Abstract This article seeks to contribute to the debate on the social inclusion of women from popular sectors. Recovering conceptual contributions from feminist perspectives of economics and feminist geography, we seek to reflect on different collective forms of care and reproduction of life developed by women from popular sectors. We will consider how the spatial dimension and the possibility of transforming domestic and neighborhood material spaces are put into play. The analysis is based on the results of an ethnographic research carried out with members of the Argentina Trabaja and Ellas Hacen programs in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. I will explore the links between spatiality and care through three axes: the generation of collaborative networks among women to solve child care; the development of collective forms of reproduction of life through the renovation and improvement of domestic and neighborhood spaces; and the production of community care spaces for children. My analysis seeks to contribute to the discussions regarding the promotion of social inclusion of women from popular sectors addressing the inequalities present in the current social organization of care in a situated way that considers the times and spatialities involved and the way in which the material spaces condition its development.

Resumen Este artículo pretende aportar al debate acerca de las modalidades de intervención estatal en torno a la inclusión social de mujeres de sectores populares. Se recuperan aportes conceptuales de miradas feministas de la economía y de la geografía feminista para reflexionar acerca de las conexiones entre el desarrollo de prácticas colectivas de cuidado y las espacialidades. El trabajo recoge resultados de una investigación etnográfica realizada junto a titulares de los programas Argentina Trabaja y Ellas Hacen, en el Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina. El análisis se organiza en torno a tres ejes: la generación de tramas colaborativas dirigidas a resolver el cuidado infantil; el desarrollo de formas colectivas de reproducción de la vida a través de la refacción y mejora de las casas y la producción de espacios comunitarios de cuidado infantil. Se resalta la importancia de considerar las desigualdades presentes en la actual organización social de los cuidados a la hora de proponer iniciativas dirigidas a fomentar la inclusión social de las mujeres de sectores populares, desarrollando análisis que aborden a estos cuidados de forma situada; considerando los tiempos y espacialidades involucrados y el modo en que los espacios materiales condicionan su desarrollo.

Resumen El derecho a la no discriminación y el respeto a la diferencia han presentado avances significativos en el nivel global durante las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, aun con su incorporación en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible la mejora, en materia de equidad económica, ha sido escasa. La situación se agrava más en el mundo en desarrollo. Ante la incapacidad de respuestas efectivas de los organismos multilaterales de escala global, la respuesta de los mecanismos de integración regional pareciese estar, más directamente, en sintonía con el imperativo de la justicia social. Los países de Asia oriental y Oceanía, a través de esquemas de integración como ASEAN y RCEP, ofrecen expectativas valiosas en materia de equidad, dados algunos avances en términos de objetivos y metas que podrían explicar, de forma concreta, las condiciones actuales de desarrollo de los países que los integran. En este contexto, el presente artículo se propone abordar la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo se encuentra la asociación RCEP en términos de equidad y qué perspectivas se vislumbran desde su situación actual? A partir de un análisis de la complejidad social, se evalúan los avances y los desafíos redistributivos, con el fin de determinar la viabilidad del proceso hacia el futuro. De acuerdo con los indicadores analizados y el ejercicio prospectivo, la integración es susceptible de profundizarse, siempre y cuando el grupo logre responder al triple desafío de la legitimidad interna, la transformación política y la seguridad regional.

Abstract The right to non-discrimination and respect for difference have made significant progress at the global level in recent decades. However, there has been slight improvement in terms of economic equity, even with their incorporation into the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. The situation is even worse in developing world. In the absence of effective responses from multilateral mechanisms on a global scale, the response of regional integration mechanisms seems to be more directly in tune with the imperative of social justice. The countries of East Asia and Oceania, through integration mechanisms such as ASEAN, APEC and more recently RCEP, offer valuable expectations in terms of equity, given some advances in terms of objectives and goals that could respond more directly to the current development conditions of the countries that make up the partnership. In this context, the present article proposes to address the following question: how is the RCEP partnership doing in terms of equity and what perspectives can be envisaged from its current situation? Based on an analysis of social complexity, progress and redistributive challenges are evaluated to determine the viability of the process in the future. According to the indicators analysed and the prospective exercise, integration is likely to deepen, if the group can respond to the triple challenge of internal legitimacy, political transformation, and regional security.

Abstract This article takes up the concept of surplus labor force as understood in Latin American economic thought, due to its importance in pointing out the difficulties of capitalism in incorporating people into quality jobs and explaining the reproduction of inequalities. To contribute to the study of women’s labor exclusion in the region, two objectives are pursued. The first objective is to construct a theoretical-methodological proposal to study the surplus of the labor force by re-reading the structuralist approach from a feminist economics perspective. The second objective is to analyze with this adapted framework the evolution of the surplus of the labor force, as well as the Argentine welfare policy that aims to regulate it and its link with the reproduction of gender inequalities at the national level between 2003 and 2019. For this purpose, a documentary and statistical analysis of different sources is carried out. The results show the structural persistence of exclusion and gender inequality as a result of the articulation between the labor features of the Argentine development style and the consolidated welfare policy pattern. This pattern is based on conditional cash transfers and was functional to the feminization of the surplus of the labor force during the first two decades of the 21st century.

Resumen En este artículo se retoma el concepto de excedente de la fuerza de trabajo tal como se entiende desde el pensamiento económico latinoamericano, por su importancia al señalar las dificultades del capitalismo para incorporar a las personas en empleos de calidad y explicar la reproducción de las desigualdades. A fin de contribuir al estudio de la exclusión laboral de las mujeres dentro de la región, se persiguen dos objetivos. El primero: construir una propuesta teórico-metodológica para estudiar el excedente de la fuerza de trabajo mediante la relectura del abordaje estructuralista desde la economía feminista. Con el segundo se propone analizar, a partir de este marco adaptado, la evolución del excedente de la fuerza de trabajo, así como la política asistencial argentina que pretende regularlo y su vínculo con la reproducción de las desigualdades de género en el ámbito nacional entre 2003 y 2019. Para ello se realiza un análisis documental y estadístico de distintas fuentes. Los resultados permiten constatar la persistencia estructural de la exclusión y la desigualdad de género producto de la articulación entre los rasgos laborales del estilo de desarrollo argentino y el patrón de política asistencial consolidado. Dicho patrón se apoya en las transferencias monetarias condicionadas y resulta funcional a la feminización del excedente de la fuerza de trabajo durante las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI.

Abstract This article examines the new scenarios, formats and dimensions of crime in extractivism in Latin America, from a critical perspective, with a combination of economics/political ecology. An analysis of the intertwining dynamics that occur between the legal/formal aspects, the dispossession policies that are promoted from the spheres of power and the illicit/criminal economies is presented. This prism allows us to highlight the weight of these economies in the composition of extractivism, as well as analyze the evolution and development of the dynamics of legal/illegal accumulation throughout the Latin American historical process. In this sense, the article briefly highlights the historicity of said relationship to later examine characteristics and trends of the current economy/political ecology of extractivism. From a multi-scalar analysis we observe three complementary levels: a) Illicit/criminal extractions of natural resources, b) Intertwined illicit flows of commodities and c) New statehoods and hybrid governances. The hidden hybridizations that, from financial, fiscal, logistical, business and state spheres, enable and strengthen these violent extractions and illicit flows of natural resources are highlighted. At the same time, the analysis seeks to expand and strengthen the conceptualizations of extractivism.

Resumo Este artigo examina os novos cenários, formatos e dimensões do crime no extrativismo na América Latina, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, com uma combinação de economia/ecologia política. É apresentada uma análise das dinâmicas entrelaçadas que ocorrem entre os aspectos legais/formais, as políticas de desapropriação que são promovidas a partir das esferas de poder e as economias ilícitas/criminosas. Este prisma permite-nos destacar o peso destas economias na composição do extrativismo, bem como analisar a evolução e o desenvolvimento das dinâmicas de acumulação legal/ilegal ao longo do processo histórico latino-americano. Nesse sentido, o artigo destaca brevemente a historicidade dessa relação para posteriormente examinar características e tendências da economia/ecologia política atual do extrativismo. A partir de uma análise multiescalar, observamos três níveis complementares: a) Extrações ilícitas/criminosas de recursos naturais, b) Fluxos ilícitos entrelaçados de mercadorias ec) Novos estados e governações híbridas. São destacadas as hibridizações ocultas que, desde as esferas financeira, fiscal, logística, empresarial e estatal, permitem e fortalecem estas extrações violentas e fluxos ilícitos de recursos naturais. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise procura expandir e fortalecer as conceituações do extrativismo.

Resumen Este artículo examina los nuevos escenarios, formatos y dimensiones de la criminalidad en el extractivismo en América Latina, desde una perspectiva crítica, con una combinación de economía/ecología política. Se presenta un análisis de las dinámicas de entrelazamiento que se producen entre las vertientes legales/formales, las políticas de despojo que se impulsan desde las esferas de poder y las economías ilícitas/criminales. Este prisma permite poner de relieve el peso de dichas economías en la composición del extractivismo, así como analizar la evolución y el desarrollo de las dinámicas de acumulación legales/ilegales a lo largo del proceso histórico latinoamericano. En este sentido, el artículo resalta brevemente la historicidad de dicha relación para, más adelante, examinar características y tendencias de la actual economía/ecología política del extractivismo. Desde un análisis multiescalar observamos tres niveles complementarios: a) Extracciones ilícitas/criminales de recursos de la naturaleza, b) Flujos ilícitos entrelazados de commodities y c) Nuevas estatalidades y gobernanzas híbridas. Se resaltan los ocultamientos hibridaciones que, desde ámbitos financieros, fiscales, logísticos, empresariales y estatales, posibilitan y fortalecen estas extracciones violentas y los flujos ilícitos de recursos de la naturaleza. A su vez, el análisis persigue ampliar y robustecer las conceptualizaciones sobre extractivismo.

Abstract The objective of this research, taking into consideration life expectative (LE) as an indicator of economic development, is analyzing, through econometric methods, a production function that explains the variations in the LE primarily due to health public expenditure, whether as directed by social security institutions or under different health programs. The analysis is extended to exploring several explanations of the differences in LE due to COVID at the national level and by clusters of states according to their human development indexes. Results show the crucial role of the health public expenditure in avoiding a more significant fall in the LE in those states classified in the medium and lower levels of human development.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación, tomando como indicador de desarrollo económico la esperanza de vida (EV), es analizar a través de diversos métodos econométricos, una función de producción que explica las variaciones en la EV, mayormente, debido a los gastos públicos en salud, tanto a través de instituciones de seguridad social, como a través de programas generales. El análisis se extiende para explorar posibles explicaciones de las diferencias mostradas en la EV a partir del impacto del COVID, a nivel nacional y por clúster de estados según su nivel de desarrollo humano. Los resultados indican el rol clave que jugaron los gastos de salud en evitar caídas más drásticas en la EV en los estados clasificados como con medio y bajo nivel de desarrollo humano.

ABSTRACT Local development in Cuba has become a priority of strategic importance as part of the National Economic and Social Development Plan until 2030, as well as a central axis and articulator of the agendas of governments at the municipal and provincial level as an alternative to Promote the development of the territories based on the country's strategy, so that municipalities are strengthened as a fundamental entity. The objective of the article was aimed at socializing the results of the initial diagnosis based on the training for the management of local development projects of the staff and specialists of the municipal directorates of economy and planning of the Pinar del Río Province. The use of theoretical level methods such as: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and empirical level methods such as: observation, interview, survey and document review allowed us to verify that the diagnosis of training needs. about the contents for the management of local development projects and their planning are insufficient, there are few spaces for scientific exchange that guarantee socialization, limited use of information technology and communications technologies in training, imbalance between theoretical and practical in training activities and poor motivation of staff and specialists.

RESUMEN El desarrollo local en Cuba ha pasado a constituir una prioridad de importancia estratégica como parte del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social hasta el año 2030, así como un eje central y articulador de las agendas de los gobiernos a nivel municipal y provincial como alternativa para impulsar el desarrollo de los territorios a partir de la estrategia del país, de modo que se fortalezcan los municipios como instancia fundamental. El objetivo del artículo se dirigió a socializar los resultados del diagnóstico inicial en función de la capacitación para la gestión de proyectos de desarrollo local de los cuadros y especialistas de las direcciones municipales de economía y planificación de la Provincia Pinar del Río. El empleo de métodos del nivel teórico tales como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y del nivel empírico como: la observación, la entrevista, la encuesta y la revisión de documentos permitió constatar que el diagnóstico de las necesidades de capacitación acerca de los contenidos para la gestión de proyectos de desarrollo local y su planificación son insuficientes, existen pocos espacios de intercambio científico que garantice la socialización, limitado utilización de las tecnologías de la informática y las comunicaciones en la capacitación, desbalance entre los contenidos teóricos y prácticos en las actividades de capacitación y escasa motivación de los cuadros y especialistas.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento local em Cuba tornou-se uma prioridade de importância estratégica no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Económico e Social até 2030, bem como um eixo central e articulador das agendas dos governos a nível municipal e provincial como alternativa para promover o desenvolvimento dos territórios com base na estratégia do país, para que os municípios se fortaleçam como entidade fundamental. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar os resultados do diagnóstico inicial baseado na formação para a gestão de projetos de desenvolvimento local dos funcionários e especialistas das direções municipais de economia e planejamento da província de Pinar del Río. A utilização de métodos de nível teórico como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo e de nível empírico como: observação, entrevista, levantamento e revisão documental permitiu-nos verificar que o diagnóstico das necessidades de formação sobre os conteúdos para o a gestão dos projectos de desenvolvimento local e o seu planeamento são insuficientes, há poucos espaços de intercâmbio científico que garantam a socialização, utilização limitada das tecnologias de informação e comunicação na formação, desequilíbrio entre conteúdos teóricos e práticos nas actividades de formação e fraca motivação dos funcionários e especialistas.

RESUMO Este artigo resgata as ideias de Deirdre McCloskey sobre a Retórica na Economia e algumas questões deixadas de lado nas discussões subsequentes. Existe um paralelo entre as ideias de McCloskey e Bruno Latour, e as complementaridades das suas perspectivas são muito relevantes para o desenvolvimento da Economia. São aqui oferecidas algumas reflexões para melhorar a prática da Economia, que estão relacionadas com as construções sociais dos fatos no campo, com a internalização dos aspectos políticos, e com a importância da alternância entre fato e ficção em uma dinâmica que não resulta em um jogo de soma zero, sublinhando a característica da Economia como sendo inerentemente retórica. subsequentes Latour campo políticos zero retórica

ABSTRACT This paper rescues Deirdre McCloskey’s ideas about Rhetoric in Economics and some issues left out in subsequent discussions. There is a parallel between the ideas of McCloskey and Bruno Latour, and the complementarities of their perspectives are very relevant for the development of Economics. Some reflections are here offered to improve the practice of Economics, which are related to the social constructions of facts in the field, to the internalization of political aspects, and to the importance of alternating between fact and fiction in a dynamic that does not result in a zero-sum game, underlining the characteristic of Economics as being inherently rhetorical. McCloskeys s discussions Latour field aspects zerosum zero sum game rhetorical

ABSTRACT This research aims to illustrate how, under the scenario of global financialization, Colombia’s productive model changed and now is led by finance which extracted value, creating instability, and provoking a crowding out effect on real sector embodied here by the manufacture share of GDP. The above became evident in the 1990s thanks to free-market reforms implemented. The research uses heterodox theory to empirically verify the hypotheses by creating variables representing the proposed phenomena and exposing them through descriptive analysis and a VARX model.

RESUMO Este trabalho mostra como, no cenário da financeirização global, materializou-se na Colômbia um modelo econômico no qual as finanças extraem valor, criam instabilidade e causam um efeito de deslocamento no desenvolvimento produtivo representado aqui pelo setor industrial. Isto ficou evidente a partir das reformas focadas no livre mercado na década de 1990. Com o objetivo de explicar este processo, o trabalho recorre à teoria heterodoxa e verifica empiricamente as hipóteses criando variáveis que representam os fenômenos propostos, expondo-os através de uma análise descritivo e um modelo VARX.

ABSTRACT Classical developmentalism was heterodox economics that showed countries require a moderate intervention of the state in the economy to industrialize and catch up. Growth depends on investments and on a satisfying expected rate of profit, which import tariffs legitimized by the infant industry argument assure. Latin American countries adopted this industrial policy from the 1950s and experienced high growth rates. But the infant argument loses validity with time. In the 1980s, under the pressure of the Global North, Latin American countries adopted the neoliberal reforms, and are quasi-stagnant since then. New developmentalism emerged in the 2000s, made the critique of conventional economics, proposed a new growth strategy focused on a competitive exchange rate, and legitimized the use of import tariffs with the Dutch disease argument.

RESUMO O desenvolvimentismo clássico é uma teoria econômica heterodoxa que mostrou que os países precisam de intervenção moderada do Estado na economia para se industrializar. Os países latino-americanos adotaram essa política industrial a partir da década de 1950 e tiveram altas taxas de crescimento. Mas o argumento da indústria nascente perde validade com o tempo. Na década de 1980, sob a pressão do Norte, os países latino-americanos adotaram as reformas neoliberais e estão quase estagnados desde então. O novo desenvolvimentismo surgiu nos anos 2000, fez a crítica da economia convencional, formulou uma macroeconomia do desenvolvimento baseada nos cinco preços macroeconômicos, desenvolveu um argumento contraintuitivo contra a política de crescimento com endividamento e poupança externa e a retomada de tarifas de importação para neutralizar a doença holandesa.

ABSTRACT: Maintaining a rural-urban balance is absolutely necessary in the context of the challenges related to food security and environmental protection as well as the perspectives of urban agglomeration. This paper highlighted the impact of the main events from the last 30 years on the rural population. This study used the vector autoregressive model (VAR) to investigate the estimates and analyse the dynamic impact of innovations on the system of variables. Key issues that influenced certain periods in the analyzed interval were highlighted, which clearly show the impact on the analyzed variables using variance decomposition. The cost of living in rural areas is increasing, so more and more inhabitants give up growing certain crops or raising certain animals, thus having to search for food to survive, leading to additional wage income to cover these costs.

RESUMO: A manutenção do equilíbrio rural-urbano é absolutamente necessária no contexto dos desafios relacionados com a segurança alimentar e proteção ambiental, bem como as perspetivas de aglomeração urbana. O objetivo do trabalho é destacar o impacto dos principais acontecimentos dos últimos 30 anos sobre a população rural. Este estudo utilizou o modelo autoregressivo vetorial (VAR) para investigar as estimativas e analisar o impacto dinâmico das inovações no sistema de variáveis. Foram destacadas as principais questões que influenciaram determinados períodos no intervalo analisado, o que mostra claramente o impacto nas variáveis analisadas usando a decomposição de variância. O custo de vida nas zonas rurais está a aumentar, tanto mais que cada vez mais habitantes desistem de cultivar determinadas culturas ou de criar determinados animais, tendo assim de obter os alimentos necessários à sua sobrevivência, o que obriga a um rendimento salarial adicional para cobrir estas despesas custos.

Religion and development are a subject that has stimulated researchers in the recent past. Most of the religious role players in development within sub-Saharan Africa have been the historic missional churches, also known as the mainline churches - mostly founded by Euro-Western missionaries. Development with Neo-Pentecostal Churches (NPCs), who are part of Pentecostal-Charismatic churches, is fairly a new area of research. The purpose of this article is to position NPCs as potential development partners that can work in cooperation with other stakeholders in advancing development in the South African context from a decolonial perspective. A literary review on Neo-Pentecostals as development actors, is the focus of this article, positioning them as ideal development partners that contribute towards social and economic capital of communities within the context of education. The article starts by defining a working definition of development, followed by a conceptual framework of Pentecostal tenets where Christ is saviour, healer, baptiser and soon coming king, together with the holistic African worldview which does not demarcate between the sacred and the secular. The outcome is that development in NPCs is spiritual development which starts from individual development that is accompanied by entrepreneurial skills and that Neo-Pentecostals have a contribution towards sustainable development as expressed in their practice of faith and theology which naturally gravitates towards development. CONTRIBUTION: Education, economics, and Pentecostalism highlight the importance of flexibility and versatility of Neo-Pentecostals in the discourse of sustainable development

The key to avoiding the next pandemic catastrophe is to be prepared. This research represents an attempt to understand the potential effects of lockdowns on completing Masters and PhD dissertations that focus on smallholder farmer's primary data, taking the example of COVID-19. A sample of four South African universities (Fort Hare, Limpopo, KwaZulu Natal, and Western Cape), which mainly research smallholder farmers using primary data, addresses the study objective. Dissertations completed in 2014-2019 (pre-pandemic) were retrieved from the respective universities' repositories. An abstract appraisal was done to identify dissertations that focused on smallholders and used smallholder primary data. Hence, a smallholder dissertation index (SDI) was computed to measure the susceptibility of each university to lockdown interruptions. The results indicated that the master's and PhD research in the selected universities rely heavily on smallholder primary data (shown by >0.50 SDI), with varying proportions between the universities. Dissertations that used smallholder primary data obtained the data using face-to-face field interviews. This implies that in these institutions, the lockdowns could have negatively affected the writing of master's and PhD dissertations. Consequently, the study concluded that adopting online survey methods might help minimise the impact of lockdowns.

ABSTRACT This work has as a problem the study of the strategic guidelines of agro-livestock entrepreneurship of the Central Chaco. The Methodology used in this work has had a qualitative-quantitative approach, with a descriptive scope, applying in-depth interviews to a total of ten managers of agricultural farms. The main activity is the production of bovine meat. 47% of the farms are used for pasture, 2% for agricultural cultivation and 2% for infrastructure, the space dedicated to Forest represents 49%. The most appropriate strategies to achieve a greater development include applying adequate records to measure and control the development of the animals in order to deliver animals with a better record of weight in an appropriate season of sale. Apply a vaccination plan to avoid diseases in cattle. Weed control is required due to its implication in the diet of the animals and therefore their weight gain, which is why it is necessary to have a soil management plan. The construction of water and food reservoirs is necessary to mitigate the action of the climate. Finally, the training of personnel is an aspect that is required for a better management of plots, water and food. More than formal training, participation in talks held by state or private entities that offer technical assistance would be sought.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como problemática el estudio de los lineamientos estratégicos de emprendimiento agro ganaderos del Chaco Central. La Metodología utilizada en este trabajo ha tenido un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, con un alcance exploratorio, aplicando entrevistas en profundidad a un total de diez encargados de las fincas agropecuarias. La principal actividad es la producción carne bovina. EL 47% de las fincas es destinado a la pastura, 2% a cultivo agrícola y 2% a la infraestructura, el espacio dedicado a Bosque representa el 49%. Las estrategias más adecuadas para lograr un mayor desarrollo incluyen aplicar registros adecuados para medir y contralar el desarrollo de los animales a fin de entregar animales con mejor registro de peso en una época de venta adecuada. Aplicar un plan de vacunaciones para evitar enfermedades en el ganado. Se requiere el control de malezas por su implicancia en la dieta de los animales y por ende su ganancia de peso, por ello es necesario contar con un plan de manejo del suelo. Se hace necesaria la construcción de reservorios de agua y alimentos para mitigar la acción del clima. Por último, la capacitación del personal es un aspecto que se impone para un mejor manejo de las parcelas, del agua y el alimento. Más que una capacitación formal se buscaría la participación de charlas realizadas por entes estatales o privados que ofrezcan asistencia técnica.

Abstract This paper pays tribute to Professor Thirlwall’s substantive work in growth and development economics by providing a review of his book Inflation, Saving and Growth in Developing Economies (1974b) [hereafter ISGD]. Indeed, the hallmark of a good economics book is whether its theoretical content and empirical predictions made several decades ago remain relevant when assessed against more recent evidence. Thirlwall’s ISGD book exhibits all these qualities. It emphasises the importance of distinguishing between different types of inflation. Structural inflation and, to a lesser extent, cost inflation, should be seen as the inevitable outcomes of the growth and development process, whereas demand inflation may act as a direct stimulus to growth, as predicted by the Kaldor-Thirlwall model of forced saving and the inflation tax model. These theoretical insights remain highly relevant in today’s developing economies. Studies tend to show that inflation thresholds, up until the point where the effect of inflation on growth is positive, tend to be higher in developing economies relative to advanced countries, owing to a combination of structural, cost and demand-side sources of inflation. The analysis further argues that inflationary finance of development, as advanced in ISGD, remains a viable development strategy when open-economy constraints are considered.

Resumen En este artículo rindo un tributo a la sustancial obra del Profesor Thirlwall sobre la economía del crecimiento y del desarrollo, para lo cual suministro una revisión de su Inflation, Saving and Growth in Developing Economies (1974b) [ISGD en adelante]. En realidad, la calidad de un buen libro de economía consiste en si su contenido teórico y sus predicciones empíricas formuladas hace varias décadas son relevantes cuando se evalúan a la luz de una evidencia más reciente. El libro ISGD de Thirlwall tiene todas estas cualidades. Enfatiza la importancia de distinguir entre diferentes tipos de inflación. La inflación estructural y, en menor medida, la inflación de costos deben considerarse como resultados inevitables del proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo, mientras que la inflación de demanda puede actuar como un estímulo directo al crecimiento, tal como lo pronosticaron el modelo Kaldor-Thirlwall de ahorro involuntario y el de impuesto de inflación. Estos discernimientos teóricos aún son muy relevantes en las economías en desarrollo actuales. Varios estudios muestran que los umbrales de inflación, hasta el punto en que el efecto de la inflación sobre el crecimiento es positivo, tienden a ser mayores en las economías en desarrollo que en los países avanzados, debido a una combinación de fuentes de inflación estructurales, de costos y de demanda. El análisis argumenta, además, que el financiamiento inflacionario del desarrollo, tal como se plantea en ISGD, sigue siendo una estrategia de desarrollo viable cuando se consideran restricciones de economía abierta.

Abstract The present work analyzes the investigative results of a System of Procedures that is used in the professional teaching-learning process for the improvement of the quality of learning of Business Economics through professional tasks in students, specialists and managers of the Career of Education Economy. The analysis of the theoretical positions and the fundamental concepts related to the research topic offered by different authors and their current state, favored the elaboration of the System of procedures through professional teaching tasks that coherently integrates the activities that the teacher must develop. and students, depending on the development of learning needs in their spheres of action; Structured in steps that interrelate international and national trends in Business Economics, as well as professional teaching-learning methods to train competent workers in professional preparation for occupational purposes, it allowed the linking of theory and practice. The professional alternative method of content appropriation based on the completion of tasks and projects was used. As the most outstanding results and conclusions of the work, the proposal of a System of Procedures based on professional teaching tasks, favored the elevation of the quality of learning in students, their professional and personal growth and the development of professional skills in the specialty. teachinglearning students Economy state develop action purposes practice specialty

Resumen: El presente trabajo analiza los resultados investigativos de un Sistema de Procedimientos que se utiliza en el Proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje profesional para el mejoramiento de la calidad del aprendizaje de la Economía de Empresas a través de tareas profesionales en estudiantes, especialistas y directivos de la Carrera de Educación con especialidad en Economía. El análisis de las posiciones teóricas y los conceptos fundamentales relacionados con el tema de investigación ofrecidos por diferentes autores y su estado actual, favoreció la elaboración del Sistema de procedimientos a través de tareas docentes profesionales que integra de forma coherente las actividades que debe desarrollar el profesor y los estudiantes, en función del desarrollo de las necesidades de aprendizaje en sus esferas de actuación; estructurada en pasos que interrelacionan las tendencias internacionales y nacionales de la Economía de Empresas, así como los métodos de la enseñanza aprendizaje profesional para formar trabajadores competentes en la preparación profesional con fines ocupacionales, permitió la vinculación de la teoría y la práctica. Se empleo el método alternativo profesional de apropiación de contenidos basado en la realización de tareas y proyectos. Como resultados y conclusiones más destacados del trabajo, la propuesta de un Sistema de Procedimientos basado en tareas docentes profesionales favoreció el mejoramiento de la calidad del aprendizaje de estudiantes, su crecimiento profesional y personal y el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales de la especialidad. Resumen estudiantes actual actuación ocupacionales práctica proyectos