Abstract This article presents a formulation for the optimization problem that minimizes the CO2 emission of pile caps with variations of geometry and pile position. The problem is defined by the design variables: concrete pile cap dimensions, rebar ratio, concrete compressive strength, the number of piles, the diameter, and length. The environmental impact was chosen as the objective function, taking CO2 emission as the main parameter. The design procedure was based on the ABNT NBR 6118:2014 (2014), and by the formulation proposed by Blévot & Frémy (1967). Also, the soil structure interaction between the cap and the piles was considered in the optimization problem. The problem was implemented using MATLAB (2016) and solved via a Genetic Algorithm native to the program. Results obtained from numerical examples were compared with structural designs solutions located in the Grande Vitória metropolitan area, Espírito Santo, Brazil and validated with a commercial software. The analyses indicate that design optimizations of pile caps considering the compressive strength of concrete, the diameter and length of piles and the optimal geometry of the pile caps may lead to significant reductions of material consumption, and consequently, a reduction of environmental impacts.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify professionals' perceptions of Psychosocial Care Centers (Centros de Atenção Psicossocial - CAPS) in São Paulo / SP regarding the importance of multiprofessional work in Mental Health for service users and the possible relationships with comprehensive care. The Health and Psychiatric Reforms made comprehensiveness a fundamental principle of health actions, a concept understood through various influences. Twenty-seven higher education professionals were interviewed, and the Content Analysis methodological framework was used. The participants were unclear about integrality care, valuing comprehensiveness and disciplinary integration work concomitantly to tutelage actions that do not favor autonomy. This fact is due to the lack of theoretical knowledge on comprehensiveness issues and the still persistent practice centered on the absence of autonomy and contractuality in the professional-user relationship. The effectiveness of comprehensive care is fundamental to understanding Mental Health users as subjects of rights, an important challenge for Brazilian Psychiatric Reform.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la percepción de los profesionales de los Centros de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS) en São Paulo / SP de la importancia del trabajo multiprofesional en Salud Mental para los usuarios del servicio y las posibles relaciones con la atención integral. Con las reformas de salud y psiquiátricas, la integralidad se ha convertido en un principio fundamental de las acciones de salud, un concepto que se ha entendido desde diferentes influencias. Veintisiete profesionales de la educación superior fueron entrevistados y se utilizó el marco metodológico del Análisis de Contenido. Los participantes no tenían claro el concepto de atención integral, valorando el trabajo integral y de integración disciplinaria al mismo tiempo que las acciones tutelares que no favorecen la autonomía. Este hecho se debe a la falta de conocimiento teórico sobre el tema de la exhaustividad y la práctica aún persistente centrada en la falta de autonomía y la ausencia de contractualidad en la relación profesional y de usuario. La efectividad de la atención integral es un aspecto fundamental en la comprensión de los usuarios de salud mental como sujetos de derechos, un desafío importante para la reforma psiquiátrica brasileña.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a percepção dos profissionais dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) de São Paulo/SP da importância do trabalho multiprofissional em saúde mental para os usuários dos serviços e as relações possíveis com a integralidade do cuidado. Com as reformas sanitária e psiquiátrica, a integralidade passou a ser um princípio fundamental das ações de saúde, conceito que vem sendo entendido a partir de diversas influências. Foram entrevistados 27 profissionais de nível superior e utilizado o referencial metodológico da análise de conteúdo. Os participantes não apresentaram clareza sobre a noção de integralidade do cuidado, valorizando a integralidade e o trabalho de integração disciplinar de forma concomitante a ações tutelares e não favorecedoras de autonomia. Tal fato se deve ao pouco conhecimento teórico do tema sobre a integralidade e a prática ainda persistente centrada na falta de autonomia e ausência de contratualidade na relação profissional e usuário. A efetivação da integralidade do cuidado é aspecto fundamental na compreensão dos usuários de saúde mental como sujeitos de direitos, importante desafio à reforma psiquiátrica brasileira.

Abstract This study evaluated factors associated with hospitalization related to the mental health of people undergoing follow-up in Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS, in Portuguese) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, referred from Primary Health Care (PHC). This was an evaluative study conducted with 297 individuals in 24 adult CAPS. This study analyzed the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), obtained through Poisson Regression with robust variance. A statistically significant association was found with hospitalization during follow-ups in CAPS: having health insurance and/or medical plan; waiting time between the diagnosis and the first consultation with a non-medical professional of more than seven days; not having received medical advice regarding how long to use medication; not having received a psychopharmaceutical prescription at PHC; and having a medical history of the hospitalization due to mental health. The results warn of the need to expand access to the more socially vulnerable population, in addition to a restructuring of the services in order to provide more interactive and inclusive practices geared toward the singularities of the users.

Resumo Avaliaram-se os fatores associados à internação relacionadas à saúde mental de pessoas em acompanhamento nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do município de São Paulo, encaminhadas pela atenção primária (APS). Pesquisa avaliativa com 297 pessoas em 24 CAPS Adulto. Analisaram-se as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC), obtidas por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Mostraram associação estatisticamente significativa com a internação durante o acompanhamento no CAPS: ter plano de saúde/convênio médico; tempo de espera entre diagnóstico e primeiro atendimento com profissional não médico maior que sete dias; não ter sido orientado sobre o tempo de uso da medicação; não receber prescrição de psicofármaco na APS; e ter histórico de ocorrência de internação por saúde mental. Os resultados alertam para a necessidade de ampliação do acesso à população com maior vulnerabilidade social, além de uma reestruturação dos serviços para a oferta de prática mais articuladas e inclusivas, voltadas às singularidades dos usuários.

Abstract The concept of crisis in mental health involves a complex multidimensional formulation, forged in the context of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, which is not always taken unequivocally by those involved. However, it is necessary to consider a network capable of providing adequate answers on how to provide care in this situation; thus, networking is an essential condition of this approach. This article discusses the management of the mental health crisis in Psychosocial Care Centers III (CAPS III) in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from the perspective of central and local health care managers, via semi-structured interviews and analysis based on Giddens’ Theory of Structuring. This study found that the municipality of Rio de Janeiro adopts a crisis care model structured into a centralized care network and integrated network, with an emergency network highly integrated with the Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS), especially with the CAPS III, and the crisis situations are cared for preferably in specific services. Still, from Giddens’ perspective, CAPS III have the legitimacy to provide care toward mental health crisis.

Resumo O conceito de crise em saúde metal envolve uma complexa formulação multidimensional, forjada no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, que nem sempre é tomado de maneira unívoca pelos envolvidos. Contudo, há de se considerar uma rede capaz de dar respostas adequadas sobre como acolher essa situação, de maneira que o trabalho em rede é uma condição essencial dessa abordagem. Este artigo traz a discussão do manejo da crise em saúde mental nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial III (CAPS III) do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a partir da perspectiva dos gestores de saúde de nível central e local, realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas com base na Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens. Este trabalho identificou que o Rio de Janeiro apresenta um modelo de atenção à crise estruturado em rede de atenção centralizada e rede integrada, uma vez que apresenta grande integração da rede de urgência com a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), sobretudo com os CAPS III, e as situações de crises são atendidas preferencialmente em serviços específicos para seu atendimento. Ainda assim, pela perspectiva de Giddens, os CAPS III têm legitimidade para cumprir o papel de atenção à crise em saúde mental.

BACKGROUND: The use of the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) and delivery of Physical Education (PE) concerning time allocation, resources and number of learners per class is crucial for optimal delivery to the intermediate-phase (IP) learner AIM: This study aimed to determine the gap between the understanding and the interpretation of the content and requirements of the CAPS document, and the delivery of PE in the IP, in selected public schools in the Alberton region of Gauteng province, South Africa SETTING: Alberton, a suburb of Johannesburg, was identified. This geographical area was divided into four segments. Two primary schools from each segment were purposefully selected according to the quintile levels METHODS: A mixed method of data gathering was used. Questionnaires were administered and focus-group discussions (FGDs) were held. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling method. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analysed using direct quotes and themes RESULTS: The findings are in line with the results of the South African Universities Physical Education Association (SAUPEA) National Research Project in that teachers require further training on the interpretation of the CAPS document. Aspects of the CAPS document cannot be executed because of time allocation, class size, and a lack of resources and equipment CONCLUSION: To adhere to the expectations of the CAPS document, the use of available facilities, equipment, number of learners per class, and time allocation in PE need improvement CONTRIBUTION: Enriching the PE curriculum through collaborating with stakeholders in local communities and governmental support

Abstract Most of the appreciation of a product occurs through colours and, if misused, can lead to failure The objective of the present study was to verify if the colour of the container influences the perception of the effort to be exerted to open mineral water bottles with screw caps. For this, three packages with identical shapes were used, but in three different colours: red, blue and transparent. The subjects could not touch the packages, only observe and then classify them in a Likert Scale (with ideograms) of three points. The results show that youth and adults considered the blue bottle as the one that apparently requires less effort to be opened, while for the elderly apparently less effort is required to open the transparent bottle. In all cases the red package was related to the greater effort, with significant difference when compared to the other packages. However, there was no significant difference when the blue and transparent bottles were compared to each other. misused caps this used ideograms points opened However

Resumo A maior parte da apreciação de um produto se dá por meio das cores e, se estas forem mal utilizadas, podem levar ao insucesso. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a cor do recipiente influencia na percepção do esforço a ser exercido para abrir embalagens de água mineral com tampa de rosca. Para isso, foram utilizadas três embalagens com formatos idênticos, porém em três cores diferentes: vermelha, azul e transparente. Os sujeitos não podiam tocar nas embalagens, apenas observa-las e em seguida classifica-las em uma Likert (com ideogramas) de três pontos. Os resultados mostram que jovens e adultos consideraram a embalagem de cor azul como aquela que aparentemente requer menos esforço para ser aberta, enquanto que para os idosos aparentemente é necessário menos esforço para abrir a embalagem transparente. Em todos os casos a embalagem vermelha foi relacionada ao maior esforço, havendo diferença significativa quando comparada com as demais embalagens. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa quando as embalagens azul e transparente foram comparadas entre si. insucesso rosca isso idênticos diferentes observalas observa las classificalas classifica ideogramas pontos aberta entanto si

Histories is die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur op skoolvlak Afrikanergesentreerd. Alhoewel daar sedert die politieke omwenteling in 1994 in Suid-Afrika pogings aangewend is om 'n inklusiewer letterkunde voor te skryf, oefen die voormelde geskiedenis steeds 'n invloed uit op hoe Afrikaans op skoolvlak onderrig word. Ondanks die skoolkurrikulum se transformatiewe beginsels en verbintenis tot sosiale regstelling, word min tekste voorgeskryf wat nie in 'n standaardvariëteit geskryf is nie. Voorts maak die pedagogiese benadering tot letterkundeonder-rig wat taalonderwysers volg min ruimte vir uiteenlopende interpretasies van literêre tekste. Gevolglik skep dit 'n gaping tussen die beginsels van die skoolkurrikulum en dit wat in die letterkundeklaskamer gebeur. Paris en Alim (2017) se "kultuurhandhawende pedagogie" (KHP) is 'n onderrigbenadering wat die onderhou en ontwikkeling van leerders se kulture sien as sentraal tot pedagogiek. Ons voer aan dat 'n KHP-benadering gepas is vir die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur, aangesien dit sal behels dat leerders se variëteite en kultuurpraktyke nie gesien word as buite of slegs aanvullend tot die pedagogiese projek nie, maar eerder sentraal daartoe staan. In hierdie artikel fokus ons op hoe twee gedigte ("Ouma Xhau" en "Ontheemding") in Lynthia Julius se bundel Uit die kroes (2020) op 'n KHP-wyse onderrig kan word op 'n manier wat leerders in staat stel om Oranjerivierafrikaans, die invloed van Nama op Afrikaans, orale literêre tradisies en kulturele ontheemding te verken. Ons analise sluit praktiese raad in oor hoe hierdie twee gedigte onderskeidelik benader kan word as 'n tipe portret en selfportret om sodoende die Europese portretkunstradisie en die uitdaag daarvan in die klaskamer te verken.

The legacy of apartheid continues to impact South African education, specifically the teaching of Afrikaans literature. After South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, curriculum design for schools in post-apartheid South Africa was aimed at correcting historical injustices. Efforts have been made to transform the teaching and learning of Afrikaans at school level by, among other things, making the literature prescribed at school level more inclusive. The current school curriculum (the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement [CAPS]) builds on previous curricula in that it also aims to address the historical injustices of the South African educational model. In the CAPS for Afrikaans Home Language grades 10 to 12, it is advised that social transformation is to be achieved by promoting a sensitivity to diversity and an appreciation for indigenous knowledge systems (Department of Basic Education [DvBO] 2011:9; Schultz & Le Cordeur, 2019:549). Although the CAPS in principle regards learners' lived experiences as valuable, Schultz and Le Cordeur (2019:555) find that teachers and postgraduate education students are of the opinion that the aforementioned principles are not realised in practice in the literature classroom. This gap between the principles and practice can be attributed to the selection of prescribed literary texts that do not represent the socio-cultural diversity of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom as well as a preference for the "universal value judgement" approach to literature teaching which leaves little room for interpretations of literary texts that are informed by the diverse socio-cultural lived experiences of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom. As a response to the lack of diversity in the prescribed poetry as well as the need for pedagogical approaches empowering marginalised communities and valuing their knowledges, this paper proposes applying culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) principles to teaching Lynthia Julius's debut poetry collection, Uit die kroes (2020) in the Afrikaans Home Language classroom. CSP is a pedagogical approach developed by Django Paris and H. Samy Alim which centres students' culturally embedded ways of knowing, rather than viewing their existing knowledge as a stepping stone to sanctioned knowledge. By validating linguistic and cultural diversity, CSP can be employed to address the ongoing influence of apartheid on contemporary Afrikaans literature instruction while fulfilling the previously mentioned curriculum goals of social transformation. CSP offers an approach to education that positions marginalised students' own cultural backgrounds and linguistic practices as essential rather than supplementary to the pedagogical endeavour. Paris and Alim argue that the sustainment of non-dominant cultures and languages should be as important a pedagogical goal as the transference of subject knowledge. This article argues that CSP can provide significant benefits for the teaching of Afrikaans literature by considering students' own language varieties and cultural knowledge as classroom resources, while also enabling critical examination of hegemonic linguistic ideologies and the erasure of non-standard varieties and cultures. Rejecting assimilationist models, CSP validates fluidity and heterogeneity within communities. It also fosters critical examination of learners' own cultural practices including intracultural oppressive aspects, such as the sexism or homophobia within marginalised groups. CSP aligns well with the ways in which Julius's collection thematically engages history through what Barbara Boswell following on Gqola) calls the "re-memorying" of silenced perspectives. Its restorative ethics centre marginalised subjects and uphold pluralism, showing literary analysis' potential for recognition and engagement with the process of identity construction and marginalisation. As a case study, we examine how two poems from Uit die kroes, "Ouma Xhau" and "Ontheemding," could be productively taught to highlight features of the Oranjerivierafrikaans language variety, Nama cultural and its linguistic influences on Oranjerivierafrikaans, oral literary traditions, and personal experiences of cultural displacement and discrimination. The article outlines practical classroom strategies grounded in CSP for teaching these poems in order to centre marginalised cultural histories and sustain non-standard varieties of Afrikaans. We contend that "Ouma Xhau" can be considered a lyrical portrait of a historicalfigure, whereas "Ontheemding" rather functions as a type of autobiographical self-portrait. "Ouma Xhau" portrays an indigenous woman in what is today the Northern Cape, sharing her people's dispossession by colonialism. A CSP analysis of this poem involves contextualising oral traditions 'importance as knowledge systems by explaining literary conventions like collective storytelling. As assessment, we suggest that students could create oral histories or rap "portraits". Opportunities arise for learners from varied backgrounds to engage marginalised perspectives and enrich one another interculturally. "Ontheemding" depicts intergenerational displacement from the Nama language and culture caused by, amongst other things, urbanisation. Taking a CSP approach to teaching this poem acknowledges linguistic heterogeneity by validating students ' own backgrounds and experiences. Building sociolinguistic awareness, assessments like the writing of "self-portrait" poems encourage critical examination of the learners' linguistic experiences and community norms. Inclusion of diverse voices resists monolingual framings of literary pedagogy. Together, the teaching of these two poems offer opportunities for the sustaining of culture by focussing on absented histories through creative reimaginings. Themes of loss, identity negotiation and societal constraints promote development of analytical skills when approached via CSP. Its restorative ethics uphold pluralism through the inclusion of marginalised subjectivities. The teaching of literature can serve as a vehicle of reconstructing knowledge pluralistically when analysed through frameworks attentive to lived diversity and the power dynamics shaping meaning-making. Research into CSP's impacts is still emerging but indicates benefits for empowering marginalised learners and transforming discriminatory educational dynamics. Its varieties-inclusive, community-centred nature demonstrates potential for decolonising curricula historically privileging monolingual, Afrikaner-centric canons. Most essentially, CSP shows how literary analysis situates aesthetics within the socio-political by fostering critical thought around linguistic justice, cultural recognition and plurality through including and championing silenced subjectivities in knowledge production. Adopting CSP principles allows the teaching of Julius's collection to address the lack of non-standard language representation in Afrikaans literature curricula while achieving curriculum goals through a transformative lens attentive to diversity and social problems. Its restorative ethics reconstruct education as community-oriented rather than a process of assimilationist knowledge transfer. Analysis of the two poems highlights literature's capacity for enrichment when diverse experiences, marginalised histories and fluid cultural realities are taken as point of departure. Most significantly, CSP validates plurality as an intellectual and pedagogical strength central to knowledge formation compatible with democratic principles of inclusion and multivocality.

Resumo Introdução: A discussão sobre trabalho e gênero tem apontado a vulnerabilidade da mulher na sociedade, no entanto, no âmbito da saúde mental, ainda são escassos os estudos que discutem essa temática na perspectiva da reabilitação psicossocial. Objetivos: Compreender as experiências de trabalho de mulheres vítimas de violência atendidas em um serviço de saúde mental. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo com a participação de 18 mulheres usuárias de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) de Brasília, Distrito Federal, as quais responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados com o apoio da análise temática de conteúdo. Identificaram-se as seguintes categorias: o trabalho precarizado e informal; as diferentes formas de violência e sua relação com o trabalho; atravessamentos dos sonhos: onde as mulheres se sentem (in)capazes? O rótulo da loucura e a relação com o trabalho. Resultados: Identificaram-se várias influências associadas ao trabalho, sendo este, de modo geral, informal, no qual as participantes relataram relações precárias de exploração, violência e baixa remuneração. Considerações finais: As experiências de trabalho de mulheres vítimas de violência entrevistadas indicaram a necessidade de estratégias de empoderamento no âmbito da atenção psicossocial, para o enfrentamento dessa violência.

Abstract Introduction: The discussion about work and gender has pointed to the vulnerability of women in society, however, in the context of mental health there are still few studies that discuss this theme around psychosocial rehabilitation. Objectives: The present study aimed to understand the work experiences of women victims of violence seen in a mental health service. Methods: Eighteen women who attended a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS) in Brasília, Federal District, participated in this study and answered a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed from the thematic analysis of the content. Results: the following categories were identified: precarious and informal work, the different forms of violence and their relationship with work, crossings of dreams; where women feel (in) capable and the label of madness and the relationship with work. Various influences are associated with work, which is generally informal and a scenario in which participants report poor relationships of exploitation, violence and low pay. Final considerations: Empowerment strategies within psychosocial care can present themselves as preventive resources and create coping strategies for the interfaces of violence that permeate the interviewees' experiences.

Objective: To associate abandonment of tuberculosis treatment with the variables of access to health services in the state of São Paulo was estimated. Methods: was an epidemiological observational study with data to individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis, residing in the state of São Paulo in the period 2012 to 2017. Generalized Estimating Equations models were used to analyze the relationships between independent variables and noncompliance with tuberculosis treatment over time. Results: A prevalence of over 12% of noncompliance with tuberculosis treatment was identified. Individuals residing in medium and large-sized municipalities had, 2.64 (95% CI: 2.15-3;24) and 4.48 (CI 95%: 4.62-5.55) times more risk, respectively, of abandoning TB treatment when compared with those living in small cities (p<0.05). Moreover, presence of Psychosocial Care Centers did not contribute to the reduction of treatment abandonment [1.20 (1.03-1.40) p<0.05]. Conclusions: Was an association between municipal size and abandonment of tuberculosis treatment.

Introdução: Estimou-se a associação entre o abandono do tratamento da tuberculose com variáveis de acesso ao serviço de saúde no estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico ecológico com fonte de dados secundários de indivíduos diagnosticados com tuberculose, no período de janeiro/2012 a dezembro/2017 residentes no estado de São Paulo. A variável desfecho é o abandono do tratamento da tuberculose. Foram efetuadas análises e considerada a distribuição de Poisson, estimados os riscos relativos brutos e ajustados, dispostas em dois blocos de variáveis considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Identificou-se uma prevalência superior a 12% no abandono do tratamento da TB no estado de São Paulo no período estudado. Indivíduos residentes em municípios de médio e grande porte têm, respectivamente, 2,64 (IC95%: 2,15-3,24) e 4,48 (IC95%: 4,62-5,55) vezes mais risco de abandonar o tratamento da TB quando comparados ao que vivem em municípios pequeno porte (p<0,05), bem como, municípios com a presença do CAPS não contribuíram para a diminuição do abandono [1,20 (1,03-1,40) p<0,05]. Conclusão: houve associação entre o porte municipal e o abandono do tratamento de Tuberculose.

The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) school history curriculum of post-apartheid South Africa is littered with sensitive and controversial topics. Many history teachers and their learners do not know how to confront these topics, especially in multiracial, multicultural, and diverse classrooms. Therefore, this paper explores how the idea of decolonial love (Sandoval, 2000; Maldonado-Torres, 2006) could inform alternative creative pedagogies or contribute to existing pedagogical frameworks that history teachers and their learners employ when engaging sensitive and controversial topics. In this paper I argue that decolonial love has the potential to enable both history teachers and their learners to engage with sensitive and controversial topics in history in ways that promote empathy, cognitive, social and epistemic justice, inclusivity, critical thinking, respect, love, and tolerance for others as envisioned in the CAPS document. This would, in turn, promote the transgression of knowledge boundaries for knowledge co-construction (Keating, 2013) and thus, enable a way of doing history that promotes pluriversal (situated) knowledges (Santos, 2014). Lastly, I argue that decolonial love can provide a useful pedagogical framework for teaching sensitive and controversial topics since it ties together different approaches to teach such topics.

South African schools are governed by the South African Constitution of 1996 which prescribes the promotion of democratic values. This prescription cascades down to inform the Curriculum and Policy Statement (CAPS) that provides a curriculum policy framework for implementation. Schools are not only centring of learning that provide the rudiments and foundations of future learning, but indispensable centres for socialisation and transmission of social norms, values, and appropriate social behaviours. South African teachers have the mammoth task of being both the transmitters, role models, and teachers of democratic values as enshrined in the South African Constitution. The main question this study seeks to answer is: how can primary school history lessons be utilised to inculcate democratic values? Teaching democratic values through history lessons in primary schools remains a paradox, in the sense that, as a teacher you have to teach what is in the textbook, without being bias even though as a teacher you might you might have a different opinion on. Moreover, the inconsistencies in the era of fake news, conspiracy theories within the South African context, as well as challenges of racial polarisation, economic deprivation, unemployment, and heightened social inequality have exacerbated the inconsistencies in history teaching. Thus, teaching democratic values in South African primary schools has become more important than ever before to mitigate the plethora of these challenges. The present study engages the Qualitative Content Analysis method to analyse qualitative data from documented information in texts, media, and academic articles. It is underpinned by the Ubuntu African Philosophy and it concludes that there is an alignment between the democratic values and the CAPS Policy document. Findings also point to the critical role of history teachers to inculcate democratic values, and use appropriate knowledge that must be based on facts and evidence.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Oral rehabilitation in partial edentulous patients who require dental implants has increased its demand in recent years, becoming a routine treatment, where surgical and prosthetic procedures have considerable success In some cases these complications are resolved simply, in others. Aims: Better planning is needed modify and complement the patient's treatment plan as a definitive solution to the wrong positioning of osseointegrated dental implants. Presentation of the Case: Patient of 64 years, man, attended the Dental Care Center of the University of the Americas (CAO / UDLA), to finish specialty dental treatment, rehabilitation of four implants placed in zone 1.6 (Mis: C1 4.20 x 13mm); 1.4 (Mis: C1 3.75x11.50 mm); 1.2 (Mis: C1 3.75 x 11.50 mm); 2.1 (Mis: C1 4.20 x 11.50 mm), On clinical examination, immediate transitional acrylic prosthesis could be observed maladapted and occlusally unstable as a result of tissue healing process, loss of postero-inferior teeth (3.6; 3.7; 4.6 and 4.7). The wrong angulation of the previous implants forced the need to correct it through the use of 2 mm high straight Multi-unit rotational attachments in implants 1.6; 1.4, angled Multi-unit anti-rotational attachments from 1 mm high to 30 mm for implants 1.2 and 2.1 with healing caps to protect the attachment from the accumulation of bacterial plaque and facilitate the sanitization and insertion of the multiple prosthesis. Conclusions: The attachments placed modified and complemented the rehabilitation of the implants even in the anterior area where insufficient mucous tissue was found to completely cover the chosen attachment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La rehabilitación oral en pacientes edéntulos parciales que requieren implantes dentales ha incrementado su demanda en los últimos años, convirtiéndose en un tratamiento de rutina, donde procedimientos quirúrgicos y protésicos tienen un éxito considerable. En algunos casos estas complicaciones se resuelven de forma simple, en otros, se necesita de una mejor planificación. Objetivo: Modificar y complementar el plan de tratamiento del paciente como solución definitiva al posicionamiento equivocado de los implantes dentales oseo integrados. Presentación del Caso: Paciente de 64 años, hombre, asistió a Centro de Atención Odontológica de la Universidad de Las Américas (CAO/UDLA), para terminar tratamiento odontológico de especialidad, rehabilitación de cuatro implantes colocados en zona 1.6 (Mis: C1 4.20 x 13mm); 1.4 (Mis: C1 3.75x11.50 mm); 1.2 (Mis: C1 3.75 x 11.50 mm); 2.1 (Mis: C1 4.20 x 11.50 mm), a examen clínico se pudo observar prótesis acrílica transicional inmediata desadaptada e inestable oclusalmente como resultado de proceso de cicatrización de tejidos, pérdida de piezas dentales postero-inferiores (3.6; 3.7; 4.6 y 4.7).La angulación equivocada de los implantes anteriores obligó la necesidad de corregirla mediante el uso de aditamentos rotacionales Multi-unit rectos de 2 mm altura en implantes 1.6; 1.4, aditamentos anti rotacionales tipo Multi-unit angulados de 1 mm de altura a 30º para los implantes 1.2 y 2.1 con healingcaps para proteger el aditamento de la acumulación de placa bacteriana y facilitar la higienización e inserción de la prótesis múltiple. Conclusiones: Los aditamentos colocados modificaron y complementaron la rehabilitación de los implantes incluso en la zona anterior donde se encontró tejido mucoso insuficiente que cubra de forma completa el aditamento elegido.

RESUMO Os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps) são serviços comunitários que visam promover a reabilitação psicossocial para pessoas com sofrimento mental e com problemas recorrentes do consumo prejudicial de Substâncias Psicoativas (SPA). A avaliação da qualidade desses serviços pode ser medida por meio de indicadores de saúde mental, campo em desenvolvimento. Este estudo é um relato de experiência com objetivo de discorrer sobre o processo de construção de indicadores de saúde mental de um Caps Adulto e Caps Álcool e Drogas de uma região de saúde da cidade de São Paulo, realizado no período entre 2020 e 2021. Como resultado desse trabalho, foram criados coletivamente os indicadores de processo: articulação com a atenção primária e atenção à crise e o indicador específico de resultado para cada Caps: reabilitação psicossocial. A construção colaborativa proporcionou a análise e reflexão sobre o processo de trabalho, evidenciou-se a potencialidade da elaboração participativa dos indicadores de saúde mental que impactou na revisão da prática assistencial individual do trabalhador e de cada serviço. Identificouse desafios nesta construção quanto à disponibilidade de agenda, lacuna na formação dos profissionais, escassez de literatura específica e pausas no percurso devido às contingências da pandemia Covid-19.

ABSTRACT Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) are community services that aim to promote rehabilitation for people with mental suffering. Quality assessment can be measured through mental health indicators, a field that is under development. This study is an experience report that has the discourse objective of the process of collective construction of mental health indicators of a CAPS Adult and CAPS Alcohol and Drugs in a health region of the city of São Paulo, carried out in the period between 2020 and 2021. As a result of these, the work indicators of the process were collectively created: articulation with primary care and crisis care and the specific result indicator for each CAPS: psychosocial rehabilitation. The collaborative construction of the mental health analysis process and the reflection on the indicators-evidence of the potential of the participatory elaboration of the assistance individuals of the work and of each service. It was identified in this construction as the availability of challenges, gap in the training of professionals, course of specific literature and pauses due to the contingencies of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen El objetivo fue describir caracteres morfoanatómicos adaptativos a ambientes xéricos, de órganos vegetativos de tres especies de la familia Fabaceae: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. y Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. provenientes de las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba. Se analizó la estructura anatómica de cinco ejemplares de cada especie, con preparados temporarios y se tomaron fotomicrografías. C. chaco-serranensis en raíz presentó abundantes amiloplastos. Tallo con una hipodermis colenquimática y esclerénquima con fibras gelatinosas sobre el floema. El folíolo fue hipostomático con tricomas unicelulares simples en la cara abaxial y mesofilo dorsiventral. D. incanum, evidenció una raíz con crecimiento secundario temprano. El tallo presentó epidermis con gruesa cutícula y abundantes tricomas. Se observó en la corteza estratos de colénquima laminar seguidos de casquetes de fibras gelatinosas y en la médula idioblastos fenólicos. El folíolo presentó epidermis con abundantes tricomas e idioblastos fenólicos en floema. R. edulis mostró raíces con estructura secundaria. Cercano al cuello de la raíz principal, se observó un xilopodio con médula parenquimática y amiloplastos. Se evidenciaron rizomas con amiloplastos e idioblastos fenólicos dispersos en el parénquima. El tallo presentó cutícula gruesa, tricomas, colénquima laminar y fibras floemáticas. Dispersos en el floema se detectaron compuestos fenólicos en idioblastos. Folíolos con numerosos tricomas y entre el parénquima en empalizada y esponjoso se evidenció un estrato continuo de idioblastos fenólicos, al igual que en el floema pero dispersos. Se concluye que las especies analizadas presentan caracteres morfológicos que le permiten adaptarse a condiciones ambientales xéricas. Estos resultados sirven de base para futuros estudios de restauración y conservación de especies autóctonas en ambientes perturbados.

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe morphoanatomical characters adaptive to xeric environments, of vegetative organs of three species of the Fabaceae family: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. and Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. from the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba. The anatomical structure of five specimens of each species was analyzed with temporary preparations and photomicrographs were taken. C. chaco-serranensis in root presented abundant amyloplasts. Stem with a collenchyma hypodermis and sclerenchyma with gelatinous fibers on the phloem. The leaflet was hypostomatic with simple unicellular trichomes on the abaxial surface and dorsiventral mesophyll. D. incanum, showed a root with early secondary growth. The stem presented epidermis with a thick cuticle and abundant trichomes. Layers of lamellar collenchyma were observed in the cortex followed by caps of gelatinous fibers and phenolic idioblasts in the medulla. The leaflet presented epidermis with abundant trichomes and phenolic idioblasts in phloem. R. edulis showed roots with secondary structure. Close to the neck of the main root, a xylopodium with parenchymatic marrow and amyloplasts was observed. Rhizomes with amyloplasts and phenolic idioblasts scattered in the parenchyma were evident. The stem presented thick cuticle, trichomes, lamellar collenchyma and phloem fibers. Dispersed in the phloem, phenolic compounds were detected in idioblasts.Leaflets with numerous trichomes and between the palisade and spongy parenchyma there was evidence of a continuous layer of phenolic idioblasts, the same as in the phloem but scattered. It is concluded that the analyzed species present morphological characters that allow them to adapt to xeric environmental conditions. These results serve as a basis for future studies on the restoration and conservation of native species in disturbed environments.

The purpose of the study reported on here was to investigate the role of partnerships in helping in-service teachers overcome the difficulties associated with performing practical work prescribed in the Life Sciences Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), an educational policy intended to transform the South African school curriculum in the wake of the apartheid years. CAPS is the latest of a plethora of educational policies that have been introduced in post-apartheid South Africa. However, teachers have lamented the lack of skills and resources necessary for its effective implementation. With this study we investigated how partnership between schools and 1 university in South Africa helped teachers to acquire practical skills and techniques related to CAPS implementation. A qualitative research approach with purposeful sampling was used. Data were collected through focus-group interviews, document analysis and observations that entailed observing teachers performing the experiments prior to the training. Teachers from 22 secondary schools participated in this research. Collected data were analysed using Creswell's method of coding. Findings of this study indicate that partnership with the University helped equip teachers with the necessary skills and knowledge to perform science experiments, ultimately resulting in improved learner performance. Partnerships between schools and institutions of higher learning to enhance policy implementation are, therefore, recommended.