ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de nanocatalizadores de alto rendimiento depende de la generación de sitios superficiales estables y activos a escala atómica mediante el control sistemático del tamaño, la forma y la composición química de metales y óxidos metálicos a nanoescala. En este trabajo se mencionan la síntesis y aplicación de nanomateriales basados principalmente en alúmina (Al2O3), Titania (TiO2) y algunos otros de menor uso como el óxido de cerio (CeO2). Asimismo, se describen brevemente sus características morfológicas, texturales y fases cristalográficas obtenidas. Se destaca la importancia de los métodos de síntesis en la morfología y estructura de las nanopartículas y cómo esto afecta a la actividad catalítica de los soportes y catalizadores preparados con ellas.

ABSTRACT The development of high-performance nanocatalysts depends on generating stable and active surface sites at the atomic scale by systematically controlling the size, shape, and chemical composition of metals and metal oxides at the nanoscale. In this work, the synthesis and application of nanomaterials based mainly on alumina (Al2O3), Titania (TiO2), and some others of minor use, such as cerium oxide (CeO2), are mentioned. Furthermore, their morphological and textural characteristics and crystallographic phases obtained are briefly described. The importance of the synthesis methods in the morphology and structure of the nanoparticles and how this affects the catalytic activity of the supports and catalysts prepared with them is highlighted.

Resumen Con el objetivo de estudiar algunos problemas de ética relacionados con situaciones clínicas que involucran a la familia, se presenta una revisión sistemática de este término para entenderla y definirla. Concebida como un cuerpo orgánico en su constitución, estructura y organización, en el presente artículo se analizan las variadas circunstancias en las que existe una relación entre la ética clínica y la familia, principalmente haciendo énfasis a la diferencia entre la autonomía individual y la autoridad familiar.

Abstract With the aim of studying some ethical problems related to clinical situations involving the family, a systematic review of this term is presented to understand and define it. Conceived as an organic body in its constitution, structure and organization, this article analyzes the various circumstances in which there is a relationship between clinical ethics and the family, mainly emphasizing the difference between individual autonomy and family authority.

Abstract. Climate change is causing increases in temperature in wheat-producing areas of the world. The global warming conditions put wheat production at risk. In wheat, heat stress causes a decrease in the yield due to retarding grain fill time and maturity. This work aimed to evaluate the grain chemical composition of six wheat genotypes subjected to heat stress during the vegetative and reproductive stages and to relate it to germination. Grains of six wheat genotypes were used in this study, cultivated in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, in December 2020 and January and October 2021. The flour was obtained from whole grains (40 gr of each genotype and each sowing date). Proximal analyses were done following AACC and AOAC methods. Starch content was determined using a commercial kit from Megazyme. Changes in size, shape, and colour were observed in all the seeds progeny of plants under heat stress during the vegetative and reproductive stages. Heat stress during the reproductive stage reduced the thousand-grain weight, total solids, and protein content in the progeny grains but increased the percentage of moisture, ash, total starch, and germination index. Heat stress during the vegetative stage reduced total solids content and increased thousand-grain weight, moisture, and total starch in the progeny grains. The germination index in seeds from plants subjected to heat stress during the reproductive stage was associated with total starch content and a trend to decrease total protein. That association was not found in seeds from plants under heat stress during the vegetative stage.

Resumen. El cambio climático incrementa la temperatura en áreas productoras de trigo y pone en riesgo su producción mundial. En trigo, el estrés por calor disminuye el rendimiento, tiempo de llenado de grano y días de maduración. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la composición química de los granos de seis genotipos de trigo sometidos a estrés por calor durante las etapas vegetativa y reproductiva y su relación con la germinación. Se utilizaron granos de seis genotipos de trigo, cultivados en el Valle del Yaqui, Sonora, en diciembre 2020, enero y octubre 2021. Se obtuvo harina de granos completos (40 g de grano por genotipo y fecha de siembra). El análisis proximal se determinó siguiendo los métodos de la AACC y AOAC. El contenido de almidón se obtuvo utilizando un kit comercial de Megazyme. Se observaron cambios de tamaño, forma y color en semillas progenie de plantas estresadas en las etapas vegetativa y reproductiva. El estrés por calor en la etapa reproductiva disminuyó el peso de mil granos, los sólidos totales y el índice de germinación. El estrés por calor en la etapa vegetativa redujo el contenido de sólidos totales e incrementó el peso de mil granos, humedad y almidón total en los granos progenie. El índice de germinación se asoció al contenido total de almidón y a la tendencia de disminución en proteína total de las semillas de plantas estresadas en la etapa reproductiva. Esta relación no se encontró en semillas de plantas estresadas durante la etapa vegetativa.

Resumen Este texto analiza la tesis I Sobre el concepto de historia de Walter Benjamin con relación a la teoría del fetichismo de la mercancía y brinda una interpretación integradora a lo desarrollado por Michael Löwy, Enrique Dussel y Franz Hinkelammert al respecto. La interpretación gira en torno a un objeto al que se le ha prestado nula atención en la imagen que nos ofrece Benjamin: el tablero de ajedrez en el que''el materialismo histórico” no ha dejado de vencer. Se sostiene que uno de los elementos fundamentales es comprender, en atención a su llamado a concebir''la historia a contrapelo”, ¿quién es ese vencido que está frente al autómata en el tablero? Esta pregunta tiene la intención de salir de los objetos que Benjamin presenta en este texto y brindar una llave interpretativa para la relectura de esta tesis.

Abstract This paper analyzes the thesis I About the concept of history of Walter Benjamin in relation with the theory of fetichism of the merchandise and provides an integrated interpretation on the subject developed by Michael Löwy, Enrique Dussel and Franz Hinkelammert. The interpretation is primarily focused on an object which almost no attention has been given in an image offered to us by Benjamin: The image of the chessboard where''Historical Materialism” has always triumphed. This essay holds that one of the fundamental elements to understand how to conceive''history against the grain” is, who is the loser in front the chessboard? The question has an intention to go out of the objects that Benjamin presents in this text and show an interpretative key for an overview of this thesis.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 de diferentes grupos de edad en hospitales de Lima y Callao. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio de cohorte retrospectiva analizamos datos de pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19, notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud de Perú de marzo a octubre del 2020. Se estimaron riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad por grupos de edad: jóvenes (18-29 años), adultos (30-59 años) y mayores (≥60 años). Resultados. Se incluyeron 2366 jóvenes, 23781 adultos y 25356 adultos mayores en el análisis. Los adultos mayores presentaron la mortalidad más alta (63,7%) en comparación con adultos (27,1%) y jóvenes (8,5%). Independientemente del grupo de edad, la presencia de enfermedad neurológica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer se asoció a un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Adicionalmente, la enfermedad cardiovascular fue también un factor de riesgo en los jóvenes; la obesidad, la diabetes, la enfermedad cardiovascular, la enfermedad pulmonar crónica y la inmunodeficiencia en los adultos; y la obesidad y la enfermedad pulmonar crónica en los mayores. Conclusiones: Independientemente de los grupos de edad, los individuos con enfermedad neurológica crónica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer tendrían un alto riesgo de morir por la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To evaluate comorbidities associated with mortality in adult patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 in hospitals in Lima and Callao. Materials and methods. In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from adult patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance System of the Peruvian Ministry of Health from March to October 2020. We estimated relative risks with 95% confidence intervals using Poisson regression models with robust variance to assess comorbidities associated with mortality by age group: young adults (18-29 years), adults (30-59 years) and older adults (≥60 years). Results. We included 2366 young adults, 23,781 adults and 25,356 older adults. Older adults had the highest mortality (63.7%) compared to adults (27.1%) and young adults (8.5%). Regardless of age group, the presence of neurological disease, renal disease, liver disease, and cancer was associated with an increased risk of mortality. Additionally, cardiovascular disease was also a risk factor in young adults; obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and immunodeficiency in adults; and obesity and chronic lung disease in the elderly. Conclusions. Regardless of age groups, individuals with chronic neurologic disease, renal disease, liver disease, and cancer were at high risk of death from COVID-19.

Resumen Se determinó el efecto de la adición de xoconostle en la fermentación ruminal in vitro de rastrojo de maíz con objeto de reducir la emisión de metano. Estudios previos han demostrado que el xoconostle contiene compuestos bioactivos con actividad antimicrobiana potencial que mejoran la fermentación ruminal. Se adicionaron el 0.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% y 6.0% de xoconostle. Se determinó la composición química de los sustratos, compuestos fenólicos, capacidad antioxidante, desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y las variables de cinética de producción de gas. El volumen de metano se midió utilizando la técnica de captura de bióxido de carbono en solución de hidróxido de sodio. Con la adición del xoconostle se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) el contenido de proteína, extracto etéreo, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante. La DIVMS también se incrementó con la adición del xoconostle. Respecto a la producción de ácido propiónico, ésta se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) con el 6.0 % de xoconostle. Los parámetros cinéticos obtenidos mediante el mejor ajuste de los datos experimentales mostraron una mayor tasa de digestión y menor producción de metano con la adición del 4.0 y 6.0 % de xoconostle. El uso de xoconostle como aditivo en dietas para rumiantes disminuye la producción de metano in vitro por lo que puede ser una alternativa para mitigar el incremento del efecto invernadero y beneficiar el cultivo de un fruto comercialmente no muy apreciado.

Abstract The effect of the addition of xoconostle on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn stover was determined in order to reduce methane emission. Previous studies have shown that xoconostle contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial activity that enhance ruminal fermentation. Zero point zero percent, 2.0 %, 4.0 % and 6.0 % of xoconostle were added. The following were determined: chemical composition of the substrates, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, in vitro disappearance of dry matter (IVDDM), the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the kinetic variables of gas production. The volume of methane was measured using the technique of capturing carbon dioxide in sodium hydroxide solution. The content of protein, ether extract, total phenols and antioxidant activity significantly increased (P<0.05) with the addition of xoconostle. The IVDDM also increased with the addition of xoconostle. Regarding the production of propionic acid, it increased significantly (P<0.05) with 6.0 % of xoconostle. The kinetic parameters obtained by the best fit of the experimental data showed a higher digestion rate and lower methane production with the addition of 4.0 and 6.0 % of xoconostle. The use of xoconostle as an additive in ruminant diets decreases methane production in vitro so it can be an alternative to mitigate the increase in the greenhouse effect and benefit the cultivation of a commercially not very appreciated fruit.

Abstract: Elderly people have increased at an accelerated rate in recent years. In Mexico, one of the main problems affecting this population are related to disabilities, specifically limited mobility, i.e., arthritis in older adults. Different technological solutions have been proposed, such as electrical wheelchairs. However, for arthritic people, these wheelchairs are difficult to operate, lacking comfortability, and might be very expensive. In this work, we propose the development of a smart wheelchair for arthritic older adults able to move automatically and controlled by using slight manual movements of the hand and by voice commands. We followed the general methodology of a mechatronic design. A proof-of-concept model of the wheelchair was implemented. For validation, we tested the prototype in different real indoor scenarios. Results conclude that our proposed smart wheelchair complies with the user requirements, it is easy to operate, and the cost is reduced considerably. We anticipate this is a low-cost efficient smart wheelchair prototype that can be further considered for real technological solutions.

Resumen Los nuevos modelos de negocios sientan sus bases en la economía digital, no requieren presencia física o intermediarios, interactúan con consumidores de diversas jurisdicciones gracias al uso progresivo de tecnologías de comunicación e internet, con costos bajos y alta velocidad. Ello ha provocado confrontación de intereses fiscales de las naciones en relación con la distribución de potestades tributarias y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de los contribuyentes. Este trabajo examina las implicaciones de la economía digital en los sistemas tributarios en torno al Proyecto BEPS, por sus siglas en inglés: Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, promovido por el Grupo de los Veinte (G-20) y la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). A través de una revisión documental con un análisis descriptivo, se aborda la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios, así como los principales desafíos que enfrentan las administraciones tributarias en el contexto internacional. La evidencia muestra una imperante necesidad de mejorar, de forma continua, la asignación de potestades tributarias donde Latinoamérica, así como otras naciones en desarrollo, podrían verse favorecidas al gravar rentas que provienen del comercio electrónico.

Abstract The new business models are based on the digital economy, and do not require physical presence or intermediaries. They interact with consumers from different jurisdictions due to the progressive use of communication technologies and the internet, at low costs and high speed. This has led to a confrontation of the fiscal interests of nations in relation to taxing powers distribution and the fulfillment of taxpayers’ obligations. This paper examines the implications of the digital economy on tax systems in relation to the BEPS Project: Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, promoted by the Group of Twenty (G-20) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Through a documentary review with a descriptive analysis, it addresses tax base erosion and profit shifting, as well as the main challenges faced by tax administrations in the international context. The evidence shows an urgent need to continuously improve the assignment of taxing power where Latin America, as well as other developing nations, could be favored by taxing income from e-commerce.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze food strategies, the quality of breakfast and the practice of physical activity in medical students, related to their socioeconomic conditions, and body mass index. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional comparative study in 2nd-year students sitting a course in medicine at the University of Mexico. An instrument was developed and validated to collect the variables indicated, which was applied online using the Formstack platform. We used X2 or Fisher's exact and t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U-test and performed logistic regression. Results: The logistic regression model indicated that being over 20 years of age, male, obese, and with a low physical activity index were risk factors associated with unhealthy food strategies, with no statistically significant difference. The risk was 41.2-fold in individuals reporting a poor-breakfast quality and six-fold in those who did not eat breakfast. The odds ratio values for insufficient and satisfactory quality of breakfast were at risk, with no statistically significant difference. Not having enough food was a 7.9-fold predictor of risk. Unhealthy food strategies were observed in more than 70% of students with intermediate and inadequate economic resources and in which the average expenditure on food was low. Conclusion: Healthy eating habits need to be promoted at the Faculty of Medicine, in addition to stressing the importance of a good quality breakfast and engagement in physical activity among students.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overweight and obesity are public health problems worldwide. Alcoholic beverages could increase total energy intake causing an increase in body weight. However, few authors have pointed out the association between this habit and excess weight in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between alcohol consumption and excess weight in university students from 10 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out with 4,539 university students enrolled in ten Latin American countries. To assess alcohol consumption, the question Do you consume alcoholic beverages? (1 portion 1 glass of 200 ml). Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 was determined from self-reported weight and height. To determine if excess weight was associated with alcohol consumption, a logistic regression analysis was used, adjusted for age, sex, year of study, socioeconomic level, physical activity, and smoking. Results: Among students with normal nutritional status, 59.6% did not consume alcohol, while among those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 it was 55.1%. Students who consumed 2 or more servings of alcohol per day had a 2.18 times greater risk of being overweight (OR: 2.18 [95% CI: 1.26 to 3.77]), compared with those who did not consume alcohol. Conclusion: It was observed that those students who consumed more alcohol were more likely to be overweight.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son problemas de salud pública de nivel mundial. Si bien existe información respecto al consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia, pocos autores han señalado la asociación entre este hábito y el exceso de peso en esta población. El objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y el exceso de peso en estudiantes universitarios de 10 países de Latinoamérica durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal y multicéntrico con 4.539 estudiantes universitarios matriculados en diez países de América Latina. Para la valoración del consumo de alcohol se utilizó la pregunta ¿Consumes bebidas alcohólicas? (1 porción 1 vaso de 200 ml). El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se determinó a partir del peso y la altura auto informado. Para determinar si el exceso de peso (IMC ≥25 kg/m2) estaba asociado con el consumo de alcohol, se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística, ajustado por edad, sexo, año de estudio, nivel socioeconómico, actividad física y tabaquismo. Resultados: Entre los estudiantes con estado nutricional normal, un 59,6% no consumía alcohol, mientras entre los que presentaban un exceso de peso era un 55,1%. Los estudiantes que consumían 2 o más porciones de alcohol al día tenían 2,18 veces más riesgo de tener exceso de peso (OR: 2.18 [95% IC: 1,26 a 3,77]), comparado con aquellos que no consumían alcohol. Conclusión: Se observó que aquellos estudiantes que consumieron más alcohol tuvieron más probabilidades de tener exceso de peso.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To evaluate comorbidities associated with mortality in adult patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 in hospitals in Lima and Callao. Materials and methods. In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from adult patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance System of the Peruvian Ministry of Health from March to October 2020. We estimated relative risks with 95% confidence intervals using Poisson regression models with robust variance to assess comorbidities associated with mortality by age group: young adults (18-29 years), adults (30-59 years) and older adults (≥60 years). Results. We included 2366 young adults, 23,781 adults and 25,356 older adults. Older adults had the highest mortality (63.7%) compared to adults (27.1%) and young adults (8.5%). Regardless of age group, the presence of neurological disease, renal disease, liver disease, and cancer was associated with an increased risk of mortality. Additionally, cardiovascular disease was also a risk factor in young adults; obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and immunodeficiency in adults; and obesity and chronic lung disease in the elderly. Conclusions. Regardless of age groups, individuals with chronic neurologic disease, renal disease, liver disease, and cancer were at high risk of death from COVID-19.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 de diferentes grupos de edad en hospitales de Lima y Callao. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio de cohorte retrospectiva analizamos datos de pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19, notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud de Perú de marzo a octubre del 2020. Se estimaron riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para evaluar las comorbilidades asociadas a la mortalidad por grupos de edad: jóvenes (18-29 años), adultos (30-59 años) y mayores (≥60 años). Resultados. Se incluyeron 2366 jóvenes, 23781 adultos y 25356 adultos mayores en el análisis. Los adultos mayores presentaron la mortalidad más alta (63,7%) en comparación con adultos (27,1%) y jóvenes (8,5%). Independientemente del grupo de edad, la presencia de enfermedad neurológica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer se asoció a un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Adicionalmente, la enfermedad cardiovascular fue también un factor de riesgo en los jóvenes; la obesidad, la diabetes, la enfermedad cardiovascular, la enfermedad pulmonar crónica y la inmunodeficiencia en los adultos; y la obesidad y la enfermedad pulmonar crónica en los mayores. Conclusiones: Independientemente de los grupos de edad, los individuos con enfermedad neurológica crónica, enfermedad renal, enfermedad hepática y cáncer tendrían un alto riesgo de morir por la COVID-19.

Abstract Albendazole is an anthelmintic drug commonly used in parenchymal neurocysticercosis and cystic echinococcosis. The aim of this study was to explore whether disparities in the dissolution profiles of albendazole products lead to significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. Three generic products and the innovator were evaluated in vitro. Quality control tests were performed, and dissolution profiles were obtained according to the Mexican Pharmacopeia. Although all products passed the quality control tests, none of the generic products complied with the similarity factor (f 2). The product with the lowest f 2 value in respect to the reference was chosen for in vivo evaluation. The study was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers who received 400 mg of the generic or reference product according to a crossover design. No significant differences were found in Cmax and AUC for albendazole and its main metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, between products. Two absorption peaks were observed in the pharmacokinetic profile, and a population (22%) with different absorption rates and delay time for the the second peak was found. Based on the results, due to the high variability in the absorption process the differences observed in vitro could not be observed in vivo.

ABSTRACT Fishing is an important economic activity in the world that produces food and generates employment. Although cooperatives have been strengthened as a successful business model, in Mexico they face diverse problems. The use of sustainability indicators is useful to identify areas of opportunity. One of these is the ecological footprint from which the corporate ecological footprint was derived, which measures the environmental impact in surface units. The objective of this work is to identify areas of opportunity for environmental improvement of a fishing cooperative through the evaluation and analysis of the footprint, to generate strategies. The calculation was made through the Composite Method in Financial Accounts. A gross ecological footprint of 299.24 gha was found, as well as 688.96 t of CO2. Opportunity areas are the consumption reduction in the categories of materials, land use of forest resources, and the forest ecosystem, the latter two with greater impact on the footprint. It is recommended that annual monitoring of the footprint be implemented in the future to evaluate its reduction over time.

RESUMEN La importancia económica y social de la pesca a nivel mundial está basada en la producción de alimento y en la generación de empleo. A pesar de que las cooperativas se han fortalecido como modelo de negocio exitoso, en México las cooperativas pesqueras enfrentan problemas diversos. El uso de indicadores de sustentabilidad es útil para identificar áreas de oportunidad. Uno de estos es la huella ecológica de donde derivó el de huella ecológica corporativa que mide el impacto ambiental global en unidades de superficie. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las áreas de oportunidad en la mejora ambiental de una cooperativa pesquera y generar estrategias, mediante la evaluación y análisis de la huella. El cálculo se hizo a través del Método Compuesto en Cuentas Contables. Se encontró una huella ecológica bruta de 299.24 gha, así como 688.96 t de CO2. Las áreas de oportunidad son la reducción de consumos en las categorías de materiales, suelo de recursos forestales y ecosistema bosque, éstos dos últimos con el mayor influjo en la huella. Se recomienda la implementación del monitoreo de la huella con el fin de estimar las reducciones anuales.

Resumen Introducción: Las bioprótesis de válvulas cardiacas son el estándar de oro para el reemplazo quirúrgico de la válvula aórtica en pacientes seleccionados. Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la válvula cardiaca bioprotésica del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología (INC) en humanos. Métodos: Estudio unicéntrico que incluyó 341 pacientes que se sometieron a reemplazo valvular quirúrgico único de válvula aórtica con válvula INC. Resultados: Se realizaron 318 implantes de novo (93 %) y 23 como segunda cirugía (7 %); las puntuaciones STS fueron de 1.4 y 1.8 % y el seguimiento de 42 y 46 meses, respectivamente. No existieron diferencias en las complicaciones ni en la tasa de implantación de marcapasos. Ambos grupos mantuvieron una FEVI normal. Se observó mejoría global en la clase funcional con empeoramiento solo en dos pacientes del grupo de novo. La disfunción de la prótesis INC que ameritó reintervención quirúrgica se observó en ocho pacientes (4.65 %) del grupo de novo versus un paciente (7.69 %) con segunda cirugía. Conclusiones: La válvula cardiaca INC es eficaz y segura, se asocia a baja tasa de complicaciones y mejoría de la clase funcional durante el seguimiento a largo plazo. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos comparativos de esta válvula.

Abstract Introduction: Heart valve bioprostheses are the gold standard for aortic valve surgical replacement in selected patients. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the of the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) bioprosthetic heart alve of the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) bioprosthetic heart valve in humans. Methods: Single-center study that ncluded 341 patients who underwent single surgical aortic valve replacement with INC heart valve. Results: 318 implants were performed de novo (93%) and 23 as redo surgery (7%); STS scores were 1.4 and 1.8%, and follow-up was for 42 and 46 months, respectively. There were no differences in clinical complications or pacemaker implantation rate. Both groups maintained a normal LVEF. Overall improvement in functional class was observed, with worsening only in two patients of the de novo group. INC prosthesis dysfunction requiring surgical reintervention was observed in eight patients (4.65%) of the de novo group vs. one patient in the redo group. Conclusions: The INC heart valve is efficacious and safe, and is associated with a The INC heart valve is efficacious and safe, and is associated with a low rate of complications and functional class improvement during long-term follow-up. Prospective, comparative studies of this valve are required.