RESUMO: A regularização ambiental da piscicultura continental no Brasil está intimamente ligada à ocupação e uso do solo, as áreas utilizadas para a atividade estão em sua maioria inseridas em áreas de preservação permanente (APP), próximas a rios e nascentes. Esse cenário demonstra a relação entre a atividade e o cumprimento da lei, referente às questões florestais no país. Santa Catarina é um dos estados líderes na piscicultura e um dos primeiros a regulamentar o uso de áreas de preservação permanente (APPs). Assim, foi avaliada a viabilidade de uma proposta de compensação ambiental para regularizar o uso de APPs em Santa Catarina para a piscicultura. Os resultados mostraram que 74% das pisciculturas analisadas precisam regularizar a ocupação das estruturas de produção em APPs. Com relação ao índice proposto de compensação pelo uso em APP, o fator de compensação ambiental (FCA), por meio da avaliação dos mapas individuais e posterior avaliação integrada, todas as pisciculturas identificadas com passivos ambientais em ocupação apresentavam relações de 1:2 e 1:3, sendo este índice uma alternativa viável para a regularização ambiental da atividade. No entanto, propõe-se que o ECF seja aplicado a pequenas pisciculturas, de até quatro módulos fiscais e que tenham um perfil de ocupação mínima padrão em relação à área total da propriedade, conforme avaliado no presente estudo. RESUMO solo APP , (APP) nascentes lei país . (APPs) Assim 74 FCA, FCA (FCA) integrada 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 entanto propõese propõe se propriedade estudo (APP (APPs 7 (FCA

ABSTRACT: The environmental regulation of continental fish farming in Brazil is closely linked to land occupation and use. Areas used for this activity are mostly located in permanent preservation areas (PPA), close to rivers and springs, demonstrating the necessity of regulating this activity for its compliance with public policy. Santa Catarina is a leading state in fish farming and one of the first to regulate the use of PPAs. The feasibility of a proposal for environmental compensation to regularize the use of PPAs in Santa Catarina for fish farming; was therefore, assessed. The results showed that 74% of the fish farms analyzed need to regularize the occupation of production structures in PPAs. Regarding the proposed index of compensation for use in PPAs, the environmental compensation factor (ECF), through evaluation of the individual maps and subsequent integrated evaluation, all the fish farms identified with environmental liabilities in occupation had ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, and this index is a viable alternative for environmental regularization of the activity. It was further proposed that ECF be applied to small fish farms of up to four fiscal modules and that they have a standard minimum occupancy profile in relation to the total area of the property, as assessed in the present study. ABSTRACT PPA, PPA , (PPA) springs policy therefore 74 ECF, (ECF) 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 property study (PPA 7 (ECF

Remote areas that lack conventional water-provisioning infrastructure often rely on rainwater harvesting, rivers, pans, reservoirs and borehole-extracted water to meet domestic water requirements. These water sources often have poor microbial quality and chemical composition, the quality of which is not routinely monitored. This study explored citizen science as a tool for Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, detailing the co-creation of a sustained community-based water quality monitoring program in collaboration with communities in villages in Amakhala Game Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). Without access to other water sources, participants predominantly used rainwater for drinking and cooking (80%), while borehole water was mainly used for cleaning and gardening due to its salty or bitter taste. A hydrogen sulfide (H2S) water testing kit was used by the citizen scientists to monitor the water quality. The H2S kits were effective in estimating bacterial contamination, showing a proportional relationship with Colilert® test results conducted in a laboratory. The alignment observed between community-based monitoring results and those derived from scientist-led testing underscores the value of data produced through citizen science initiatives. Sustained participant engagement throughout this research reflected a sense of community empowerment through access to tools that inform their decision-making around water use and treatment as well as investment in the research, indicative of the perceived relevance of the research to community interests. This integration of transdisciplinary data sources holds promise for informing evidence-based decision-making processes, facilitating more effective and contextually informed water management strategies that value and integrate community perspectives alongside scientific insights. SIGNIFICANCE: Drawing on the principles of Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, we applied citizen science tools to engage researchers and communities in the co-development of a water quality monitoring program. In addressing a specific area of concern, raised by the remotely situated community around the need for knowing their water quality, the project successfully trained communities in applying water testing tools and fostered agency in decision-making around water treatment. Combined with continuous feedback and communication loops, a high rate of continuity was sustained among the participants.

Resumo Em 2015, foi criado o projeto socioesportivo “Escolinha de Vela Rio São João”, com o objetivo de introduzir o esporte náutico como ferramenta educativa para crianças e adolescentes em risco social da região. O objetívo deste trabalho foi avaliar os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais do Rio São João na ótíca dos integrantes do projeto social. O estudo se deu na sede do projeto por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os participantes, seguidas da análise das entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que existe correlação positiva entre os serviços culturais ecossistêmicos estéticos e os de lazer e turismo. Entre os serviços estéticos, destacam-se a beleza cênica do pôr do sol, o visual do Morro de São João e a Ponte Quebrada; enquanto os de Herança Cultural, baseados no aprendizado associado aos rios, também se destacaram. A percepção dos (des)serviços culturais ecossistêmicos também apresentaram uma alta frequência entre os entrevistados, principalmente aqueles (des)serviços associados à poluição e periculosidade de alguns locais do Rio São João. Conclui-se que os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais relevantes para os participantes deste projeto social são aqueles ligados ao lazer, à estética, e aos aprendizados de herança cultural. Projetos sociais são criados com o objetivo de mudar a realidade de crianças, adolescentes e até de adultos em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Assim, a preservação do ambiente em que este projeto desempenha as suas atividades é crucial para cumprir sua função. 2015 Escolinha João, , João” região turismo destacamse destacam sol Quebrada Cultural rios destacaram desserviços des entrevistados Concluise Conclui estética cultural Assim função 201 20 2

Abstract In 2015, the socio-sports project “Escolinha de Vela Rio São João” was created to introduce water sports as an educational tool for children and teenagers at social risk in the region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cultural ecosystem services of Rio São João from the perspective of the members of the social project. The study took place at the project headquarters through semi-structured interviews with the participants, followed by an analysis of the interviews. The results showed a positive correlation between aesthetic ecosystem cultural services and leisure and tourism services. Among the aesthetic services, the scenic beauty of the sunset, the view of Morro de São João, and the broken bridge stood out, while those of cultural heritage, based on learning associated with rivers, also stood out. The perception of ecosystem cultural (dis)services also showed a high frequency among respondents, especially those (dis)services associated with pollution and dangerousness in some places on the São João River. This study concluded that the cultural ecosystem services relevant to the project participants are those related to leisure, aesthetics, and cultural heritage learning. Social projects are created to change the reality of children, adolescents, and even adults in situations of social vulnerability. Thus, the preservation of the environment in which this project carries out its activities is crucial to fulfilling its function. 2015 sociosports socio Escolinha region semistructured semi structured sunset rivers disservices dis respondents River aesthetics adolescents vulnerability Thus function 201 20 2

Resumen En 2015, se creó el proyecto socio-deportivo “Escolinha de Vela Rio São João”, con el objetivo de introducir deportes acuáticos como herramienta educativa para niños y adolescentes en riesgo social en la región. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los servicios culturales del ecosistema del río São João desde la perspectiva de los miembros del proyecto social. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la sede del proyecto a través de entrevistas semiestrueturadas con los participantes, seguido del análisis de las entrevistas. Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva entre los servicios culturales del ecosistema estético y los servicios de ocio y turismo. Entre los servicios estéticos, se destacan la belleza escénica de la puesta del sol, la vista del Morro de São João y el puente roto; mientras que también se destacaron los servicios de herencia cultural, basados en aprendizajes asociados a los ríos. La percepción de los (des)servicios culturales de los ecosistemas también mostró una alta frecuencia entre los encuestados, especialmente aquellos (des)servicios asociados con la contaminación y la peligrosidad en algunos lugares del río São João. Se concluye que los servicios del ecosistema cultural relevantes para los participantes del proyecto son aquellos relacionados con el ocio, la estética y aprendizaje de la herencia cultural. Los proyectos sociales se crean con el objetivo de cambiar la realidad de niños, niñas, adolescentes e incluso adultos en situación de vulnerabilidad social, por lo que preservar el entorno en el que este proyecto desarrolla sus actividades es fundamental para cumplir su función. 2015 sociodeportivo socio deportivo Escolinha João, , João” región turismo estéticos sol roto ríos desservicios des encuestados niñas función 201 20 2

Resumen Los bosques de galería son comunidades forestales que crecen a lo largo de los ríos y arroyos. Proporcionan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos, pero al igual que otras asociaciones vegetales están severamente amenazadas por actividades antrópicas como la agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el estado actual de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares, Nuevo León por medio de un análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal en cuatro periodos: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 y 1995-2022. Para el análisis se utilizaron imágenes de alta resolución espacial de los satélites Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 y Birdseye. Se determinó el cambio neto y el cambio relativo porcentual para cada tipo de uso de suelo a lo largo del tiempo, así como la tasa anual de cambio mediante la ecuación propuesta por Puyravaud. Los resultados indican una pérdida de cobertura de los bosques de galería y un aumento del área agrícola. En un periodo de 27 años (1995-2022), la tasa anual de cambio registrada fue de -0.55 %; por el contrario, para la agricultura fue de 0.51 %. Con base en los valores obtenidos, se concluye que la superficie de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares tiende a disminuir, en función del tiempo para convertirse en tierras agrícolas. Es importante detener esta tendencia, ya que los bosques de galería desempeñan un papel importante en la protección de la biodiversidad, los recursos hídricos y edáficos, por lo que deben ser recuperados y conservados.

Abstract Gallery forests are plant communities that grow along rivers and streams. They provide numerous ecosystem services, but like other vegetation associations they are strongly threatened by anthropic activities such as agriculture. The objective of the present study was to know the current state of the gallery forests of Linares municipality, state of Nuevo León, by means of a multitemporal analysis of land use change and vegetation cover in four periods: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 and 1995-2022. The analysis used high-resolution space images from the Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 and Birdseye satellites. The net change and relative percentage change for each type of land use was determined over time, as well as the annual rate of change using the equation proposed by Puyravaud. As a result, a loss of coverage of gallery forests and an increase in agricultural area was found. Over a period of 27 years (1995-2022), the annual rate of change for gallery forests was -0.55 %, whereas for agriculture it was 0.51 %. Considering the values obtained, it is concluded that the area of the gallery forests of Linares municipality tends to decrease according to the time to become agricultural land. It is important to stop this trend, as gallery forests play an important role in protecting biodiversity, water and soil resources and must be recovered and preserved.

Abstract Worldwide more than 7 billion tons of lignocellulosic biomass will be produced by 2025. In Colombia, these residues are mainly disposed of in rivers and open fields, and only 10% is reused and recycled. Non-centrifugal sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a residue obtained after sugarcane juice extraction during the manufacturing process of panela and is mostly used as fuel for boilers at sugar mills. Wheat bran (WB) is the main waste from wheat flour production. Nonetheless, the chemical composition of these by-products makes them suitable for use as substrates for hemicellulolytic enzyme production from fungi. Here, a whole process for production in a solid-state fermentation system, recovery, and ultrafiltration process for concentration of xylanases by Penicillium sp. Pn004 is presented. The higher productivity (26.7 ± 1.59 U gds-1 day-1) was reached on the fifth day of fermentation with an enzyme activity of 130.0 ± 7.95 U gds-1. The batch ultrafiltration process allowed increasing the xylanase activity up to 19-fold in the retentate, from 66.47 U mL-1 to 1486.83 U mL-1, without reaching a steady state flux through the membrane. Finally, the enzymatic extract achieved a 43% release of sugar from kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), showing its potential to be used as an additive for silage or for enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials for sugar production.

Abstract In Brazil, 65% of the electric power production comes from hydroelectric power plants (HPPs). In some cases, these power plants divert the course of rivers, resulting in regions impacted by the absence of water, which are known as reduced fow sections (RFS). These sections are regulated by legislation and aim to maintain the minimum fow necessary to preserve the fauna, flora, fish, and human consumption in the region. Depending on the time of year, this minimum flow, also known as ecological flow (residual flow), can reach significant values, resulting in the interruption of power generation in these HPPs. This article presents a study case of two hydroelectric power plants located in different Brazilian states. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of implementing auxiliary generator groups that can operate uninterruptedly at different drop heights while ensuring the preservation of residual flow during low flow periods or taking advantage of the overflow flow by spillways during high flow periods. This auxiliary system would use the same set of structures and transmission systems as the main power plant, minimizing environmental impacts and implementation costs, allowing this solution to be implemented in HPPs that face this type of problem in Brazil. The results obtained indicate that HPPs with larger reservoirs have a greater ability to maintain residual flows with minimal generation loss and that run-of-the-river power plants are the most impacted by the maintenance of residual flow. Brazil 65 . (HPPs) cases rivers water RFS. RFS (RFS) fauna flora fish region year , flow) values states plant costs runoftheriver run river 6 (HPPs (RFS

Resumo Se desarrolló una investigación para caracterizar la percepción social de las principales amenazas que podrían afectar un ambiente acuático particular- una laguna costera- mediante la aplicación de una versión del método denominado mapeo participativo de riesgos, más sencillo que el método del paradigma psicométrico tradicionalmente utilizado. Consiste en entrevistas en las que el interrogado comenta sobre los principales problemas o amenazas ambientales que percibe y los jerarquiza según tres criterios: gravedad, urgencia y control. De cada categoría de amenaza identificada se obtuvo el índice de incidencia- la fracción de entrevistados que citaron la categoría problema - y los índices de gravedad, urgencia y control. Con estos índices se elaboran mapas gráficos de percepción de las amenazas según cada criterio. El método se aplicó a un grupo de pescadores que hacen uso de la laguna, los cuales perciben cinco (5) problemas ambientales: el desvío de ríos, la obstrucción de ríos y el cierre temporal de la boca de conexión de la laguna con el mar (casos particulares de la hidrodinámica alterada), el crecimiento excesivo del mangle y la pesca de peces juveniles; estos dos últimos son percibidos como los de mayor facilidad en controlar. Se demuestran las bondades del método.

Abstract A research was developed to characterize the social perception of threats that could affect a particular aquatic environment - a coastal lagoon - by applying a version of the method called participatory risk mapping, simpler than the traditionally used psychometric paradigm method. It consists of interviews in which the interrogated comments on the main environmental problems or threats that he perceives and rank them according to three criteria: severity, urgency and control. For each identified threat category, the incidence rate - the fraction of respondents who cited the problem category - and the indices of severity, urgency and control were obtained. With these indices, graphic maps of threat perception are elaborated according to each criterion. The method was applied to a group of fishermen who make use of the lagoon, who perceive five (5) environmental problems: rivers diversion, rivers obstruction and the temporary closure of lagoon connection with the sea (cases of altered hydrodynamics), the excessive growth of the mangrove and overfishing of juvenile fish; the latter two are perceived as the easiest to control. The benefits of the method are demonstrated.

Abstract Background: Pemphigus constitutes a group of autoimmune bullous diseases. A reduction in the incidence of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and an increase in pemphigus vulgaris has been described, but there are no studies in Minas Gerais that address the subject. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients with pemphigus treated at the Dermatology Service of a public University Hospital in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out of cases of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, for a period of six months. A questionnaire was filled out with epidemiological and clinical data on the disease. Results: A total of 122 patients were included in the study, 64 with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and 58 with pemphigus vulgaris. When comparing patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and those with pemphigus vulgaris, a statistical difference was observed between the median age of initial disease manifestation (p = 0.001), patient occupation (p = 0.010), area of residence (p = 0.000), forests (p = 0.000) and rivers/streams close to the dwelling (p = 0.001) and the number of systemic medications required to control the disease (p = 0.002). When comparing patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus to those evaluated in a study carried out at the same service in 2008, there was a statistical difference in the area of residence (p = 0.030). Study limitations: The assessed population comes from a tertiary care service that is not a reference for the entire state. Conclusions: Patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris maintain statistically significant differences regarding their main variables in the literature, such as age and area of residence. Historically, there has been a reduction in cases of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and an increase in cases of pemphigus vulgaris in this population. Background diseases described subject Objective Brazil Methods observational descriptive crosssectional cross sectional months Results 12 6 5 p 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 0 001 0.010, 0010 0.010 010 0.010) 0.000, 0000 0.000 000 riversstreams rivers streams 0.002. 0002 0.002 . 002 0.002) 2008 0.030. 0030 0.030 030 0.030) limitations Conclusions literature Historically 1 0.00 00 0.01 01 200 003 0.03 03 0.0 20 0. 2

Abstract Over the decades, riverine ecosystems is suffering from intense human intervention resulting in degradation and habitat loss as a consequence, many fish species become endangered, particularly in rivers where heavy demand is placed on freshwater. Wallago attu is fast growing catfish belongs to the family siluridae has good market demand having high protein content and nutritional value in it’s flesh. The data was obtained for metal concentration in wet and dry body weight in wild Wallago attu. All metal was found under permissible limit as recommended by different international organizations. Calcium was found highest, while cadmium in lowest concentration. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca and Mg showed highly significant (P<0.001) positive correlation with wet body weight except Co and Cd showed non-significant (P>0.05) correlation. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg and Co shown negative allometric pattern with increasing body weight concentration of Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, Na, Ca and K showed positive relationship (P<0.001) with total length (cm), except for Co and Cd, which indicated non significant correlation (P>0.05). Present Study will helpful to assess toxicity due to presence of heavy metals for researchers and different organizations from River Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan. decades consequence endangered freshwater its it s flesh highest Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn Na P<0.001 P0001 P 0 001 (P<0.001 nonsignificant P>0.05 P005 05 (P>0.05 Pb cm, cm , (cm) P>0.05. . Chenab Punjab Pakistan P<0.00 P000 00 (P<0.00 P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (cm P<0.0 (P<0.0 P>0. P0 (P>0. P<0. (P<0. P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0 P> (P> P< (P< (P

Resumo Ao longo das décadas, os ecossistemas ribeirinhos sofreram intensa intervenção humana, resultando em degradação e perda de habitat. Como consequência, muitas espécies de peixes tornaram-se ameaçadas, principalmente em rios onde há grande demanda de água doce. Wallago attu é um bagre de crescimento rápido pertencente à família Siluridae tem boa demanda de mercado com alto teor de proteína e valor nutricional em sua carne. Os dados foram obtidos para concentração de metal no peso corporal úmido e seco em Wallago attu selvagem. Todo o metal foi encontrado no limite permitido, conforme recomendado por diferentes organizações internacionais. O cálcio foi encontrado em maior concentração, enquanto o cádmio em menor concentração. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca e Mg apresentaram correlação positiva altamente significativa (P < 0,001) com o peso corporal úmido, exceto Co e Cd que apresentaram correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). Metais como Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg e Co apresentaram padrão alométrico negativo com o aumento do peso corporal(P < 0,001) e do comprimento total (em centímetros), exceto para Co e Cd, que indica correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). O presente estudo será útil para avaliar a toxicidade devido à presença de metais pesados para pesquisadores e diferentes organizações de River Chenab, Punjab, Paquistão. décadas humana habitat consequência tornaramse tornaram se ameaçadas doce carne selvagem permitido internacionais Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn K Na P 0,001 0001 0 001 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) Pb corporalP centímetros, centímetros , centímetros) Chenab Punjab Paquistão 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,

In 2008, there was a large endosulfan spill in one of the most important rivers in southeastern Brazil. However, no studies were found to assess the persistence of endosulfan in this environment. The persistence of endosulfan and its metabolites, in addition to other organochlorine pesticides, was evaluated in water samples collected from the Pirapetinga River and Paraíba do Sul River. The solid phase extraction method was modifed and validated for 15 organochlorine pesticides and the hyperspeed separation method was applied using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-fight mass spectrometry. The limit of detection range was 0.38 and 17.96 ng mL−1 and limits of quantifcation were between 1.18 and 54.43 ng mL−1. Endosulfan lactone was detected in the Pirapetinga River (point 4 rainy season, 255 ng mL−1 and point 5 dry season, 142 ng mL−1), in addition to hexachlorocyclohexane (point 6 rainy season, 40.69 ng mL−1). 2008 Brazil However environment metabolites 1 twodimensional two dimensional timeoffight time fight spectrometry 038 0 38 0.3 1796 17 96 17.9 mL1 mL mL− 118 18 1.1 5443 54 43 54.4 season 25 14 mL−1, , mL−1) 4069 40 69 40.6 . 200 03 3 0. 179 9 17. 11 1. 544 54. 2 406 40. 20

ABSTRACT Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing and ciprofloxacin-non-susceptible Escherichia coli are clinical and environmental issues. We evaluated the susceptibility profile of fosfomycin in non-susceptible E. coli isolated from urine and the environment. We measured the activity of fosfomycin against 319 and 36 E. coli strains from urine and environmental isolates, respectively, collected from rivers. Fosfomycin resistance profiles were investigated using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 5% and 6.6% of urine samples were non-susceptible to fosfomycin according to CLSI and EUCAST guidelines, respectively. The fosfomycin MIC50/90 was 0.5/4 mg/L. Of the 36 E. coli isolates from river water, 11.1% and 13,8% were non-susceptible to fosfomycin according to CLSI and EUCAST, respectively (range ≤0.25 ≥512 mg/L). All the isolates with MIC ≥512 mg/L for fosfomycin showed the fosA3 gene. Fosfomycin resistance was more frequent in the environment than in clinical samples. Extendedspectrum Extended spectrum betalactamase beta lactamase ciprofloxacinnonsusceptible ciprofloxacin non susceptible issues nonsusceptible E 31 3 rivers MIC, , (MIC) (CLSI (EUCAST guidelines 5 66 6 6.6 MIC5090 MIC50 90 MIC50/9 054 0 4 0.5/ mgL mg L water 111 11 1 11.1 138 13 8 13,8 range 025 25 ≤0.2 512 ≥51 . mg/L) fosA gene (MIC 6. MIC509 MIC5 9 MIC50/ 05 0.5 11. 13, 02 2 ≤0. 51 ≥5 0. ≤0 ≥ ≤

ABSTRACT Several studies have reported on the presence of litter on beaches and in the oceans, but this represents the smallest part of the litter that ends up in the sea. Little is known about the litter that settles on the ocean floor, especially near coastal regions. Thus, this study quantified, classified and determined possible sources of subtidal benthic marine litter input off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Different sites were selected in Guanabara Bay, an area with the greatest industrial and population concentration in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and on the coasts of Costa do Sol and Costa Verde, where tourism represents the main economic activity. Material was collected by scuba diving at depths of between 5 and 15 meters at 31 sites distributed among the study areas. A total of 1, 209 items was found, with Guanabara Bay having the highest average concentration (92.40 items/km2), followed by Costa do Sol and Costa Verde (14.15 items/km2 and 9.91 items/km2, respectively). Plastic materials are the most representative solid waste (55.08%), followed by metals (14.97%) and fishing gear (12.48%). Results indicated that local activities affected the composition of the marine litter on Costa do Sol and Costa Verde, whereas in Guanabara Bay, anthropogenic material carried by rivers influenced the marine litter composition at certain locations in addition to local activities. Environmental education actions associated with tourism and fishing activities and better waste management are necessary to minimize the presence of litter in subtidal benthic environments. oceans sea floor regions Thus quantified Janeiro Brazil activity 1 3 areas 20 found 92.40 9240 92 40 (92.4 itemskm2 itemskm , km2 km items/km2) 14.15 1415 14 (14.1 items/km 991 9 91 9.9 respectively. respectively . respectively) 55.08%, 5508 55.08% 55 08 (55.08%) 14.97% 1497 97 (14.97% 12.48%. 1248 12.48% 12 48 (12.48%) environments 2 92.4 924 4 (92. 14.1 141 (14. 99 9. 550 55.08 0 (55.08% 14.97 149 (14.97 124 12.48 (12.48% 92. (92 14. (14 55.0 (55.08 14.9 (14.9 12.4 (12.48 (9 (1 55. (55.0 12. (12.4 ( (55. (12. (55 (12 (5

Abstract Several fishes of the family Poeciliidae are commonly produced in ornamental aquaculture and also used for pest control, leading to their introduction in numerous countries. Many of these species exhibit tolerance and invasiveness, as exemplified by Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866). This report documents the presence of X. maculatus in a Caribbean coastal stream in Venezuela. Quizandal Creek has experienced significant human intervention in its lower drainage and channel area. In the final segment of the creek the fish were captured using hand nets and beach seines. The specimens were transported alive to the laboratory for evaluation and subsequently preserved according to standard methods and later were cataloged in the fish collection. 16 males ♂ and 8 females ♀ (16.6-29.4 mm SL. CPUCLA-3630) from the Quizandal Creek, part of the coastal drainage of the Borburata River, were analyzed. This is the first report on the occurrence of Xiphophorus maculatus in natural environments of Venezuela. These coastal streams are situated in a zoogeographic transition zone between regional freshwater ichthyofaunas that have a limited number of species, primarily secondary and amphidromous, which could be susceptible to the presence of introduced species. Xiphophorus fish demonstrate the ability to thrive in highly degraded environments, promoting their dispersion and amplifying the impact on the habitat and local fish, particularly small endemic fish, such as the Rivulidae and Poeciliidae. control countries invasiveness Günther, Günther (Günther 1866. 1866 . 1866) X Venezuela area seines collection 1 16.629.4 166294 16.6 29.4 6 29 4 (16.6-29. SL CPUCLA3630 CPUCLA 3630 CPUCLA-3630 River analyzed amphidromous 186 629 16.629. 16629 166 16. 294 29. 2 (16.6-29 CPUCLA363 363 CPUCLA-363 18 62 16.629 1662 (16.6-2 CPUCLA36 36 CPUCLA-36 16.62 (16.6- CPUCLA3 3 CPUCLA-3 (16.6 CPUCLA- (16. (16 (1 (

Resumo Vários peixes Poeciliidae são comumente empregados na aquicultura ornamental e no controle de pragas, levando à sua introdução em vários países. Muitas dessas espécies exibem tolerância e invasividade, exemplificadas por Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866). Esta nota documenta a presença de X. maculatus em um riacho costeiro na encosta do Caribe, Venezuela. O riacho Quizandal sofreu intervenção humana significativa na drenagem inferior e na área do canal. No trecho final do riacho os peixes foram capturados com redes de mão e arrastos. Os espécimes foram transportados vivos ao laboratório para avaliação e posteriormente preservados segundos métodos padronizados para posterior catalogação na coleção de peixes. Foram analisados 16 machos ♂ e 8 fêmeas ♀ (16,6-29,4 mm SL. CPUCLA-3630) provenientes do Córrego Quizandal, associado à drenagem costeira do Rio Borburata. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de Xiphophorus maculatus em ambientes naturais da Venezuela. Estes riachos costeiros estão situados numa zona de transição zoogeográfica entre ictiofaunas regionais de água doce e apresentam um número limitado de espécies, principalmente secundárias e anfidromas, que podem ser suscetíveis à presença de espécies introduzidas. Os peixes Xiphophorus demonstram a capacidade de prosperar em ambientes altamente degradados, promovendo a sua dispersão e amplificando o impacto no habitat e nos peixes locais, particularmente pequenos peixes endêmicos, como os Rivulidae e Poeciliidae. pragas países invasividade Günther, Günther (Günther 1866. 1866 . 1866) X Caribe Venezuela canal arrastos 1 16,629,4 166294 16,6 29,4 6 29 4 (16,6-29, SL CPUCLA3630 CPUCLA 3630 CPUCLA-3630 Borburata anfidromas introduzidas degradados locais endêmicos 186 629 16,629, 16629 166 16, 294 29, 2 (16,6-29 CPUCLA363 363 CPUCLA-363 18 62 16,629 1662 (16,6-2 CPUCLA36 36 CPUCLA-36 16,62 (16,6- CPUCLA3 3 CPUCLA-3 (16,6 CPUCLA- (16, (16 (1 (

Abstract Aim Studies of natural variations in fish diet allow, in turn, a better understanding of environmental changes along the hydrological cycle that can affect resources and, hence, biodiversity conservation. With this in mind, the present study aimed to understand how spatial and ontogenetic aspects (using Standard Length as proxy) define dietary composition, trophic position and trophic niche breadth for a small characid (Bryconamericus exodon) in streams located in two rivers of the Brazilian Pantanal. We also assessed whether spatial differences influence the structuring of trophic networks. Methods Fish were sampled monthly in the rainy season (October/2017 to March/2018) in four tributaries of the Negro and Apa Rivers, using different sampling methods. In the laboratory, fish were measured and weighed, followed by excision of stomach for posterior analysis. Results We analyzed 211 individuals, 126 from the Apa River (Standard lengthmin= 11.28mm; Standard lengthmax= 43.53mm) and 85 from the Negro River (Standard lengthmin= 13.26mm; Standard lengthmax= 40.05mm), that consumed mainly aquatic insects (Alimentary indexTotal= 87.97%), followed by terrestrial insects (Alimentary indexTotal= 9.02%). Dietary composition was mainly influenced by spatial variation (Pseudo-F1,194=12.21; p<0.001), followed by ontogenetic variation (Pseudo-F1,190=7.23; p<0.001), however, for trophic niche breadth, we did detect a higher importance of spatial variation (t=4.71; p<0.001) and an absence of ontogenetic variation (t=1.24; p=0.213). No spatial variation was detected for complementary specialization (p=0.998); only connectance showed a significant variation (p=0.047) with higher mean values in the Negro River (C= 0.27 ± 0.016) when compared to those of populations in the Apa River (C=0.22 ± 0.019). In addition, trophic position was not influenced by spatial (t= -1.77; p=0.077) or ontogenetic (t=0.69; p=0.494) variations. Conclusions B. exodon is considered an insectivorous species whose dietary composition can be explained more by spatial than ontogenetic variation. allow turn hence conservation mind proxy Bryconamericus Pantanal networks October/2017 October2017 October 2017 (October/201 March/2018 March2018 March 2018 Rivers methods laboratory weighed analysis 21 individuals 12 lengthmin 11.28mm 1128mm mm 11 28mm lengthmax 43.53mm 4353mm 43 53mm 8 13.26mm 1326mm 13 26mm 40.05mm, 4005mm 40.05mm , 40 05mm 40.05mm) Alimentary indexTotal 87.97%, 8797 87.97% 87 97 87.97%) 9.02%. 902 9.02% . 9 02 9.02%) PseudoF1,194=12.21 PseudoF11941221 PseudoF Pseudo F1,194=12.21 F1 194 F (Pseudo-F1,194=12.21 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 PseudoF1,190=7.23 PseudoF1190723 F1,190=7.23 190 7 23 (Pseudo-F1,190=7.23 however t=4.71 t471 t 4 71 (t=4.71 t=1.24 t124 1 24 (t=1.24 p=0.213. p0213 p=0.213 213 p=0.213) p=0.998 p0998 998 (p=0.998) p=0.047 p0047 047 (p=0.047 C= C (C 027 27 0.2 0.016 0016 016 C=0.22 C022 22 (C=0.2 0.019. 0019 0.019 019 0.019) addition t= (t 1.77 177 77 -1.77 p=0.077 p0077 077 t=0.69 t069 69 (t=0.69 p=0.494 p0494 494 B October/201 October201 201 (October/20 March/201 March201 2 879 87.97 90 9.02 PseudoF1 PseudoF1,194=12.2 PseudoF1194122 F11941221 F1,194=12.2 19 (Pseudo-F1,194=12.2 p000 p<0.00 00 PseudoF1,190=7.2 PseudoF119072 F1190723 F1,190=7.2 (Pseudo-F1,190=7.2 t=4.7 t47 (t=4.7 t=1.2 t12 (t=1.2 p021 p=0.21 p=0.99 p099 99 (p=0.998 p=0.04 p004 04 (p=0.04 0. 0.01 01 C=0.2 C02 (C=0. 1.7 17 -1.7 p=0.07 p007 07 t=0.6 t06 6 (t=0.6 p=0.49 p049 49 October/20 October20 20 (October/2 March/20 March20 87.9 9.0 PseudoF1,194=12. PseudoF119412 F1194122 F1,194=12. (Pseudo-F1,194=12. p00 p<0.0 PseudoF1,190=7. PseudoF11907 F119072 F1,190=7. (Pseudo-F1,190=7. t=4. t4 (t=4. t=1. t1 (t=1. p02 p=0.2 p=0.9 p09 (p=0.99 p=0.0 (p=0.0 0.0 C=0. C0 (C=0 1. -1. t=0. t0 (t=0. p=0.4 p04 October/2 October2 (October/ March/2 March2 87. 9. PseudoF1,194=12 PseudoF11941 F119412 F1,194=12 (Pseudo-F1,194=12 p0 p<0. PseudoF1,190=7 PseudoF1190 F11907 F1,190=7 (Pseudo-F1,190=7 t=4 (t=4 t=1 (t=1 p=0. (p=0.9 (p=0. C=0 -1 t=0 (t=0 October/ (October March/ PseudoF1,194=1 PseudoF1194 F11941 F1,194=1 (Pseudo-F1,194=1 p<0 PseudoF1,190= PseudoF119 F1190 F1,190= (Pseudo-F1,190= p=0 (p=0 - PseudoF1,194= F1194 F1,194= (Pseudo-F1,194= p< PseudoF1,190 PseudoF11 F119 F1,190 (Pseudo-F1,190 p= (p= PseudoF1,194 F1,194 (Pseudo-F1,194 PseudoF1,19 F11 F1,19 (Pseudo-F1,19 (p PseudoF1,1 F1,1 (Pseudo-F1,1 PseudoF1, F1, (Pseudo-F1, (Pseudo-F1 (Pseudo-F

Resumo Objetivo O estudo das variações naturais na dieta dos peixes permite, por sua vez, uma melhor compreensão das alterações ambientais ao longo do ciclo hidrológico que podem afetar os recursos e, consequentemente, a conservação da biodiversidade. Com isso em mente, o presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender como os aspectos espaciais e ontogenéticos (usando o Comprimento padrão como proxy) definem a composição da dieta, posição trófica e amplitude de nicho trófico para um pequeno caracídeo (Bryconamericus exodon) em riachos localizados em dois rios do Pantanal brasileiro. Também avaliamos se as diferenças espaciais influenciam na estruturação das redes tróficas. Métodos Os peixes foram amostrados mensalmente na estação chuvosa (Outubro/2017 a Março/2018) em quatro tributários dos rios Negro e Apa, utilizando diferentes métodos de amostragem. Em laboratório, os peixes foram medidos e pesados, seguido de excisão do estômago para posterior análise. Resultados Foram analisados 211 indivíduos, sendo 126 do Apa (Comprimento padrãomin= 11,28mm; Comprimento padrãomax= 43,53mm) e 85 do Negro (Comprimento padrãomin= 13,26mm; Comprimento padrãomax= 40,05mm), que consumiram principalmente insetos aquáticos (Índice alimentarTotal= 87,97%), seguidos de insetos terrestres (Índice alimentarTotal=9,02%). A composição da dieta foi influenciada principalmente pela variação espacial (Pseudo-F1,194=12,21; p<0,001), seguida da variação ontogenética (Pseudo-F1,190=7,23; p<0,001), no entanto, para amplitude de nicho trófico, detectamos uma maior importância da variação espacial (t=4,71; p<0,001) e ausência de variação ontogenética (t=1,24; p=0,213). Não foi detectada variação espacial para especialização complementar (p=0,998); apenas a conectância obteve uma variação significativa (p=0,047), com valores médios maiores no rio Negro (C= 0,27 ± 0,016) quando comparados aos das populações do rio Apa (C=0,22 ± 0,019). Além disso, a posição trófica não foi influenciada por variações espaciais (t=-1,77; p=0,077) ou ontogenéticas (t=0,69; p=0,494). Conclusões B. exodon é considerada uma espécie insetívora, cuja composição da dieta pode ser explicada mais pela variação espacial do que pela variação ontogenética. permite vez consequentemente biodiversidade mente usando proxy Bryconamericus brasileiro tróficas Outubro/2017 Outubro2017 Outubro 2017 (Outubro/201 Março/2018 Março2018 Março 2018 amostragem laboratório pesados análise 21 indivíduos 12 padrãomin 11,28mm 1128mm mm 11 28mm padrãomax 43,53mm 4353mm 43 53mm 8 13,26mm 1326mm 13 26mm 40,05mm, 4005mm 40,05mm , 40 05mm 40,05mm) Índice alimentarTotal 87,97%, 8797 87,97% 87 97 87,97%) alimentarTotal=9,02%. alimentarTotal902 alimentarTotal=9,02% . 9 02 alimentarTotal=9,02%) PseudoF1,194=12,21 PseudoF11941221 PseudoF Pseudo F1,194=12,21 F1 194 F (Pseudo-F1,194=12,21 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 0 001 PseudoF1,190=7,23 PseudoF1190723 F1,190=7,23 190 7 23 (Pseudo-F1,190=7,23 entanto t=4,71 t471 t 4 71 (t=4,71 t=1,24 t124 1 24 (t=1,24 p=0,213. p0213 p=0,213 213 p=0,213) p=0,998 p0998 998 (p=0,998) p=0,047, p0047 p=0,047 047 (p=0,047) C= C (C 027 27 0,2 0,016 0016 016 C=0,22 C022 22 (C=0,2 0,019. 0019 0,019 019 0,019) disso t=1,77 t177 t= 1,77 77 (t=-1,77 p=0,077 p0077 077 t=0,69 t069 69 (t=0,69 p=0,494. p0494 p=0,494 494 p=0,494) B insetívora Outubro/201 Outubro201 201 (Outubro/20 Março/201 Março201 2 879 87,97 alimentarTotal90 alimentarTotal=9,02 PseudoF1 PseudoF1,194=12,2 PseudoF1194122 F11941221 F1,194=12,2 19 (Pseudo-F1,194=12,2 p000 p<0,00 00 PseudoF1,190=7,2 PseudoF119072 F1190723 F1,190=7,2 (Pseudo-F1,190=7,2 t=4,7 t47 (t=4,7 t=1,2 t12 (t=1,2 p021 p=0,21 p=0,99 p099 99 (p=0,998 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,047 0, 0,01 01 C=0,2 C02 (C=0, t=1,7 t17 177 1,7 (t=-1,7 p=0,07 p007 07 t=0,6 t06 6 (t=0,6 p049 p=0,49 49 Outubro/20 Outubro20 20 (Outubro/2 Março/20 Março20 87,9 alimentarTotal9 alimentarTotal=9,0 PseudoF1,194=12, PseudoF119412 F1194122 F1,194=12, (Pseudo-F1,194=12, p00 p<0,0 PseudoF1,190=7, PseudoF11907 F119072 F1,190=7, (Pseudo-F1,190=7, t=4, t4 (t=4, t=1, t1 (t=1, p02 p=0,2 p=0,9 p09 (p=0,99 p=0,0 (p=0,04 0,0 C=0, C0 (C=0 17 1, (t=-1, t=0, t0 (t=0, p04 p=0,4 Outubro/2 Outubro2 (Outubro/ Março/2 Março2 87, alimentarTotal=9, PseudoF1,194=12 PseudoF11941 F119412 F1,194=12 (Pseudo-F1,194=12 p0 p<0, PseudoF1,190=7 PseudoF1190 F11907 F1,190=7 (Pseudo-F1,190=7 t=4 (t=4 t=1 (t=1 p=0, (p=0,9 (p=0,0 C=0 (t=-1 t=0 (t=0 Outubro/ (Outubro Março/ alimentarTotal=9 PseudoF1,194=1 PseudoF1194 F11941 F1,194=1 (Pseudo-F1,194=1 p<0 PseudoF1,190= PseudoF119 F1190 F1,190= (Pseudo-F1,190= (t= p=0 (p=0, (t=- PseudoF1,194= F1194 F1,194= (Pseudo-F1,194= p< PseudoF1,190 PseudoF11 F119 F1,190 (Pseudo-F1,190 (t p= (p=0 PseudoF1,194 F1,194 (Pseudo-F1,194 PseudoF1,19 F11 F1,19 (Pseudo-F1,19 (p= PseudoF1,1 F1,1 (Pseudo-F1,1 (p PseudoF1, F1, (Pseudo-F1, (Pseudo-F1 (Pseudo-F

Abstract The Tocantins-Araguaia River basin hosts an elevated number of fish species, and new species have been continuously described. In this basin, we investigated patterns of endemic fish species descriptions examining their association with species distribution range, altitudinal gradient, fluvial hierarchy of watercourses, and sampling effort. For each species, we collected its year of taxonomic description, geographical coordinates of its holotype, body size (a proxy for species range), fluvial hierarchy of watercourses, and both altitude and sampling effort related to the locality of the holotype. The number of taxonomic descriptions was positively correlated to sampling effort, and better-sampled regions accumulated more descriptions over time. Moreover, altitude was positively correlated to the year of species description, whereas body size was negatively correlated to it. While species with recent descriptions were more associated to first to third order streams, species with recent and older descriptions were associated to high-order rivers. Therefore, fish species with broader distributions tend to have older descriptions in regions of lower altitude, whereas species with restricted distributions recent descriptions at higher altitudes. Increasing efforts in the upper regions of the Tocantins-Araguaia basin seems to be a good and fruitful strategy for reducing the Linnean shortfall. TocantinsAraguaia Tocantins Araguaia described range gradient watercourses description holotype , range) bettersampled better sampled time Moreover it streams highorder high rivers Therefore altitudes shortfall

Resumo A bacia do rio Tocantins-Araguaia abriga elevado número de espécies de peixes e novas espécies têm sido continuamente descritas. Nesta bacia, investigamos os padrões de descrição de espécies endêmicas examinando sua associação com a abrangência de distribuição espacial das espécies, gradiente altitudinal, hierarquia fluvial dos cursos de água e esforço amostral. Para cada espécie, coletamos o ano de descrição taxonômica, coordenadas geográficas do holótipo, tamanho corporal (estimador da abrangência), hierarquia fluvial do curso d’água associado à espécie, altitude e esforço amostral na localidade do holótipo. O número de descrições taxonômicas está positivamente relacionado com o esforço e regiões com melhor amostragem acumulam mais descrições ao longo do tempo. Além disso, a altitude apresentou correlação positiva com o ano de descrição das espécies, enquanto o tamanho correlação negativa. Enquanto espécies com descrições recentes estão associadas a cursos d’água de primeira a terceira ordens, espécies com descrições antigas estão associadas a cursos de grande ordem. Logo, espécies de ampla distribuição têm descrições mais antigas em regiões de baixa altitude, enquanto as de distribuição restrita descrições mais recentes em maior altitude. Ampliar os esforços nas regiões de maior altitude da bacia do rio Tocantins-Araguaia pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para a redução da lacuna Linneana. TocantinsAraguaia Tocantins Araguaia descritas altitudinal espécie taxonômica holótipo estimador abrangência, , abrangência) dágua d tempo disso negativa ordens ordem Logo Linneana