ocasionado una degradación y reducción en la cobertura vegetal, afectando y aminorando las poblaciones de Pinus culminicola Andresen & Beaman. El objetivo fue determinar la composición, estructura, diversidad, dasometría y regeneración de especies en el área de distribución del Pinus culminicola en un gradiente altitudinal (3190 a 3700 msnm) en el Cerro El Potosí. Se establecieron 12 sitios circulares de 400 m2 distribuidos en 4 pisos altitudinales. Se determinaron los índices de valor de importancia (IVI), de riqueza de especies (Simpson, Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef), los parámetros dasométricos (altura, diámetro de fuste y área de copa) y la regeneración natural. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron las pruebas de Levene, Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA y Tukey. Se encontró que la familia Pinaceae es la más abundante, con cuatro especies. La diversidad de especies es baja en las altitudes más altas y aumenta gradualmente a medida que la altitud disminuye. Las especies con mayor IVI en cada piso altitudinal fueron las siguientes: 1) a 3190 msnm: Pinus hartwegii; 2) a 3300 msnm: Pinus culminicola; 3) a 3500 y 3700 msnm: Pinus hartwegii y Pinus culminicola tuvieron valores similares. Los parámetros dasométricos mostraron que los tamaños P. culminicola y P. hartwegii disminuyen con la altitud, siendo los 3500 msmn en donde se presentaron los individuos más grandes. La densidad de árboles adultos es mayor que los jóvenes en todas las altitudes, por lo que el estado de regeneración es bajo. Se concluye que en el Cerro El Potosí, el aumento de la altitud tiene un efecto en las variables estudiadas de abundancia y riqueza. Lo encontrado en el presente trabajo pudieran orientar futuros estudios que incluyan planes de manejo y conservación.

Abstract: Gallery forest constitute a complex ecosystem with high diversity. In recent years the interest in knowing the dynamic of those ecosystems operation has increased, there is still little research related to them. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity, composition, and horizontal structure of a gallery forest in the upper part of the Presidio River basin, northwest of Mexico; offering information on the conformation of the species in the evaluated area, being a background for decision-making and development of management plans in the area. Rectangular plots of 1000 m2 were established, the diameter at 1.30 m, total height, and crown diameter were measured of each tree. The horizontal structure was analyzed based on the Importance Value Index (IVI) and the diameter classes; in addition, species richness and diversity were determined according to the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Weiner (H ́) indexes. 10 taxa were recorded with a density of 261 individuals (N ha-1), the species with the highest ecological value (IVI) was Pinus cooperi (36.03%) and P. durangensis (24.14). The diversity and richness obtained for the area was H'= 1.59 and D Mg = 1.53 respectively. The results show a gallery forest without particularly dominant species, with relatively low absolute diversity values; there is no homogeneity in the vegetation, the distribution of diameter classes showed a negative trend with respect to abundance and diversity which can be attributed to forest management practices in the area.

Resumen Los bosques de galería constituyen ecosistemas complejos con alta diversidad. En los últimos años se ha incrementado el interés por conocer la dinámica del funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas, existen pocas las investigaciones relacionadas con los mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diversidad, composición y estructura vertical de un bosque de galería en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Presidio, al noroeste de México; ofreciendo información sobre la conformación de las especies del área evaluada, siendo un antecedente para la toma de decisiones y elaboración de planes de manejo en el área. Se establecieron parcelas rectangulares de 1000 m2, dentro de estas se le midió al arbolado el diámetro a 1.30 m, altura total, y diámetro de copa. Se analizó la estructura horizontal con base en el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) y clases diamétricas; además, se determinó la riqueza y diversidad de especies de acuerdo con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y de Shannon-Weiner (H ́). Se registraron 10 taxones con una densidad de 261 individuos (N ha-1), las especies de mayor valor ecológico (IVI) fueron Pinus cooperi (36.03) y P. durangensis (24.14). La diversidad y riqueza obtenida para el área fue de H’= 1.59 y DMg = 1.53 respectivamente. Los resultados muestran un bosque de galería sin especies particularmente dominantes, con valores de diversidad relativamente bajos; no existe una homogeneidad en la vegetación, la distribución de clases diamétricas mostró una tendencia negativa respecto a la abundancia y a la diversidad la cual puede ser atribuida a las prácticas de manejo forestal en el área.

Abstract Knowing the current state of the urban trees is essential to support management and conservation plans that allow to maximize the services and benefits provided to society and the urban environment. The objective of this study was to know the current state of forest health of the urban trees of Colonia Contry in Monterrey, Nuevo León, through the indicators of composition, structure, and diversity, to provide information for its management and conservation. In August 2023, a census was carried out of the trees in the study area, in which the total height, crown diameter and normal diameter of everyone was obtained. Absolute and relative variables of abundance, dominance and frequency were estimated, as well as absolute and composite variables of crown surface area and crown volume. Considering these values, the value index of urban importance (IVIU) was determined. Richness and diversity were also assessed using the Margalef, Shannon-Wiener and Shannon true diversity indices. There were 21 families, 30 genera and 31 species, of which 16 are native and 15 introduced. The most representative family was Fabaceae with 7 species. The species with the highest IVIU was Fraxinus berlandieriana with 53.33%, followed by Quercus virginiana with 10.70%, the rest of the species had values lower than 10%. The Margalef index (DMg = 4.28) shows an intermediate richness; while the Shannon-Wiener indices (H = 1.55) and true Shannon diversity (1D = 4.71) indicate low diversity in the study area. The species F. berlandieriana being the largest IVIU, is considered as the one with the greatest potential to provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, important in climate change mitigation.

Resumen Conocer el estado actual del arbolado urbano, es fundamental para sustentar planes de manejo y conservación que permitan incrementar a su máximo los servicios y beneficios que proveen a la sociedad y al medio urbano. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado actual de salud forestal del arbolado urbano de la Colonia Contry en Monterrey, Nuevo León, a través de los indicadores de composición, estructura y diversidad, con la finalidad de aportar información para su gestión y conservación. En agosto del 2023, se realizó un censo de los árboles existentes en el área de estudio, en el cual se obtuvo la altura total, diámetro de copa y diámetro normal de cada individuo. Se estimaron las variables absolutas y relativas de abundancia, dominancia y frecuencia; así como las variables absolutas y compuestas de área de la superficie de copa y volumen de copa. Considerando estos valores, se determinó el índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). También se evaluó la riqueza y diversidad mediante los índices de Margalef, Shannon-Wiener y diversidad verdadera de Shannon. Se registraron 21 familias, 30 géneros y 31 especies, de las cuales 16 son nativas y 15 introducidas. La familia más representativa fue Fabaceae con 7 especies. La especie con mayor IVIU fue Fraxinus berlandieriana con 53.33%, seguida de Quercus virginiana con 10.70 %, el resto de las especies presentaron valores menores al 10%. El índice de Margalef (DMg = 4.28) muestra una riqueza intermedia; mientras que los índices de Shannon-Wiener (H´ = 1.55) y diversidad verdadera de Shannon (1D = 4.71) indican una diversidad baja en el área de estudio. La especie F. berlandieriana al ser la de mayor IVIU, se considera como la de mayor potencial actual para proveer servicios ecosistémicos como el secuestro de carbono, importante en la mitigación del cambio climático.

Abstract Introduction: Trees in urban and peri-urban areas produce goods and services for society; therefore, it is important to know about their ecological characteristics. Objective: We aimed to determine trees’ ecological characteristics in the peri-urban forest at the Molino de Flores Netzahualcóyotl National Park (MFNNP) in Texcoco, Estado de México. Materials and methods: A stratified tree sampling was developed to register tree species, diameter at breast height, height, crown diameter, percentage of live crown and crown density. Species richness and diversity were calculated using Margalef, Simpson (1-D) indexes and Santamour's 10-20-30 rule; in addition, the urban importance value index (UIVI) was determined. Results and discussion: Seventeen families and 22 species were identified. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Schinus molle L. and Casuarina equisetifolia L. represented 55 % of the sampled trees. We estimated 7 983 ± 806 trees with a density of 163 trees∙ha-1. Diameter at breast height is 26.56 ± 2.33 cm, height 10.52 ± 0.6 m and canopy cover equals 48.2 % of the park area (4 819.88 m2∙ha-1). Richness (≤1.67) and diversity (≤0.61) were low; the species with the highest IVIU were E. camaldulensis, S. molle and Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. with 38.53 %, 13.89 % and 10.62 %, respectively. Conclusions: The tree composition of the MFNNP is similar to that of an urban forest, a situation that contrasts with other natural protected areas. Areas with very low densities were identified with potential to be reforested and could increase the diversity and canopy cover to provide greater protection to the soil.

Resumen Introducción: El arbolado de las zonas urbanas y periurbanas genera bienes y servicios para la sociedad; por tanto, es importante conocer sus características ecológicas. Objetivo: Determinar las características ecológicas del arbolado del bosque periurbano Parque Nacional Molino de Flores Netzahualcóyotl (PNMFN) en Texcoco, Estado de México. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un muestreo arbóreo estratificado donde se registró la especie, diámetro normal, altura, diámetro de copa, porcentaje de copa viva y densidad de copa. La riqueza y diversidad de especies se calculó con los índices de Margalef, Simpson (1-D) y la regla 10-20-30 de Santamour; además, se determinó el índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). Resultados y discusión: Se identificaron 17 familias y 22 especies. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Schinus molle L. y Casuarina equisetifolia L. representaron 55 % de los árboles muestreados. Se estimaron 7 983 ± 806 árboles con una densidad de 163 árboles∙ha-1. El diámetro normal es de 26.56 ± 2.33 cm, la altura de 10.52 ± 0.6 m y la cobertura de copa equivale a 48.2 % de la superficie del parque (4 819.88 m2∙ha-1). La riqueza (≤1.67) y diversidad (≤0.61) fueron bajas; las especies con mayor IVIU fueron E. camaldulensis, S. molle y Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. con 38.53 %, 13.89 % y 10.62 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La composición arbórea del PNMFN es similar a la de un bosque urbano, situación que contrasta con otras áreas naturales protegidas. Hay zonas con densidades muy bajas que pueden ser objeto de reforestación, la cual podría incrementar la diversidad y cobertura de copa que brinde mayor protección al suelo.

Resumen La vegetación de un ecosistema puede ser degradada por los incendios forestales; estos se originan por acciones humanas o de manera natural y por lo general reducen la diversidad y composición de especies, así como su regeneración natural. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en un bosque templado degradado por incendios forestales en el Área Natural Protegida El Tejocote, municipio Santiago, Nuevo León. Los objetivos fueron calcular el Índice de Valor de Importancia, analizar la diversidad de especies y determinar el porcentaje de germinación. El muestreo se realizó en 10 parcelas al azar de 1 000 m2. El Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), índices de diversidad (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner y Simpson) y los porcentajes de germinación se determinaron para cada especie. Pinus teocote tuvo el mayor IVI (45.5 %), también fue la más dominante al cubrir 69 % de la superficie muestreada. Quercus laeta tuvo 25 % de IVI y fue la más abundante de todas las especies (39 %). Agave scabra y Arbutus xalapensis tuvieron IVI de 7.9 % y 6.9 %, respectivamente; ambas se clasificaron como arbustivas. Se obtuvo una baja diversidad en todos los sitios muestreados, y los valores promedio fueron: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46) y Simpson (0.77). Los porcentajes de germinación más altos los presentaron Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) y Agave scabra (84 %). La diferencia en la capacidad germinativa de los taxones podría cambiar la diversidad y composición de las especies de la comunidad El Tejocote después de su degradación por incendio.

Abstract The vegetation of an ecosystem can be degraded by forest fires; which are caused by human or natural actions and generally reduce the diversity and composition of species, as well as their natural regeneration. This work was carried out in a temperate forest degraded by forest fires in the El Tejocote Natural Protected Area, Santiago municipality, Nuevo León State. The objectives were to calculate the Importance Value Index, analyze species diversity and determine the percentage of germination. Sampling was carried out in 10 random plots of 1 000 m2. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity indexes (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) and the germination percentages were determined for each species. Pinus teocote had the highest IVI (45.5 %), it was also the most dominant, covering 69 % of the sampled area. Quercus laeta had 25 % IVI and was the most abundant of all species (39 %). Agave scabra and Arbutus xalapensis had IVIs of 7.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively; both were classified as shrubs. A low diversity was obtained in all the sites sampled; the average values were: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46), and Simpson (0.77). The highest germination percentages were presented by Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) and Agave scabra (84 %). The difference in the germination capacity of taxa could change the diversity and species composition of the El Tejocote community after its degradation by fire.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a diversidade, distribuição (C) e abundância relativa (RA) da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão. A coleta de espécimes (n = 1087) foi feita durante o período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019 em seis habitats diferentes, incluindo corpos d’água, campos de arroz, galpões de animais, ambientes internos, ralos e águas residuais. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas, spray de piretro, aspiradores e redes e posteriormente mortos, preservados e depois dispostos em caixas entomológicas para identificação. Três gêneros foram identificados, nomeadamente Culex, Anopheles e Aedes. Um total de 14 espécies foi identificado, a saber: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e An. annularis (Van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus foi encontrado constantemente distribuído na área de estudo com AR = 16,5% e C = 100%. A. annularis foi encontrada como espécie satélite, distribuída esporadicamente na área de estudo com RA = 0,9% e C = 17%. Os índices de diversidade de mosquitos nos habitats estudados foram encontrados como índice de Shannon-Wiener (2,415), índice de Simpson (9,919), índice de Fisher (2,269) e índice de Margalef (1,859). Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada na diversidade de mosquitos nos seis habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado, H = 17,5, df = 5, P = 0,003 em α = 0,05). O presente estudo abrange a fauna de mosquitos de Malakand, Paquistão, com respeito à diversidade, abundância relativa e distribuição em diversos habitats e em todas as estações do ano. Isso ajudará os cientistas que trabalham em vários campos relacionados com a epidemiologia, entomologia médica e veterinária, ecologia e áreas afins das ciências biológicas.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity, distribution (C) and relative abundance (RA) of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan. Collection of specimens (n = 1087) was made during September 2018 to July 2019 at six different habitats including freshwater bodies, rice fields, animal sheds, indoors, drains and sewage waters. Specimens were collected through light traps, pyrethrum spray, aspirators and nets and subsequently killed, preserved and then arranged in entomological boxes for identification. Three genera were identified namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes. A total of fourteen species were identified namely: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and An. annularis (van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus was found constantly distributed in the study area with RA = 16.5% and C = 100%. An. annularis was found as a satellite species, sporadically distributed in the study area having RA = 0.9% and C = 17%. Diversity indices of mosquitoes in the studied habitats were found as, Shannon-Wiener Index (2.415), Simpson Index (9.919), Fisher’s Index (2.269) and Margalef’s Index (1.859). A statistically significant difference was recorded in mosquito diversity in the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, H = 17.5, df = 5, P = 0.003 at α = 0.05). The present study encompasses mosquito fauna of Malakand, Pakistan with respect to diversity, relative abundance and distribution in diverse habitats and all seasons of the year. This will assist scientists working in various fields related with epidemiology, medical and veterinary entomology, ecology and allied areas of biological sciences.

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio en la finca en transición agroecológica El Renacer, del municipio Perico, Matanzas, con el objetivo de evaluar la funcionalidad de algunos de los componentes de la biodiversidad ecológica y la sustentabilidad de su dimensión económica. La Finca posee un área total de 43.5 ha; 40 de ellas dedicadas a la ganadería. El resto se dedica a los cultivos (0.5 ha), frutales (1.5 ha), silvícola (1.0) e instalaciones (0.5 ha). Se evaluó la funcionalidad de la biodiversidad, a partir de un modelo de análisis que incluyó los componentes: diversidad de árboles, diversidad de la producción y riqueza de especies. A través de un diagnóstico, que incluyó recorridos, entrevistas semiestructuradas y la observación, se cuantificó el número de individuos de cada especie, las que se caracterizaron de acuerdo con su funcionalidad dentro del sistema. Para el cálculo de la sustentabilidad económica se estandarizaron y se ponderaron los indicadores de acuerdo a su importancia. Los índices de Shannon para la diversidad de árboles (2.06) y el de Margalef para la riqueza de especies (4.50) demostraron que el sistema puede ser considerado como de alta riqueza de especies y sustentable, mientras que el índice de diversidad de producción (1.46) demostró que la finca no es autosuficiente, desde el punto de vista del desarrollo del subsistema agrícola. La dimensión económica alcanzó un valor de 3.56, cercano a lo esperado para una finca sustentable. En sentido general, los valores de los indicadores de diversidad del agroecosistema fueron óptimos y demuestran la funcionalidad de este, representado por la diversificación y la integración agricultura-ganadería, aunque se recomienda ampliar el área destinada a los cultivos agrícolas, para alcanzar una mayor autosuficiencia alimentaria.

Summary: A study was carried out at the in agroecological transition El Renacer farm, in the Perico municipality, Matanzas, with the objective of evaluating the functionality of some of the components of ecological biodiversity and the sustainability of its economic dimension. The farm has a total area of 43.5 ha; 40 of them dedicated to livestock. The rest is dedicated to crops (0.5 ha), fruit trees (1.5 ha), forestry (1.0) and facilities (0.5 ha). The functionality of biodiversity was evaluated, based on an analysis model that included the components: tree diversity, production diversity and species richness. Through a diagnosis, which included tours, semi-structured interviews and observation, the number of individuals of each species was quantified, which were characterized according to their functionality within the system. For the calculation of economic sustainability, the indicators were standardized and weighted according to their importance. Shannon’s indices for tree diversity (2.06) and Margalef’s for species richness (4.50) demonstrated that the system can be considered as high species richness and sustainable, while the diversity index production (1.46) showed that the farm is not self-sufficient, from the point of view of the development of the agricultural subsystem. The economic dimension reached a value of 3.56, close to what was expected for a sustainable farm. In a general sense, the values of the indicators of diversity of the agroecosystem were optimal and demonstrate its functionality, represented by diversification and agriculture-livestock integration, although it is recommended to expand the area destined to agricultural crops, to achieve greater self-sufficiency food.