RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre edad, género, carrera profesional y antecedentes personales como DM2, HTA y obesidad con respecto al % GC en estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad pública peruana. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Se evaluaron estudiantes de carreras de salud, educación y ciencias sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (UNT). El % GC fue estimado mediante el método de bioimpedancia; para el análisis bivariado se usó, en caso de distribución normal t-student o ANOVA, y para aquellos sin distribución normal, U de Mann-Whitney o Kruskal Wallis. Para determinar la correlación entre variables numéricas y % GC se usó la prueba de Pearson o de Spearman, según distribución de normalidad. Para el análisis multivariado se aplicó regresión lineal múltiple. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de cada participante, con aprobación del Comité de Ética n°. 2019/CE/FAC/ENF. Resultados: Participaron 390 estudiantes. La mediana de edad fue 19 años [18-20], 72,6 % fueron género femenino, la mayoría de salud (58,7 %). El antecedente personal más frecuente fue obesidad (10,77 %). La mediana del % GC fue 26,35 % [20,78-30,2]. En el análisis bivariado se evidenció asociación significativa entre % GC con factores género (p<0,001), antecedente personal de HTA (p=0,041), y obesidad (p<0,001). En el análisis multivariado permanecieron con asociación significativa género (p<0,001) siendo mayor %GC en las mujeres, y antecedente personal de obesidad (p<0.001). Conclusiones: El género femenino y antecedente de obesidad fueron factores asociados a % GC en universitarios, grupo poblacional en riesgo que requiere programas de estilos de vida saludable.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between age, gender, professional career, and personal history of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, concerning % GC in undergraduate students of a Peruvian public university. Methods: Descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study. Students of health, education, and social sciences of the National University of Trujillo were evaluated. For bivariate analysis, t-student or ANOVA was used in the case of normal distribution, and for those without normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal Wallis was used. Pearson's or Spearman's test was used to determine the correlation between numerical variables and % GC, according to normal distribution. For multivariate analysis, multiple linear regression was applied. Informed consent was obtained from each participant, with approval from the Ethics Committee n°. 2019/CE/FAC/ENF. Results: 390 students participated. The median age was 19 years [18-20], 72.6 % were female, and most were healthy (58.7 %). The most frequent personal history was obesity (10.77 %). The median % GC was 26.35 % [20.78-30.2]. In the bivariate analysis, there was a significant association between % GC with gender (p<0.001), personal history of HTA (p=0.041), and obesity (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis remained with significant association with gender (p<0.001) being higher % GC in women, and personal history of obesity (p<0.001). Conclusions: Female gender and history of obesity were factors associated with % GC in university students, a population group at risk that requires healthy lifestyle programs.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os pontos de corte da circunferência do pescoço (CP) e da relação cintura-estatura (RCEst) para a predição da obesidade e do risco cardiovascular em adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal desenvolvido com uma subamostra de 634 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de idade pertencentes à terceira fase da coorte “RPS” (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) realizada em 2016. Identificou-se a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para avaliar a capacidade preditiva da CP e RCE em relação ao percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), obtido pela pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (PDA), e do risco cardiovascular estimado pelo Phatobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTADOS A prevalência de obesidade pelo %GC foi de 7,6% no sexo masculino e 39,4% no sexo feminino (p-valor < 0,001) e o alto risco para PDAY foi de 13,8% e 10,9%, respectivamente. Para a CP, o ponto de corte identificado para o sexo masculino foi de 44,0 cm e as AUC foram de 0,70 (IC95% 0,58-0,83) para predição de obesidade e de 0,71 (IC95% 0,62-0,80) para predição do alto risco cardiovascular; e para o sexo feminino foi de 40 cm e as AUC foram de 0,75 (IC95% 0,69-0,80) e de 0,63 (IC95% 0,53-0,73), respectivamente. Para a RCEst, o ponto de corte identificado foi de 0,50 para ambos os sexos e as AUC para a predição da obesidade e do alto risco segundo o PDAY foram de 0,90 (IC95% 0,80-0,99) e 0,73 (IC95% 0,63-0,82), respectivamente, para o sexo masculino; e de 0,87 (IC95% 0,83-0,90) e 0,55 (IC95% 0,45-0,65), respectivamente, para o sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO RCEst e CP como bons discriminadores para avaliar a obesidade e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes, especialmente no sexo masculino. (CP cinturaestatura cintura estatura (RCEst 63 1 RPS “RPS Ribeirão Preto Luís 2016 Identificouse Identificou se (AUC %GC, GC , (%GC) PDA, PDA (PDA) PDAY. . (PDAY) 76 7 6 7,6 394 39 4 39,4 pvalor p valor 0,001 0001 0 001 138 13 8 13,8 109 10 9 10,9% respectivamente 440 44 44, 070 70 0,7 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95 0,580,83 058083 0,58 0,83 58 83 0,58-0,83 071 71 0,620,80 062080 0,62 0,80 62 80 0,62-0,80 075 75 0,690,80 069080 0,69 69 0,69-0,80 063 0,6 0,530,73, 053073 0,53 53 73 0,53-0,73) 050 50 0,5 090 90 0,9 0,800,99 080099 0,99 99 0,80-0,99 073 0,630,82, 063082 0,82 82 0,63-0,82) 087 87 0,8 0,830,90 083090 0,83-0,90 055 55 0,450,65, 045065 0,45 0,65 45 65 0,45-0,65) 201 (%GC (PDA (PDAY 7, 3 39, 0,00 000 00 13, 10,9 07 0, IC9 (IC9 580 0,580,8 05808 058 083 5 0,58-0,8 620 0,620,8 06208 062 080 0,62-0,8 690 0,690,8 06908 069 0,69-0,8 06 530 0,530,73 05307 053 0,53-0,73 05 09 800 0,800,9 08009 099 0,80-0,9 630 0,630,82 06308 082 0,63-0,82 08 830 0,830,9 08309 0,83-0,9 450 0,450,65 04506 045 0,4 065 0,45-0,65 20 0,0 10, (IC 0,580, 0580 0,58-0, 0,620, 0620 0,62-0, 0,690, 0690 0,69-0, 0,530,7 0530 0,53-0,7 0,800, 0800 0,80-0, 0,630,8 0630 0,63-0,8 0,830, 0830 0,83-0, 0,450,6 0450 04 0,45-0,6 2 0,580 0,58-0 0,620 0,62-0 0,690 0,69-0 0,530, 0,53-0, 0,800 0,80-0 0,630, 0,63-0, 0,830 0,83-0 0,450, 0,45-0, 0,58- 0,62- 0,69- 0,530 0,53-0 0,80- 0,630 0,63-0 0,83- 0,450 0,45-0 0,53- 0,63- 0,45-

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine neck circumference (NC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cut-off points as predictors of obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study developed with a subsample of 634 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years belonging to the third phase of the “RPS” cohort (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) carried out in 2016. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was identified to assess the predictive capacity of NC and WHtR in relation to the percentage of body fat (%BF), obtained by air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and the cardiovascular risk estimated by the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTS The prevalence of obesity by %BF was 7.6% in males and 39.4% in females (p-value <0.001), and the high PDAY risk was 13.8% and 10.9%, respectively. For males, NC cut-off point was 44.0 cm and the AUCs were 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.83) to predict obesity and 0.71 (95%CI 0.62-0.80) to predict high cardiovascular risk; for females, NC cut-off point was 40 cm and the AUCs were 0.75 (95%CI 0.69-0.80) and 0.63 (95%CI 0.53-0.73), respectively. WHtR cut-off point was 0.50 for both sexes; for males, the AUCs to predict obesity and high risk according to PDAY were 0.90 (95%CI 0.80-0.99) and 0.73 (95%CI 0.63-0.82), respectively; for females, they were 0.87 (95%CI 0.83-0.90) and 0.55 (95%CI 0.45-0.65), respectively. CONCLUSION WHtR and NC are good discriminators to assess obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents, especially in males. (NC waisttoheight waist height (WHtR cutoff cut off Crosssectional Cross sectional 63 1 RPS “RPS Ribeirão Preto Luís 2016 AUC (AUC %BF, BF , (%BF) ADP, ADP (ADP) PDAY. . (PDAY) 76 7 6 7.6 394 39 4 39.4 pvalue p value <0.001, 0001 <0.001 0 001 <0.001) 138 13 8 13.8 109 10 9 10.9% respectively 440 44 44. 070 70 0.7 95%CI 95CI CI 95 0.580.83 058083 0.58 0.83 58 83 0.58-0.83 071 71 0.620.80 062080 0.62 0.80 62 80 0.62-0.80 075 75 0.690.80 069080 0.69 69 0.69-0.80 063 0.6 0.530.73, 053073 0.53 53 73 0.53-0.73) 050 50 0.5 sexes 090 90 0.9 0.800.99 080099 0.99 99 0.80-0.99 073 0.630.82, 063082 0.82 82 0.63-0.82) 087 87 0.8 0.830.90 083090 0.83-0.90 055 55 0.450.65, 045065 0.45 0.65 45 65 0.45-0.65) 201 (%BF (ADP (PDAY 7. 3 39. 000 <0.00 00 13. 10.9 07 0. 580 0.580.8 05808 058 083 5 0.58-0.8 620 0.620.8 06208 062 080 0.62-0.8 690 0.690.8 06908 069 0.69-0.8 06 530 0.530.73 05307 053 0.53-0.73 05 09 800 0.800.9 08009 099 0.80-0.9 630 0.630.82 06308 082 0.63-0.82 08 830 0.830.9 08309 0.83-0.9 450 0.450.65 04506 045 0.4 065 0.45-0.65 20 <0.0 10. 0.580. 0580 0.58-0. 0.620. 0620 0.62-0. 0.690. 0690 0.69-0. 0.530.7 0530 0.53-0.7 0.800. 0800 0.80-0. 0.630.8 0630 0.63-0.8 0.830. 0830 0.83-0. 0.450.6 0450 04 0.45-0.6 2 <0. 0.580 0.58-0 0.620 0.62-0 0.690 0.69-0 0.530. 0.53-0. 0.800 0.80-0 0.630. 0.63-0. 0.830 0.83-0 0.450. 0.45-0. <0 0.58- 0.62- 0.69- 0.530 0.53-0 0.80- 0.630 0.63-0 0.83- 0.450 0.45-0 < 0.53- 0.63- 0.45-

Resumo Fundamento O aumento de hipertensão em crianças e adolescentes tem atraído a atenção da comunidade científica, especialmente por sua associação com a epidemia da obesidade. Objetivos Descrever a incidência de hipertensão e sua relação com o perfil cardiometabólico e genético em crianças e adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do Brasil em um período de três anos. Métodos Este estudo longitudinal acompanhou 469 crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 7 e 17 anos (43,1% do sexo masculino), avaliados em dois momentos. Avaliamos pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), porcentagem de gordura corporal (%GC), perfil lipídico, glicemia, aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR), e polimorfismo rs9939609 (gene FTO ) ( fat mass and obesity - associated gene ). A incidência cumulativa da hipertensão foi calculada, e realizada regressão logística multinominal. A diferença estatística foi estabelecida em p<0,05. Resultados Após três anos, a incidência de hipertensão foi de 11,5%. Indivíduos com sobrepeso e indivíduos obesos apresentaram maior probabilidade de se tornarem indivíduos classificados como borderline para hipertensão (sobrepeso OR: 3,22; IC95%: 1,08-9,55; obesidade OR: 4,05; IC95%: 1,68-9,75), e indivíduos obesos apresentaram maior probabilidade de se tornarem hipertensos (obesidade OR: 4,84; IC95%: 1,57-14,95). Valores de CC e de %GC considerados de alto risco foram associados com o desenvolvimento de hipertensão (OR: 3,41; IC95%: 126-9,19; OR: 2,49, IC95%: 1,08-5,75, respectivamente). Conclusão Encontramos uma incidência de hipertensão em crianças e adolescentes mais alta em comparação a estudos anteriores. Indivíduos com valores mais altos de IMC, CC e %GC no baseline apresentaram maior probabilidade de desenvolverem hipertensão, sugerindo a importância da adiposidade no desenvolvimento de hipertensão, mesmo em uma população tão jovem. científica 46 1 43,1% 431 43 (43,1 masculino, masculino , masculino) momentos PAS, PAS (PAS) PAD, PAD (PAD) CC, (CC) IMC (IMC) %GC, GC (%GC) lipídico glicemia APCR, APCR (APCR) rs rs993960 . calculada multinominal p005 p 0 05 p<0,05 115 11 5 11,5% OR 3,22 322 3 22 IC95% IC95 IC 1,089,55 108955 1,08 9,55 08 9 55 1,08-9,55 4,05 405 4 1,689,75, 168975 1,68 9,75 68 75 1,68-9,75) 4,84 484 84 1,5714,95. 1571495 1,57 14,95 57 14 95 1,57-14,95) (OR 3,41 341 41 1269,19 126919 126 9,19 19 126-9,19 249 2 49 2,49 1,085,75, 108575 5,75, 1,08-5,75 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) anteriores jovem 43,1 (43, (PAS (PAD (CC (IMC (%GC (APCR rs99396 p00 p<0,0 11,5 3,2 32 IC9 089 1,089,5 10895 108 1,0 955 9,5 1,08-9,5 4,0 40 689 1,689,75 16897 168 1,6 975 9,7 6 1,68-9,75 4,8 48 8 5714 1,5714,95 157149 157 1,5 1495 14,9 1,57-14,95 3,4 34 1269 1269,1 12691 12 919 9,1 126-9,1 24 2,4 085 1,085,75 10857 575 5,75 1,08-5,7 43, (43 rs9939 p0 p<0, 11, 3, 1,089, 1089 10 1, 9, 1,08-9, 4, 1,689,7 1689 16 97 1,68-9,7 571 1,5714,9 15714 15 149 14, 1,57-14,9 1269, 91 126-9, 2, 1,085,7 1085 5,7 1,08-5, (4 rs993 p<0 1,089 1,08-9 1,689, 1,68-9, 1,5714, 1571 1,57-14, 126-9 1,085, 5, 1,08-5 rs99 p< 1,08- 1,689 1,68-9 1,5714 1,57-14 126- 1,085 rs9 1,68- 1,571 1,57-1 1,57-

Abstract Background The increase of hypertension in children and adolescents has attracted the attention of the scientific community largely due to its association with the obesity epidemic. Objectives To describe the incidence of hypertension and its relationship with the cardiometabolic and genetic profile in children and adolescents from a city in southern Brazil in a three-year period. Methods This longitudinal study followed 469 children and adolescents, aged 7-17 years old (43.1% boys), assessed at two-time points. We evaluated systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), lipid profile, glucose, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and rs9939609 Polymorphism ( FTO ). Cumulative incidence of hypertension was calculated, and multinomial logistic regression was conducted. The statistical significance was established as p < 0.05. Results After three years, the incidence of hypertension was 11.5%. Overweight or obese individuals were more likely to become borderline hypertensive (overweight OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.08-9.55; obesity OR: 4.05, 95% CI: 1.68-9.75), and obese individuals were more likely to become hypertensive (obesity OR: 4.84, 95% CI: 1.57-14.95). High-risk WC and %BF values were associated with hypertension development (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.26-9.19; OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.08-5.75, respectively). Conclusions We found a higher incidence of hypertension in children and adolescents as compared with previous studies. Individuals with higher values of BMI, WC and %BF at baseline were more likely to develop hypertension, suggesting the importance of adiposity in the development of hypertension even in such a young population. epidemic threeyear year period 46 717 7 17 7-1 43.1% 431 43 1 (43.1 boys, boys , boys) twotime two time points SBP DBP, DBP DBP) WC, (WC) BMI (BMI) %BF, BF (%BF) glucose CRF, CRF (CRF) rs rs993960 . ) calculated conducted 005 0 05 0.05 115 11 5 11.5% overweight OR 322 3 22 3.22 95 CI 1.089.55 108955 1.08 9.55 08 9 55 1.08-9.55 405 4 4.05 1.689.75, 168975 1.68 9.75 68 75 1.68-9.75) 484 84 4.84 1.5714.95. 1571495 1.57 14.95 57 14 1.57-14.95) Highrisk High risk (OR 341 41 3.41 1.269.19 126919 1.26 9.19 26 19 1.26-9.19 249 2 49 2.49 1.085.75, 108575 5.75, 1.08-5.75 respectively. respectively respectively) studies population 71 7- 43.1 (43. (WC (BMI (%BF (CRF rs99396 00 0.0 11.5 32 3.2 089 1.089.5 10895 108 1.0 955 9.5 1.08-9.5 40 4.0 689 1.689.75 16897 168 1.6 975 9.7 6 1.68-9.75 48 8 4.8 5714 1.5714.95 157149 157 1.5 1495 14.9 1.57-14.95 34 3.4 269 1.269.1 12691 126 1.2 919 9.1 1.26-9.1 24 2.4 085 1.085.75 10857 575 5.75 1.08-5.7 43. (43 rs9939 0. 11. 3. 1.089. 1089 10 1. 9. 1.08-9. 4. 1.689.7 1689 16 97 1.68-9.7 571 1.5714.9 15714 15 149 14. 1.57-14.9 1.269. 1269 12 91 1.26-9. 2. 1.085.7 1085 5.7 1.08-5. (4 rs993 1.089 1.08-9 1.689. 1.68-9. 1.5714. 1571 1.57-14. 1.269 1.26-9 1.085. 5. 1.08-5 rs99 1.08- 1.689 1.68-9 1.5714 1.57-14 1.26- 1.085 rs9 1.68- 1.571 1.57-1 1.57-

Abstract Background Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by normal body mass index (BMI) but high body fat percentage (%BF) that increases the risks of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data are necessary to reduce these risks. Objectives To compare the cardiometabolic profile of individuals with NWO and normal %BF and evaluate the associated risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 222 Brazilian adults from a university community, of whom 157 had NWO and 65 had normal BMI and %BF (non-NWO). All participants reported being asymptomatic and without underlying health conditions. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, food intake, anthropometry, body composition measures (using dual-energy radiological absorptiometry), and lipid and glycemic profiles were evaluated. A p < 0.05 was established as significant. Results The median age of the participants was 23 years (interquartile range: 21 to 25), and most were female (67.1%). No significant differences were found in blood pressure, age, or physical activity levels between the NWO and non-NWO groups. However, the frequency of lipid profile disturbances was higher in the NWO group (54%) compared to the non-NWO group (34%) (p < 0.006). Neck circumference, %BF, and lipid profile disturbances were positively associated with NWO. Conclusion Individuals with NWO have a worse cardiometabolic profile than those without NWO, and this condition is associated with important biomarkers. Addressing these outcomes is important for preventing long-term cardiometabolic complications. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data, regardless of BMI, are crucial in this scenario.

Resumo Fundamento A obesidade eutrófica (OE) é caracterizada por índice de massa corporal (IMC) normal, mas com alto percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), o que aumenta os riscos de comorbidades cardiometabólicas. A avaliação e interpretação precisas dos dados de composição corporal são necessárias para reduzir esses riscos. Objetivos Comparar o perfil cardiometabólico de indivíduos com OE e %GC normal e avaliar os fatores de risco associados. Métodos Foi realizado estudo transversal com 222 adultos brasileiros de uma comunidade universitária, dos quais 157 tinham OE e 65 tinham IMC e %GC normais (grupo sem OE). Todos os participantes relataram ser assintomáticos e sem problemas de saúde subjacentes. Foram avaliadas características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida, consumo alimentar, antropometria, medidas de composição corporal (por meio de absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia) e perfis lipídico e glicêmico. Valor de p < 0,05 foi estabelecido como significativo. Resultados A mediana de idade dos participantes foi de 23 anos (intervalo interquartil: 21 a 25), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (67,1%). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na pressão arterial, idade ou nível de atividade física entre os grupos com e sem OE. No entanto, a frequência de distúrbios do perfil lipídico foi maior no grupo com OE (54%) em comparação com o grupo sem OE (34%) (p < 0,006). Circunferência do pescoço, %GC e distúrbios do perfil lipídico foram positivamente associados com a OE. Conclusão Indivíduos com OE apresentam pior perfil cardiometabólico do que aqueles sem OE, e essa condição está associada a importantes biomarcadores. Torna-se importante abordar esses resultados para prevenir complicações cardiometabólicas de longo prazo. A avaliação e a interpretação precisas dos dados da composição corporal, independentemente do IMC, são cruciais nesse cenário.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement and reproducibility of a portable electrical impedance myography device (EIM - SKULPT®) for body fat percentage (BF%) estimation in young adults. Sixty young adults volunteered for the study (women, n=30, 25.0±7.7 years; 21.5±1.9 kg/m2; and men, n=30, 21.6±6.3 years; 22.5±1.8 kg/m2). Participants underwent air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and EIM measurements for agreement analysis. EIM was performed three times on the same day for the within-day reproducibility analysis. Seven days later, 37 participants repeated the EIM measurements for the between-days reproducibility analysis. Comparisons of EIM and ADP methods, and EIM repeated measurements were performed with the paired T-test or one-way ANOVA repeated measures, the Bland-Altman plot, and simple linear regressions. BF% was higher (p<0.05) when estimated by EIM (19.91 ± 5.70 for men, and 30.77 ± 5.89 for women) compared to ADP (15.28 ± 5.66 for men, and 27.31 ± 5.98 for women). The Bland-Altman analysis presented a bias of 4.4% (95%CI=-3.4–12.2) and linear regression presented an R2=0.78. For between-days reproducibility, EIM means did not differ (25.33±7.69 and 24.94±8.30, p=0.890). Thus, while the EIM device exhibited high reproducibility of BF% estimates, caution should be exercised when comparing the results with other techniques for measuring BF%. The EIM device overestimated BF% compared to ADP. However, the EIM measurements presented very good within-day and between-days reproducibility and, thus, the EIM device can be used for longitudinal monitoring of BF%.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a concordância e a reprodutibilidade de um aparelho portátil de miografia por impedância elétrica (EIM - SKULPT®) para estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal (GC%) em adultos jovens. Sessenta adultos jovens foram voluntários para o estudo (mulheres, n=30, 25,0±7,7 anos; 21,5±1,9 kg/m2; e homens, n=30, 21,6±6,3 anos; 22,5±1,8 kg/m2). Os participantes fizeram medições de pletismografia de deslocamento de ar (ADP) e EIM para análise de concordância. A EIM foi realizada três vezes no mesmo dia para a análise de reprodutibilidade dentro do dia. Sete dias depois, 37 participantes repetiram as medições do EIM para a análise de reprodutibilidade entre dias. As comparações dos métodos EIM e ADP e medições repetidas do EIM foram realizadas com o teste T pareado ou medidas repetidas ANOVA de uma via, o gráfico de Bland-Altman e regressões lineares simples. O %GC foi maior (p<0,05) quando estimado pelo EIM (19,91 ± 5,70 para homens e 30,77 ± 5,89 para mulheres) em relação ao ADP (15,28 ± 5,66 para homens e 27,31 ± 5,98 para mulheres). A análise de Bland-Altman apresentou viés de 4,4% (IC95%=-3,4–12,2) e a regressão linear apresentou R2=0,78. Para a reprodutibilidade entre dias, as médias do EIM não diferiram (25,33±7,69 e 24,94±8,30, p=0,890). Assim, enquanto o dispositivo EIM exibiu alta reprodutibilidade das estimativas de %GC, deve-se ter cautela ao comparar os resultados com outras técnicas para medir %GC. O dispositivo EIM superestimou %GC em comparação com ADP. No entanto, as medidas de EIM apresentaram reprodutibilidade intradia e entre dias muito boa e, portanto, o dispositivo de EIM pode ser usado para monitoramento longitudinal de %GC.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop percentiles of body composition indicators and determine cutoff points to predict metabolic syndrome (MS) risk in 6-10-year-old children. This is a cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study with the participation of 1480 schoolchildren aged 6-10-year. Anthropometric assessment (body mass, height, and skinfolds) and blood pressure measurement were performed in schools. The body mass index (BMI), as well as the body fat percentage (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), were calculated according to standardized formulas for children. Blood collection to assess the lipid and glycemic profile was also performed at school, on pre-established days and times. The MS diagnosis was determined based on changes in triglycerides, HDL-c, blood glucose, waist circumference, and blood pressure. The LMS method was used to develop the percentiles, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify the accuracy of the indicators, and the sensitivity and specificity to determine the cutoff points. FBM and %BF had significantly higher values in girls, who also had lower values for %LM compared to boys (p<0.05). The indicators of body composition, BMI, FBM, and %BF were accurate in predicting the MS risk for both sex at all ages. The main indicators of body composition to predict the MS risk, in both sex, were BMI, FBM, and %BF. These findings suggest that simple anthropometric measurements, which can be performed in clinical practice, have the potential to direct non-pharmacological actions.

RESUMO Objetivou-se desenvolver percentis de indicadores de composição corporal e determinar pontos de corte para predizer o risco de síndrome metabólica (SM) em crianças de seis a 10 anos de idade. Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, de base populacional, com participação de 1480 escolares de seis a 10 anos de idade. A avaliação antropométrica (massa corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas) e a aferição da pressão arterial foram realizadas nas escolas. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) bem como o percentual de gordura (%GC), percentual de massa magra (%MM), massa corporal gorda (MCG) foram calculados de acordo com fórmulas padronizadas para crianças. A coleta de sangue para avaliar o perfil lipídico e glicêmico também foi realizada na escola, em dias e horários pré-estabelecidos. O diagnóstico da SM foi determinado com base em alterações nos triglicerídeos, HDL-c, glicemia, perímetro de cintura e pressão arterial. O método LMS foi utilizado para desenvolver os percentis, a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para identificar a acurácia dos indicadores e a sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar os pontos de corte. MCG e %GC apresentaram valores significativamente superior nas meninas e também valores inferiores para a MCM em relação aos meninos (p<0,05). Os indicadores de composição corporal, IMC, MCG e %GC apresentaram acurácia na predição do risco de SM para ambos os sexos em todas as idades. Os principais indicadores de composição corporal para predição do risco de SM, em ambos os sexos, foram o IMC, %GC e MCG. Esses achados sugerem que medidas antropométricas simples, que podem ser realizadas na prática clínica, tem potencial para direcionar ações não medicamentosas

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os pontos de corte da circunferência do pescoço (CP) e da relação cintura-estatura (RCEst) para a predição da obesidade e do risco cardiovascular em adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal desenvolvido com uma subamostra de 634 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de idade pertencentes à terceira fase da coorte “RPS” (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) realizada em 2016. Identificou-se a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para avaliar a capacidade preditiva da CP e RCE em relação ao percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), obtido pela pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (PDA), e do risco cardiovascular estimado pelo Phatobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTADOS A prevalência de obesidade pelo %GC foi de 7,6% no sexo masculino e 39,4% no sexo feminino (p-valor < 0,001) e o alto risco para PDAY foi de 13,8% e 10,9%, respectivamente. Para a CP, o ponto de corte identificado para o sexo masculino foi de 44,0 cm e as AUC foram de 0,70 (IC95% 0,58-0,83) para predição de obesidade e de 0,71 (IC95% 0,62-0,80) para predição do alto risco cardiovascular; e para o sexo feminino foi de 40 cm e as AUC foram de 0,75 (IC95% 0,69-0,80) e de 0,63 (IC95% 0,53-0,73), respectivamente. Para a RCEst, o ponto de corte identificado foi de 0,50 para ambos os sexos e as AUC para a predição da obesidade e do alto risco segundo o PDAY foram de 0,90 (IC95% 0,80-0,99) e 0,73 (IC95% 0,63-0,82), respectivamente, para o sexo masculino; e de 0,87 (IC95% 0,83-0,90) e 0,55 (IC95% 0,45-0,65), respectivamente, para o sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO RCEst e CP como bons discriminadores para avaliar a obesidade e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes, especialmente no sexo masculino.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine neck circumference (NC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cut-off points as predictors of obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study developed with a subsample of 634 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years belonging to the third phase of the “RPS” cohort (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) carried out in 2016. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was identified to assess the predictive capacity of NC and WHtR in relation to the percentage of body fat (%BF), obtained by air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and the cardiovascular risk estimated by the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTS The prevalence of obesity by %BF was 7.6% in males and 39.4% in females (p-value <0.001), and the high PDAY risk was 13.8% and 10.9%, respectively. For males, NC cut-off point was 44.0 cm and the AUCs were 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.83) to predict obesity and 0.71 (95%CI 0.62-0.80) to predict high cardiovascular risk; for females, NC cut-off point was 40 cm and the AUCs were 0.75 (95%CI 0.69-0.80) and 0.63 (95%CI 0.53-0.73), respectively. WHtR cut-off point was 0.50 for both sexes; for males, the AUCs to predict obesity and high risk according to PDAY were 0.90 (95%CI 0.80-0.99) and 0.73 (95%CI 0.63-0.82), respectively; for females, they were 0.87 (95%CI 0.83-0.90) and 0.55 (95%CI 0.45-0.65), respectively. CONCLUSION WHtR and NC are good discriminators to assess obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents, especially in males.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is a pathological state characterized by an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, which secretes adipokines where there is Leptin, that is involved in important metabolic functions such as appetite control and body weight. Objectives: a study was carried out on the correlation between the serum Leptin concentration with anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters in patients between 5 and 15 years old, overweight and obesity. Methods: the cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, with 148 patients between 5 and 15 years of age, biochemical tests were performed to evaluate the concentration of Leptin Glucose, insulin, lipid profile and anthropometric indicators BMI, % BF y WHR. Results: positive correlations were found between serum Leptin concentrations with BMI (75.4; p <0.000), the (% BF) Body fat percentage (70.7: p <0.000) and the (WHR) Waist Ratio height (75,4 p <0.000). A low correlation was observed between the Leptin concentration and Total Cholesterol, with the concentration of HDL Cholesterol an inverse correlation was found in male sex, while Triglycerides presented higher levels in the adolescent group, there was no statistically significant. Also, we did not find a significant between the determination of Leptin and glycemia, on the contrary, insulin presented a statistically significant higher correlation (p <0.000). Conclusion: this study shows the existence of a statistically significant correlation between serum Leptin with anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters in patients between 5 and 15 years of age, who are overweight or obese.

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad es un estado patológico caracterizado por una acumulación excesiva de tejido adiposo, la misma secreta adipocinas entre las cuales se encuentra la Leptina que está implicada en importantes funciones metabólicas como el control de apetito y peso corporal. Objetivos: se realizo este estudio de la correlación entre la concentración de Leptina sérica con indicadores antropométricos y parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes entre 5 a 15 años de edad, con sobrepeso u obesidad. Métodos: se efectuó e estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, con 148 pacientes entre 5 y 15 años de edad, se realizaron exámenes bioquímicos para evaluar la concentración de Leptina, Glucosa, Insulina, perfil lipídico e indicadores antropométricos. IMC, %GC y RCE. Resultados Se determinó correlaciones positivas entre las concentraciones de Leptina sérica con el IMC (75,4; p< 0,000), el (% GC) Porcentaje de grasa corporal (70,7: p< 0,000) y el (RCE) Razón Cintura estatura (75,4; p< 0,000), encontramos que no existe correlación entre la concentración de Leptina y Colesterol Total, por otra parte encontramos correlación negativa inversa con la concentración de Colesterol HDL en el sexo masculino, mientras que los Triglicéridos presentaron una correlación estadísticamente significativa. Por otra parte, no encontramos correlación significativa entre la determinación de la Leptina y la glicemia, por el contrario, la insulina presento una correlación alta estadísticamente significativa (p<0,000). Conclusiones: este estudio muestra la existencia de correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la Leptina sérica con indicadores antropométricos y parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes entre 5 a 15 años de edad, que tienen sobrepeso u obesidad.

Abstract Introduction: obesity increases inflammatory molecules and cardiovascular risk even in young populations. New indicators are being investigated, including the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) to predict obesity and the relationship with inflammatory markers in childhood and adolescence. Objective: to identify the cut-off points of the WHtR to determine obesity and its association with inflammatory markers in adolescents in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study, with 2,209 adolescents aged 18 and 19, belonging to the third phase of the birth cohort entitled “RPS”, carried out in 2016. The total area under the ROC curve (AuC) was identified to assess the predictive capacity of WHtR in relation to body fat percentage (%BF), obtained by air displacement plethysmography (ADP). The association of WHtR with inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and c-reactive protein (CRP) was evaluated. Results: prevalence of obesity by the %BF was 10.3 % in males and 40.4 % in females. The cut-off points for the WHtR were 0.50 for females and 0.51 for males, with an AuC of 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.88-0.92) and 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.90-0.97). There was an association of elevated WHtR with higher levels of IL-6 and CRP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the predictive capacity of WHtR for obesity was excellent. Elevated values of the WHtR were associated with early inflammatory markers. This study contributed to the identification of cut-off points for simple and low-cost anthropometric indicators.

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad aumenta las moléculas inflamatorias y el riesgo cardiovascular incluso en poblaciones jóvenes. Se están investigando nuevos indicadores, incluida la relación cintura-altura (RCE) para predecir la obesidad y la relación con los marcadores inflamatorios en la infancia y la adolescencia. Objetivo: identificar los puntos de corte de la RCE para determinar la obesidad y su asociación con marcadores inflamatorios en adolescentes de São Luís, estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con 2.209 adolescentes de 18 y 19 años pertenecientes a la tercera etapa de la cohorte de nacimiento denominada “RPS”, realizado en 2016. Se identificó el área total bajo la curva ROC (AuC) para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del RCE en relación al porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), obtenido a través del pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire (PDA). Se evaluó la asociación de la RCE con los marcadores inflamatorios interleucina-6 (IL-6), factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF-α) y proteína C reactiva (PCR). Resultados: se halló una prevalencia de obesidad por %GC del 10,3 % en hombres y 40,4 % en mujeres. Los puntos de corte para la RCE fueron 0,50 para mujeres y 0,51 para hombres, con un AuC de 0,90 (IC 95 %: 0,88-0,92) y 0,93 (IC 95 %: 0,90-0,97). Hubo una asociación de RCE de nivel superior con niveles más altos de IL-6 y PCR (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la capacidad de predicción de la RCE para la obesidad fue excelente y los valores elevados de RCE se asociaron con marcadores inflamatorios tempranos. Este estudio contribuyó a la identificación de puntos de corte para indicadores antropométricos simples y de bajo coste.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existen varias escalas para calcular el riesgo cardiovascular de los pacientes a nivel ambulatorio; sin embargo, la mayoría requieren de la medición de parámetros que implican altos costos o un tiempo de espera para obtener los resultados. Objetivo: Demostrar la capacidad de algunas medidas antropométricas para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en una población adulta de una universidad pública en Colombia. Metodología: 98 empleados de una universidad pública con una edad media de 50.6 ± 7.5 años fueron evaluados en el año 2014. Para cada persona, se registraron las variables de género, edad, estatura, peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), tensión arterial (TA), porcentaje de fuerza de agarre (% FA), circunferencia de la cintura a nivel de la línea media (CCM), índice cintura-cadera (ICC), índice cintura-estatura (ICE), porciones de frutas y verduras (PFV) ingeridas al día, y tabaquismo. Después, en el 2018, se contactaron los participantes y se les preguntó por nuevos diagnósticos médicos de tipo cardiovascular que hubieran tenido en el lapso desde la evaluación. Resultados: 83 individuos participaron en la nueva evaluación (2018). La CCM fue un factor de riesgo independiente asociado a la diabetes tipo 2 (DM), OR = 1,214 (IC 95%, p = 0.010) y el %GC asociado a la tensión arterial alta (TAA), OR = 1,137 (IC 95%, p = 0.028). Conclusión: La CCM y el %GC son técnicas de medidas antropométricas económicas que pueden ayudar a predecir el riesgo de desarrollar DM y TAA a 4 años.

Abstract Background: There are several scales to calculate the cardiovascular risk of patients at the outpatient level; however, most of them require the measurement of parameters that involve high costs or waiting time for the results. Objective: The objective of this study was to show the capacity of some anthropometric measures for the prediction of cardiovascular risk in an adult population of a Colombian State University. Materials and methods: Ninety-eight working individuals of a State university with an average age of 50.6 ± 7.5 years were evaluated in 2014. For each person, the variables gender, age, height, weight, percentage body fat (%BF), body mass index, blood pressure (BP), percentage of hand grip strength (%HGS), midline level waist circumference (MLW), waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, fruit and vegetable portions ingested per day, and cigarette smoking were recorded. Subsequently, in 2018, the participants were contacted and were asked about new medical diagnoses of cardiovascular type that they would have had in the time elapsed since the evaluation. Results: Eighty-three individuals participated in the new evaluation (2018). The MLW was an independent risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) OR: 1214 (95% CI, p = 0.010) and the %BF associated with high BP (HBP) OR: 1137 (95% CI, p = 0.028). Conclusion: MLW and %BF are economic anthropometric measurements techniques that can help predict the risk of developing DM and HBP at 4 years.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar el gasto energético y el tiempo dedicado a actividad física en condición de vida libre de escolares costarricenses con sobrepeso u obesidad. Metodología: participaron 31 niños y 13 niñas entre 6 y 9 años (7.6 ± 1.03 años) con sobrepeso u obesidad, estado nutricional que se estableció según el IMC. Las variables del estudio fueron la antropometría, el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), el gasto energético total producto de la actividad física a lo largo del día (GEAF total diario), el gasto energético por actividad física (GEAF) y el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física (TAF), las dos últimas se estimaron según condición sedentaria, ligera, moderada o vigorosa, por medio del acelerómetro Actiheart. Resultados: la talla y el %GC fueron significativamente mayores en las niñas (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4 %GC) que en los niños (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9 %GC). Los niños registraron un GEAF total diario de 824 ± 228.1 kcal/day, GEAF moderada + vigorosa de 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal/day y un TAF moderada + vigorosa de 147.0 ± 66.6 min, valores superiores (p<0.05) a los de las niñas 395 ± 144.4 kcal/day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal/day y 75.6 ± 43.2 min, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los escolares cumplen más de los 60 min/día recomendados de TAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad, sin embargo, el GEAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad no alcanza el mínimo de 300 kcal/día para la reducción de peso, lo cual podría ser una de las causas del sobrepeso.

Abstract Objective: To determine the energy expenditure and time spent on physical activities in Costa Rican overweight or obese schoolchildren in free-living conditions. Methodology: Participants were 31 boys and 13 girls aged 6 to 9 years old (7.6 ± 1.03 years) with overweight or obesity; nutritional status was established by BMI. The variables of the study were: anthropometric, body fat percentage (%BF), total energy expenditure product of physical activity performed during the day (EEPA daily total), plus the energy expenditure by physical activity (EEPA), and time spent on physical activity (TPA), both variables in sedentary condition, light, moderate and vigorous intensity estimated by the Actiheart accelerometer. Results: Size and %BF were significantly higher in girls (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4% BF) than in boys (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9% BF). Boys recorded a daily total EEPA of 824 ± 228.1 kcal / day, moderate + vigorous EEPA 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal / day and a moderate + vigorous TPA 147.0 ± 66.6 min; significantly higher (P <0.05) than girls 395 ± 144.4 kcal / day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal / day and 75.6 ± 43.2 min respectively . Conclusions: Schoolchildren perform over 60 min/day moderate to vigorous intensity PA recommended, however; the EEPA moderate to vigorous intensity does not meet the minimum recommendation of 300 kcal / day for weight reduction. This could be one of the causes for overweight schoolchildren.

Abstract Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Resumen Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

resumo A arbitragem no futebol exige alto preparo físico. As federações aplicam testes antropométricos para classificar os árbitros como aptos ou não para a função. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a validade do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) aferido por meio de diferentes métodos de avaliação referenciado em um modelo de quatro compartimentos (4C). O %GC foi estimado por seis métodos: antropometria; bioimpedância elétrica (BIA); absortometria dupla de raios-X (DXA); pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (ADP); modelo de três e quatro compartimentos (3 e 4C). Bland-Altman e correlações intraclasse (ICC) foram realizadas para determinar a validade de todos os métodos em comparação com o modelo de referência 4C. Os resultados da ANOVA revelaram que não houve diferença significativa (F = 1,541; p = 0,182) entre o %GC analisado pelo modelo 4C (15,98 ± 6,20), antropometria (média ± DP, 18,46 ± 7,03), ADP (16,19 ± 6,24), BIA (16,67 ± 5,30), DXA (20,33 ± 6,56) e 3C (16,92 ± 5,53). Segundo Bland-Altman todos os métodos superestimam o %GC em comparação com o 4C. A melhor concordância foi obtida na ADP (viés= -0,2), seguida da BIA (bias = -0,6), 3C (viés = -0,9), antropometria (viés = -2,4) e DXA (viés = -4,3). O ICC foi excelente (ICC≥0,90) na maioria dos métodos, exceto para antropometria (ICC = 0,80) e DXA (ICC = 0,71). Os resultados sugerem que ADP, BIA e 3C foram os melhores métodos para avaliação do %GC. No entanto, a antropometria continua sendo um método válido para monitorar o %GC.

abstract The arbitration exercise in a soccer game requires high physical fitness and all federations apply physical tests to referees, including anthropometric tests, classifying them as fit or not for the role. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the total body fat percentage (%BF) through different evaluation methods of body composition referenced in a four-compartment (4C) model. Cross-sectional study performed in 2018 with 21 elite male referees. %BF was estimated by 4 methods: anthropometry; bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Moreover, three and four-compartment (3 and 4C) models were calculated. Bland–Altman and intraclass correlations (ICC) analysis were performed to determine validity of all methods compared to a 4C reference. The results of one-way ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference (F=1.541; p=0.182) between %BF analyzed by 4C model (15.98 ± 6.20), anthropometry (mean ± SD, 18.46 ± 7.03), ADP (16.19 ± 6.24), BIA (16.67 ± 5.30), DXA (20.33 ± 6.56) and 3C (16.92 ± 5.53). The Bland–Altman analysis showed that all methods analyzed overestimate %BF compared to the 4C model. The best agreement was obtained from the ADP evaluation (bias=-0.2), followed by BIA (bias=-0.6), 3C (bias=-0.9), anthropometry (bias=-2.4) and DXA (bias=-4.3). Validation assessed by ICC was excellent (ICC≥0.90) in most methods, except for anthropometry (ICC=0.80) and DXA (ICC=0.71). Overall, the results suggest that ADP, BIA and 3C were the best method to %BF evaluation. Nevertheless, anthropometry remains as a feasible method to monitor %BF of elite soccer referees.

resumo Crianças com déficit de crescimento por desnutrição perinatal apresentam especificidades na distribuição do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) que não puderam ser detectadas por equações anteriores baseadas no %GC. Este estudo desenvolveu e validou equações preditivas do %GC derivadas de variáveis antropométricas em crianças de 7 a 10 anos residentes no Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando como referência a absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia (DXA). Foram utilizados dados de composição corporal de 58 crianças. O DXA foi usado como modelo de referência. Um modelo estatístico de regressão múltipla stepwise (forward) foi usado para desenvolver as equações. A análise de Bland-Altman (IC: 95%), teste t de Student pareado e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foram utilizados para validar e comparar as equações. Duas novas equações foram desenvolvidas para ambos os sexos: meninos: %GC: 13,642 + (1,527*IMC) + (-0,345*Altura) + (0,875*Tríceps) + (0,290* Circunferência da cintura) e meninas: %GC: - 13,445 + (2,061*coxa). A análise de Bland-Altman mostrou boa concordância, com limites variando de -1,33 a 1,24% para meninos e -3,35 a 4,08% para meninas. O teste t de Student pareado não mostrou diferença entre %GC-DXA e as duas novas equações (p>0,05), e o CCI foi de 0,948 e 0,915, respectivamente.

abstract Children with a deficit of growth because of perinatal malnutrition present specificities in the percentage of body fat (%BF) that could not be detected by previous fat mass-based equations. This study developed and validated predictive equations of the %BF derived from anthropometric variables in children aged 7 to 10 living in Northeast Brazil, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference. Body composition data from 58 children were utilized. DXA was used as a reference. A stepwise (forward) multiple regression statistical model was used to develop the new equations. The Bland-Altman analysis (CI: 95%), paired Student's t-test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to validate and compare the developed equations. Two new equations were developed for either gender: boys: %BF: 13.642 + (1.527*BMI) + (-0.345*Height) + (0.875*Triceps) + (0.290* Waist Circumference) and girls: %BF: -13.445 + (2.061*Tight). The Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement, with limits ranging from -1.33 to 1.24% for boys and -3.35 to 4.08% for girls. The paired Student’s t-test showed no difference between %BF-DXA and the two new equations (p> 0.05), and the ICC was 0.948 and 0.915, respectively. DXA-based anthropometric equations provide an accurate and noninvasive method to measure changes in the %BF in children.

Abstract Introduction Poor sleep quality may be associated with a high percentage of body fat, due to alterations in the metabolism of hormones that regulate appetite and hunger. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between body fat percentage (%BF) and sleep quality in Peruvian university Nutrition students. Material and Methods The design responds to a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on a sample of 155 university students from the School of Human Nutrition ages between 16 and 30 years. The %BF was estimated by bioimpedance and sleep quality through the Pittsburg questionnaire, a survey conducted on paper. Data analysis was done using Stata version 16 statistical software. Results 65.2% of the sample was made up of females. 58.7% of students presented a poor quality of sleep, while 47.1% showed an inadequate %BF. The proportion of females that showed a %BF inadequate was higher compared to the males (57.4 vs 27.8 %BF; p<0.001), respectively. Finally, no association was found between %BF and quality of sleep (RP=1.14; IC95%: 0.81-1.60; p=0.466). Conclusions The findings of the present study show that undergraduate Nutrition students presented a high inadequate frequency of sleep quality and %BF. Nonetheless, there was no significant association between %BF and quality of sleep.

Resumen Introducción Una mala calidad de sueño puede asociarse a un elevado porcentaje de grasa corporal, debido a las alteraciones en el metabolismo de las hormonas que regulan el apetito y el hambre. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación entre porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) y la calidad de sueño en estudiantes universitarios peruanos de Nutrición. Material y Métodos El diseño responde a un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado sobre una muestra de 155 estudiantes universitarios de la Escuela de Nutrición Humana con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 30 años. El % de GC se estimó mediante bioempedancia y la calidadde sueño a través del cuestionario de Pittsburg, encuesta realizada en papel. El análisis de los datos se hizo mediante el software estadístico Stata versión 16. Resultados El 65,2% de la muestra estuvo conformado por el sexo femenino. El 58,7% de estudiantes presentaron una mala calidad de sueño, mientras que un 47,1% evidenció un %GC inadecuado. La proporción de mujeres que demostraron un %GC inadecuado, fue superior en relación con los varones (57,4 vs. 27,8 %GC; p=<0,001), respectivamente. Finalmente, no se encontró asociación entre el %GC y la calidad de sueño (RP=1,14; IC95%: 0,81-1,60; p=0,466). Conclusiones Los hallazgos del presente estudio muestran que los estudiantes universitarios de Nutrición presentaron una alta frecuencia de mala calidad de sueño y un %GC inadecuado. Sin embargo, no se encontró asociación significativa entre el %GC y la calidad de sueño.