In the present work, the biosynthesis of silver-nanoparticles (AgNP) was evaluated using the aqueous extract from Justicia spicigera. The obtained silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopic techniques, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering. The antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized AgNP was tested against foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes) and phytopathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani, Alternaria alternata and Macrophomina phaseolina). The elemental profile of synthesized nanoparticles using J. spicigera shows higher counts at 3 keV due to silver, confirming the formation of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a particle size between 86 and 100 nm with spherical morphology. AgNP showed effective antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested organisms principally with B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes, A. alternata and M. phaseolina. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm the potential of AgNP from J. spicigera in the control of indicator organisms under field conditions.

En el presente trabajo se evaluó la biosíntesis de nanopartículas de plata (AgNP) en presencia de una sal de plata y extractos acuosos de Justicia spicigera. Las nanopartículas así obtenidas fueron caracterizadas mediante técnicas espectroscópicas UV-visibles, espectrómetros de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDS), potencial zeta y dispersión de luz dinámica. La actividad antimicrobiana de las AgNP biosintetizadas se probó frente a diversas bacterias transmitidas por alimentos (Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterobacter aerogenes) y hongos fitopatógenos (Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani, Alternaria alternata y Macrophomina phaseolina). El perfil elemental de las nanopartículas sintetizadas utilizando el extracto de J. spicigera mostró valores altos a 3 keV, lo que confirma la formación de nanopartículas de plata. El análisis por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) reveló un tamaño de partícula entre 86 y 100 nm, con morfología esférica. Las AgNP mostraron una actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica efectiva contra los organismos evaluados, principalmente contra B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes, A. alternata y M. phaseolina. Se necesitan más estudios para confirmar el potencial de las AgNP derivadas de J. spicigera en el control de organismos indicadores en condiciones de campo.

La interacción entre el ambiente y la genética durante la evolución de la especie humana ha predispuesto al padecimiento de muchas enfermedades crónico-degenerativas comunes de nuestra sociedad occidentalizada. El genotipo “Thrifty”, producto de la adaptación del hombre paleolítico y neolítico al medio, se caracteriza por hiperinsulinemia sin inhibición de la gluconeogenesis, que, aunada al estilo de vida condiciona el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Múltiples hipótesis intentan explicar la elevada morbimortalidad por ECV en los diferentes grupos étnicos. Por ejemplo, las poblaciones afro-americanas presentan isoformas de proteínas desacoplantes relacionados con bajo gasto energético basal y metabolismo oxidativo de los ácidos grasos (AG) disminuido, así como una concentración elevada de Lipoproteína(a) y alta sensibilidad a la sal. La población asiática posee numerosos factores de riesgos cardiovasculares contrarrestados en parte por una dieta rica en PUFA´s ω-3. No obstante, los indio-asiáticos aún teniendo una dieta baja en AG saturados, presentan alta prevalencia de ECV, lo que se ha tratado de explicar por la expresión de un genotipo “Thrifty”. Las poblaciones hispánicas caracterizadas por su origen multirracial presentan alta incidencia de obesidad y diabetes relacionada a leptinorresistencia e insulinorresistencia, con hiperinsulinemia compensadora -de duración variable- que aparentemente precede a la hipertensión arterial esencial. En poblaciones indígenas norteamericanas como los Pima se observa la prevalencia más alta de diabetes a nivel mundial, sugiriéndose una conexión con el gen de la PPP1R3, niveles de TNF-α elevados e IL-6, entre otros.

Environment and genetic interaction during human evolution has predisposed chronic-degenerative diseases development in our society. “Thrifty” genotype, is a consequence derived from human being adaptation to Paleolithic and Neolithic environment combined with occidental life style, which is characterized by hyperinsulinemia without a gluconeogenesis inhibition, resulting in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Many hypotheses were formulated to explain high diversity rates in coronary artery disease according to different ethnic groups. For example, Afro-American populations present uncoupling proteins isoforms related to lower resting energy expenditure and oxidative metabolism of fatty acids diminished. In addition they have elevated Lipoprotein(a) concentration and high salt sensitivity which are just some of the influential factors in CAD pathogenesis. Asian population has numerous cardiovascular risks factors partly inhibited by a polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 rich diet. However, Asiatic Indians still having a low saturated fatty acids diet, but display high CAD prevalence, agreeing with “thrifty” genotype expression hypotheses. Hispanic populations characterized by multiracial origin exhibit both, high obesity and diabetes prevalence associated with leptin and insulin resistance plus hyperinsulinemia, conditions that apparently precedes high blood pressure. North American Pima Indians show the world highest type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence, apparently related to PPP1R3 gene, TNF-α and IL-6 high levels, sedentary life style and changes in diet composition and caloric density.

O paradigma terapêutico para o CEC do andar inferior da boca sofreu modificações em decorrência da sobrevida. OBJETIVO: Estudo comparativo do esvaziamento cervical radical e seletivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Análise de 460 pacientes atendidos no Depto. de CCP e ORL do Hospital Heliópolis, de 1978 a 2002. Para esvaziamento radical foram avaliados os padrões de metastatização dos níveis IV e V, para o seletivo a ocorrência e localização das recidivas. O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Nos esvaziamentos radicais a taxa de metastatização nos níveis IV e V foram 5,8% e 4,6%, nos pacientes cNO e de 9,9% (nível IV) e 5,9% (nível V) para cN+, enquanto o nível I isolado estava comprometido em 11,0% nos cN0 e 5,5% nos cN+. Nos esvaziamentos seletivos ocorreram 4 recidivas (4,1%) em 97 esvaziamentos nos pN0 e 2 (10,0%) em 20 esvaziamentos. Nos casos pN+, não houve vantagens na indicação de radioterapia sobre os não irradiados (5,6% e 5,7% respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: É possível realizar esvaziamento seletivo no tratamento das metástases do andar inferior de boca.

The therapeutic paradigm for neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the lower level of the mouth has changed due to survival. AIM: A comparative study between radical (RND) versus selective neck dissection (SND). MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analysis of mouth SCC in the lower level of the mouth in 460 files from the Head & Neck and ORL Department of the Heliopolis Hospital, from 1978 to 2002. In the RND the metastathic rate in levels IV and V was assessed; in the SND the presence and site of recurrence was identified. The chi square test with the Yates correction was the chosen statistical method. RESULTS: In the RND the metastatic rates were 5.8% (level IV) and 4.6% (level V) for cNO cases, and 9.9% (level IV) and 5.9%(level V) for cN+ cases; for level I only the rates were 11,0% for cNO cases and 5.5% for cN+ cases. In the SND the number of recurrences was 4 (4.1%) in 97 neck dissections (pNO) and 2 (10%) in 20 neck dissections (pN+). There was no advantage in using radiation compared to non-irradiated cases (5.6% and 5.7%). CONCLUSION: The SND may be used for SCC of the lower level of the mouth.