Resumen Se discute sobre los procesos identitarios subjetivos producidos en la experiencia migratoria transnacional a través de la noción de identidades intersticiales. Para ilustrar el uso de dicho concepto, se analiza un caso construido a partir de relatos de vida, entrevista en profundidad y fotohistorias. Así, se identifica que María, brasileña inmigrante calificada en Santiago de Chile, elige descender de clase en el país de destino para construirse a sí misma como sujeto de su historia. Además, se reflexiona sobre la procesualidad de sus identidades y sobre las negociaciones identitarias que ella establece en el intersticio de diferentes configuraciones culturales con las cuales se relaciona transnacionalmente, en un contexto en que las categorías de género y de clase son relevantes. Finalmente, se concluye que pensar la experiencia migratoria a partir de las identidades intersticiales no permite construir tipologías identitarias, sino explorar las articulaciones entre sujeto y cultura en la migración.

Abstract This paper discusses the subjective identity processes produced in the transnational migration experience through the concept of interstitial identities. To illustrate the uses of this concept, a case built from life stories, in-depth interviews, and photo stories is analyzed. Thus, Maria is identified, a skilled Brazilian immigrant in Santiago de Chile, who chooses to descend from the upper to low socioeconomic class in the destination country to construct herself as the subject of her history. In addition, it reflects on the processuality of their identities and on the identity negotiations that she establishes in the interstice between different cultural configurations she relates transnationally, in which gender and class are relevant categories. Finally, it is concluded that thinking about the migratory experience from interstitial identities does not allow to build identity typologies but to explore the articulations between subject and culture in migration.

Abstract This paper discusses the subjective identity processes produced in the transnational migration experience through the concept of interstitial identities. To illustrate the uses of this concept, a case built from life stories, in-depth interviews, and photo stories is analyzed. Thus, Maria is identified, a skilled Brazilian immigrant in Santiago de Chile, who chooses to descend from the upper to low socioeconomic class in the destination country to construct herself as the subject of her history. In addition, it reflects on the processuality of their identities and on the identity negotiations that she establishes in the interstice between different cultural configurations she relates transnationally, in which gender and class are relevant categories. Finally, it is concluded that thinking about the migratory experience from interstitial identities does not allow to build identity typologies but to explore the articulations between subject and culture in migration.

Resumen Se discute sobre los procesos identitarios subjetivos producidos en la experiencia migratoria transnacional a través de la noción de identidades intersticiales. Para ilustrar el uso de dicho concepto, se analiza un caso construido a partir de relatos de vida, entrevista en profundidad y fotohistorias. Así, se identifica que María, brasileña inmigrante calificada en Santiago de Chile, elige descender de clase en el país de destino para construirse a sí misma como sujeto de su historia. Además, se reflexiona sobre la procesualidad de sus identidades y sobre las negociaciones identitarias que ella establece en el intersticio de diferentes configuraciones culturales con las cuales se relaciona transnacionalmente, en un contexto en que las categorías de género y de clase son relevantes. Finalmente, se concluye que pensar la experiencia migratoria a partir de las identidades intersticiales no permite construir tipologías identitarias, sino explorar las articulaciones entre sujeto y cultura en la migración.

Abstract Introduction: malnutrition, both due to deficiency and excess of nutrients, correlates to the morbidity of the surgical patient. Objectives: to analyze the nutritional status, body composition and bone health of patients undergoing elective knee and hip arthroplasty. Methods: an observational cross-sectional study was carried out evaluating patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery from February to September 2019. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), anthropometry, hand-grip dynamometry, bone densitometry, lumbar spine X-ray and bioimpedance analysis were performed. Results: eighty-six patients (61.6 % women) were evaluated, with a mean age of 69.5 ± 9.5 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.3 ± 4.5. According to MUST, 21.3 % were at risk of malnutrition; 16.9 % had decreased triceps skinfold with respect to p50 and 20 % had a pathological hand-grip dynamometry. In 91.4 %, vitamin D was < 30 pg/ml. In the bioimpedanciometry, the women presented significantly decreased muscle mass values. Age was correlated with a lower presence of fat-free mass, total and appendicular muscle mass. In those over 65 years of age, 52.6 % of men vs 14.3 % of women had a decreased muscle mass index; 58.5 % had low bone mineral density. We observed vertebral bone collapses in 13.9 %. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of obesity in patients who are candidates for arthroplasty and this does not exclude the existence of a risk of malnutrition. They may also have decreased muscle mass and strength. Nutritional education and physical exercise recommendations are essential in order to optimize nutritional status for surgery.

Resumen Introducción: la malnutrición tanto por defecto como por exceso de nutrientes se relaciona con la morbilidad del paciente quirúrgico. Objetivos: analizar el estado nutricional, la composición corporal y la salud ósea de pacientes sometidos a artroplastia electiva de rodilla y cadera. Método: se realiza un estudio transversal observacional evaluando pacientes que ingresan para cirugía de prótesis de cadera y rodilla de febrero a septiembre de 2019. Al ingreso, se realizan Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), antropometría, dinamometría manual, densitometría ósea, radiografía de columna lumbar y bioimpedanciometría. Resultados: se evaluó a 86 pacientes (61,6 % mujeres), con edad media de 69,5 ± 9,5 años. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) medio fue de 31,3 ± 4,5. Según MUST, el 21,3 % estaba en riesgo de desnutrición. El 16,9 % tenía disminuido el pliegue tricipital respecto al p50 y el 20 % tenía una dinamometría manual patológica. En el 91,4 % la vitamina D fue < 30 pg/ml. En la bioimpedanciometría, las mujeres presentaban valores de masa muscular significativamente disminuidos. La edad se correlacionó con menor presencia de masa libre de grasa, masa muscular total y apendicular. En mayores de 65 años, el 52,6 % de varones vs. 14,3 % de mujeres presentaban un índice de masa muscular disminuido. El 58,5 % tenía densidad mineral ósea baja. Objetivamos aplastamientos vertebrales en el 13,9 %. Conclusiones: existe una alta prevalencia de obesidad en pacientes candidatos a artroplastia y esto no excluye la existencia de riesgo de desnutrición. Además, pueden presentar disminución de masa y fuerza muscular. Es fundamental la educación nutricional y recomendaciones de ejercicio físico de cara a optimizar el estado nutricional para cirugía.

Resumen En este trabajo de investigación analizamos la tasa de ahorro de los hogares mexicanos antes y durante la pandemia por la COVID-19. El objetivo central es actualizar el conocimiento sobre el tema, para así cuantificar el efecto de las variables socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas determinantes del ahorro. Aplicamos el método econométrico de regresión cuantil para los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares de 2018 y 2020. Los resultados obtenidos comprueban la heterogeneidad de la influencia de las variables seleccionadas según el cuantil de la tasa de ahorro modelada, así como el cambio dinámico del efecto asociado a los determinantes y de la tasa de ahorro como consecuencia de la crisis económica derivada por la COVID-19.

Abstract In this research paper we analyze the Mexican household saving rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our key research goal is to update the knowledge on this topic and quantify the effects of socioeconomic and sociodemographic covariates as household saving determinants. We apply a quantile regression model taking data from the 2018 and 2020 Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares. Our results provide evidence about the heterogeneity of the effects of socioeconomic and sociodemographic household saving determinants, also about the dynamic change of effects associated with the determinants and the household saving rate, as a consequence of the economic crisis derived from COVID-19.

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Abstract: Introduction: Arterial hypertension is the great challenge of health policies in the world. Its high prevalence, the lack of control (linked to poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment) and its high "burden" (as a non-communicable disease) are responsible for the increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objetive: To evaluate, as a pilot test, the benefit of real-time telemonitoring applied to blood pressure (BP) control. Metodology: Inclusion criteria: Diagnosed hypertensives, under pharmacological treatment, assisted in the Maciel Hospital polyclinic in the period June-October 2019. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy and upper arm circumference less than 22 cm or greater than 42 cm. Home blood pressure monitoring was implemented, using a validated electronic blood pressure monitor and a smart cell phone connected to a private web platform in real time. Analytical, experimental, prospective study. Qualitative variables were expressed in absolute frequency and percentage relative frequency. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The normality of the distribution was verified using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Results: Of a total of 57 patients, the mean age was 59 ± 12.8 years, female sex 64.9%. Presenting 22.8% poor knowledge of the disease. Regarding the control of BP figures, 31.6% reported not checking regularly. Adherence to pharmacological treatment at the beginning of the monitoring was 33.3%. Figures lower than those described by RENATA-2, where half of the treated hypertensives complied with the treatment. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were analyzed at the beginning and end of the study. Pre-monitoring measurements were mean SBP: 138.6 ± 17.8 mmHg and mean DBP: 85.4 ± 14.8 mmHg. The records at the end of the immediate monitoring were 131.5 ± 19.9 mmHg and 81.5 ± 14.2 mmHg for PAS and PAD, respectively. Finding a significant difference between the means of the PAS (p 0.019), but not between the means of the DBP (p 0.06). Discussion: Although the percentage of patients achieving good BP control was significant, these results may be closely related to a subtype of observed performance bias, rather than the outcome of the intervention. The mean days of telemonitoring were 8, 85, number of shots was 34.12, and number of interventions performed by the observer (medication change) was 0.30. User satisfaction with the method used was 96.4%, and 100% considered it Easy or very easy to use. 87.5% would use it for long periods of time, including older adults. Conclusions: The studied method shows potential benefits for the control of BP figures, with a wide acceptance by users, facilitating access to the health system, and quality medical care.

Resumo: Introdução: A hipertensão arterial é o grande desafio das políticas de saúde no mundo. Sua alta prevalência, o descontrole (ligado à baixa adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo) e sua alta "carga" (como doença não transmissível) são responsáveis pelo aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Objetivo: foi avaliar como teste piloto, o benefício do telemonitoramento em tempo real, aplicado ao controle da pressão arterial (PA). Metodologia: Critérios de inclusão: Hipertensos diagnosticados, em tratamento farmacológico, atendidos na policlínica do Hospital Maciel no período de junho a outubro de 2019. Critérios de exclusão: gravidez e circunferência do braço menor que 22 cm ou maior que 42 cm. Foi implementado o monitoramento domiciliar da pressão arterial, utilizando um monitor eletrônico de pressão arterial validado e um telefone celular inteligente conectado a uma plataforma web privada em tempo real. Estudo analítico, experimental, prospectivo.As variáveis qualitativas foram expressas em frequência absoluta e frequência relativa percentual. As variáveis quantitativas foram expressas como média e desvio padrão. A normalidade da distribuição foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. Resultados: De um total de 57 pacientes, a média de idade foi de 59 ± 12,8 anos, sexo feminino 64,9%. Apresentando 22,8% conhecimento ruim sobre a doença. Em relação ao controle dos valores da PA, 31,6% relataram não verificar regularmente. A adesão ao tratamento farmacológico no início do acompanhamento foi de 33,3%, valores inferiores aos descritos pelo RENATA-2, onde metade dos hipertensos tratados aderiu ao tratamento. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram analisadas no início e no final do estudo. As medições de pré-monitoramento foram PAS média: 138,6 ± 17,8 mmHg e PAD média: 85,4 ± 14,8 mmHg. Os registros ao final do monitoramento imediato foram de 131,5 ± 19,9 mmHg e 81,5 ± 14,2 mmHg para PAS e PAD, respectivamente. Encontrando diferença significativa entre as médias do PAS (p 0,019), mas não entre as médias do DBP (p 0,06). Discussão: Embora a porcentagem de pacientes que alcançaram um bom controle da PA tenha sido significativa, esses resultados podem estar intimamente relacionados a um subtipo de viés de desempenho observado, e não ao resultado da intervenção. A média de dias de telemonitoramento foi 8, 85, o número de disparos foi 34,12, e o número de intervenções realizadas pelo observador (mudança de medicação) foi de 0,30. A satisfação dos usuários com o método utilizado foi de 96,4%, sendo que 100% consideraram fácil ou muito fácil de usar. 87,5% usariam por longos períodos de tempo, inclusive idosos adultos. Conclusões: O método estudado apresenta potenciais benefícios para o controle dos valores da PA, com ampla aceitação pelos usuários, facilitando o acesso ao sistema de saúde e assistência médica de qualidade.

Abstract Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.

Abstract Background Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a secondary cause of headache and an underdiagnosed disease. The clinical presentation can be highly variable. It typically presents with isolated classic orthostatic headache complaints, but patients can develop significant complications such as cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Objective To report 3 cases of SIH diagnosis admitted and treated in a tertiary-level neurology ward. Methods Review of the medical files of three patients and description of clinical and surgical outcomes. Results Three female patients with SIH with a mean age of 25.6 ± 10.0 years old. The patients had orthostatic headache, and one of them presented with somnolence and diplopia because of a CVT. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ranges from normal findings to classic findings of SIH as pachymeningeal enhancement and downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils. Spine MRI showed abnormal epidural fluid collections in all cases, and computed tomography (CT) myelography could determine an identifiable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in only one patient. One patient received a conservative approach, and the other two were submitted to open surgery with lamino-plasty. Both of them had uneventful recovery and remission in surgery follow-up. Conclusion The diagnosis and management of SIH are still a challenge in neurology practice. We highlight in the present study severe cases of incapacitating SIH, complication with CVT, and good outcomes with neurosurgical treatment.

Resumo Antecedentes Hipotensão intracraniana espontânea (HIE) é uma causa secundária de cefaleia e uma doença subdiagnosticada. A apresentação clínica pode ser muito variável. Tipicamente, se apresenta com queixas isoladas de cefaleia ortostática clássica, porém pode evoluir com complicações significativas como trombose venosa cerebral (TVC). Objetivo Relatar 3 casos de diagnóstico de hipotensão intracraniana espontânea manejados em uma enfermaria de neurologia de nível terciário. Métodos Revisão dos prontuários de três pacientes e descrição dos resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos. Resultados Três pacientes do sexo feminino com média de idade de 25.6 ± 10.0 anos. As pacientes apresentavam cefaleia ortostática e uma delas apresentou sonolência e diplopia devido a TVC. A ressonância magnética (RM) do encéfalo varia de achados normais até achados clássicos de HIE como realce paquimeníngeo e deslocamento inferior das tonsilas cerebelares. A RM da coluna mostrou coleções anormais de líquido epidural em todos os casos e a mielografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC) foi capaz de determinar fístula liquórica identificável em apenas uma paciente. Uma paciente recebeu abordagem conservadora e as outras duas foram submetidas a cirurgia aberta com laminoplastia. Ambas tiveram recuperação e remissão sem intercorrências no seguimento cirúrgico. Conclusão O diagnóstico e manejo da hipotensão intracraniana ainda são desafios na prática neurológica. Destacamos no presente estudo casos graves, complicação com TVC e bons resultados com tratamento neurocirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Adsorption is one of the processes that can be used in industries to reduce the presence of pollutants in their effluents; the substitution of activated carbon by agro-industrial solid wastes has been explored, showing high efficiency in the removal of these compounds. To scale up this process, kinetic and equilibrium models are required for each adsorbate-adsorbent pair. In this work, equilibrium and kinetics were evaluated for sorghum-methylene blue and sugarcane bagasse-methylene blue agricultural residues in batch system with biomass concentration of 10 g/L, agitation of 80 rpm, pH of 5,5 u and particle size (0,35 - 0,63) mm at three different temperatures. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were selected for isotherm representation and the pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models for process kinetics. The Temkin model presented the best fit to the isotherms, while the adsorption kinetics was best described by the Pseudo second order model, considering the criteria of correlation coefficient and statistical errors: sum of squares of the error and average relative error. These results indicate that adsorption is favorable and occurs by chemisorption.

RESUMEN La adsorción es uno de los procesos que se pueden emplear en las industrias para reducir la presencia de contaminantes en sus efluentes, la sustitución del carbón activado por residuos sólidos agroindustriales ha sido explorada, mostrando alta eficiencia en la eliminación de estos compuestos. Para el escalado de este proceso se requieren modelos cinéticos y de equilibrio para cada pareja adsorbato-adsorbente. En este trabajo se evaluaron el equilibrio y la cinética para residuos agrícolas de sorgo-azul de metileno y bagazo de caña de azúcar-azul de metileno en sistema discontinuo con concentración de biomasa de 10 g/L, agitación de 80 rpm, pH de 5,5 u y tamaño de partícula (0,35 - 0,63) mm a tres temperaturas diferentes. Los modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin y Dubinin-Radushkevich fueron seleccionados para la representación de las isotermas y los de pseudo primer orden, pseudo segundo orden, Elovich y difusión intraparticular para la cinética del proceso. El modelo de Temkin presentó el mejor ajuste a las isotermas, mientras la cinética de adsorción fue mejor descrita por el modelo Pseudo segundo orden, considerando los criterios de coeficiente de correlación y errores estadísticos: suma de cuadrados del error y error relativo promedio. Estos resultados indican que la adsorción es favorable y ocurre mediante quimisorción.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the economic feasibility of the chlorophyll meters SPAD-502 and ClorofiLOG CFL1030 for nitrogen fertilization management in corn using deterministic and probabilistic models for small farms. To do so, representative cash flows for corn production were analyzed using three variable rate fertilization systems based on different nitrogen sufficiency indices. Thus, for each system, eight scenarios of different-sized cultivation areas and two sampling methodologies of the chlorophyll meter index (CMI) were simulated as follows: scenarios 1, 2, 3 and 4 used the CMI average obtained from 30 individual samplings in 1, 3, 5 and 7 ha areas; scenarios 5, 6, 7 and 8 used the CMI average in zones (30 individual samplings per zone), with 3, 5, 7 and 9 zones in 1, 3, 5 and 7 ha areas, respectively. The economic feasibility of the sensors was determined using different economic indicators, such as the internal rate of return (IRR) and the net present value (NPV), considering a minimum rate of attractiveness (MRA) of 6% per year with an 8-year project horizon. The risk was assessed by the Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that regardless of the sampling approach, the SPAD-502 is economically feasible when acquired in Brazil or via importation through the USA in cultivation areas from 7 or 5 ha in size, respectively. Conversely, the ClorofiLOG CFL1030 could result in greater economic feasibility in areas from 3 ha.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue precisar la viabilidad económica de los medidores de clorofila SPAD-502 y ClorofiLOG CFL1030para la gestión de la fertilización nitrogenada en maíz, utilizando modelos deterministas y probabilísticos para pequeñas explotaciones. Con este fin, se analizaron flujos de caja representativos de la producción de maíz mediante tres sistemas de fertilización de tasa variable basados en diferentes índices de suficiencia de nitrógeno. Para cada sistema se simularon ocho escenarios de áreas de cultivo de distinto tamaño y dos metodologías de muestreo del índice clorofílico (CMI). En los escenarios 1, 2, 3 y 4 se utilizó la media del CMI obtenida de 30 muestreos individuales en áreas de 1, 3, 5 y 7 ha. En los escenarios 5, 6, 7 y 8 se usó la media del CMI por zonas (30 muestreos individuales por zona), con 3, 5, 7 y 9 zonas en áreas de 1, 3, 5 y 7 ha, respectivamente. La viabilidad económica de los sensores se determinó a través de diferentes indicadores económicos, como la tasa interna de rendimiento (TIR) y el valor actual neto (VAN), considerando una tasa mínima de atracción (TMA) del 6% anual con un horizonte de proyecto de 8 años. El riesgo se evaluó mediante la simulación de Montecarlo. Los resultados evidenciaron que, independientemente del enfoque de muestreo, el SPAD-502 es económicamente viable cuando se adquiere en Brasil o mediante la importación a través de EE UU en áreas de cultivo a partir de 7 o 5 ha, respectivamente. Por el contrario, el ClorofiLOG CFL1030 podría resultar más factible económicamente en áreas a partir de 3 ha.

Resumen Las personas dedicadas a otorgar servicios de la salud tienen el compromiso legal, ético, profesional y humano de velar por la salud y el bienestar de la sociedad. Un médico no sólo debe formarse en el ámbito académico y técnico, también debe construir y trabajar en su ética profesional. La actualización médica continua en medicina basada en evidencia y el continuo adiestramiento en el área práctica y clínica, si bien son de suma importancia, deben ir de la mano con la aplicación de los principios éticos tales como el respeto por la autonomía, la beneficencia, no maleficencia al paciente y la justicia. El análisis de casos clínicos reales a la luz de la ética es un ejercicio muy enriquecedor para trascender en nuestra práctica diaria. No solamente es de gran ayuda para detectar y prevenir conductas que pudieran vulnerar o atentar contra la dignidad de los pacientes, sino para reafirmar el valor y la centralidad de la persona humana en el abordaje médico.

Abstract People dedicated to providing health services have the legal, ethical, professional and human commitment to ensure the health and welfare of society. A physician must not only be trained in the academic and technical field, but must also build and work on his or her professional ethics. Continuous medical updating in evidence-based medicine and continuous training in the practical and clinical area, although of utmost importance, must go hand in hand with the application of ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence to the patient and justice. The analysis of real clinical cases in the light of ethics is a very enriching exercise to transcend in our daily practice. It is not only of great help to detect and prevent behaviors that could violate or attempt against the dignity of patients, but also to reaffirm the value and centrality of the human person in the medical approach.

Resumen Introducción: Proponer la construcción de un índice numérico con las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas frente a SARS-CoV-2 a partir de la experiencia de una institución sanitaria en Barcelona, el Parc de Salut Mar (PSMar). Método: La construcción del índice se ha realizado en tres fases. La identificación y selección de las variables a incluir a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y la revisión documental. La definición de las dimensiones (constituidas a partir de una o más variables) y, finalmente la operatividad del índice a partir de dichas dimensiones. Se ha estimado el índice en el PSMar, y en sus dos principales centros, el Hospital del Mar y el Hospital de la Esperanza. Resultados: Se identificaron y categorizaron 21 variables, clasificadas en 5 dimensiones: equipos de protección individual, medidas organizativas individuales, medidas organizativas colectivas, medidas de vigilancia epidemiológica y actividades formativas. Además, De forma complementaria se añadió si existía un protocolo de actuación. Durante la primera ola, el índice en el Hospital del Mar se mantuvo por encima del valor obtenido en el Hospital de la Esperanza, mientras que en la segunda ola ambos índices presentaron valores similares hasta la semana 36, cuando el del hospital del Mar comenzó a presentar valores superiores. Estas oscilaciones se debieron principalmente a las dimensiones equipos de protección individual y actividades formativas. Conclusiones: El índice propuesto pone de manifiesto las dificultades para aplicar las diversas medidas preventivas no farmacológicas en las primeras semanas de la pandemia. Esta herramienta puede ser útil para evaluar las actividades desarrolladas frente a la pandemia por parte de los Servicios de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, con las oportunas adaptaciones a la realidad de cada empresa.

Abstract Introduction: We propose the construction of a numerical index of nonpharmacological preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2 based on the experience of Parc de Salut Mar (PSMar), a healthcare institution in Barcelona. Method: The construction of the index was carried out in three phases. First, we identified and selected the variables to be included based on semi-structured interviews with key informants and a review of relevant documents. Second, we defined the dimensions (consisting of one or more variables) and, as a final step, operationalised the index based on these dimensions. The index was then applied to generate estimates for the PSMar, and in its two main centres, the Hospital del Mar and the Hospital de la Esperanza. Results: Twenty-one variables were identified and categorised into five dimensions: personal protective equipment, individual organisational measures, collective organisational measures, epidemiological surveillance measures, and training activities. We also developed an action protocol. During the first SARS-CoV-2 wave, the index at the Hospital del Mar remained above that estimated for the Hospital de la Esperanza, whereas in the second wave both indices showed similar values until week 36, when the Hospital del Mar index began to show higher values. These oscillations were mainly due to the dimensions of personal protective equipment and training activities. Conclusions: The proposed index identified the difficulties in implementing the various non-pharmacological preventive measures during the first weeks of the pandemic. This tool can be useful for evaluating the activities carried out by the occupational risk prevention services during the pandemic, followed by appropriate adaptations to the realities of each individual company.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Brazil is facing increasing cycles of numbers of infected people and deaths resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This situation involves a series of factors, including the behavior of the population, that can be decisive for controlling the disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Brazilian population regarding COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey-type study, conducted using a population sample from different Brazilian states. METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach was used. Sampling was done according to convenience and via snowballing. The data collection instrument was a knowledge, attitudes and practices system. RESULTS: 1,655 people from all over Brazil participated in the survey; 80% were living in the southern region and 70.15% were female. More than 90% had knowledge and good attitudes relating to the means of transmission, preventive care and symptoms associated with COVID-19, although their knowledge and attitudes were not fully reflected in daily practices, for which there was lower adherence (80%). Greater knowledge was correlated with older participants, larger number of children, female sex and marital status; better attitude, with female sex and complete higher education; and better practices, with greater age, larger number of children and female sex. CONCLUSION: A large part of the population has general knowledge about COVID-19, but not all knowledge was applied in practice. Older people, females and university graduates stood out as the best informed and most committed to controlling the disease.

RESUMO A doença manchada de vinagreira causada por Corynespora cassiicola afeta a produção de cálice no México. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar vinte e dois genótipos de vinagreira contra C. cassiicola em casa de vegetação. Com base nas área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) foi possível detectar genótipos suscetíveis, tolerantes e resistentes. Dada a incidência nas folhas, os genótipos suscetíveis foram Conpoz, Sudlaz, Morcot e Sudigua (valores de AACPD 7379,2 a 5891,7); tolerantes foram Conayu e Chinxal (AACPD 1341,6 e 1313,2). Enquanto isso, pela severidade nas folhas, os suscetíveis foram Sudigua, Conpoz e Morena2 (AACPD de 788,4 a 436,3); tolerantes foram Almatech, Crioxal, Rojatec e Conayu (37,7 a 28,76 de AACPD). Enquanto, avaliando a incidência em cálices, genótipos suscetíveis foram; Morena2, Morena, Conpoz, Descop e Chinayu (AACPD de 6572,1 a 2319,4); para a gravidade suscetível foram Morena2, Descop, Morena, Cabxal, Chinayu e Conpoz (AACPD de 3355,4 a 779,2). A incidência e severidade nos cálices detectaram genótipos resistentes, que foram Almatech, Criolaz2, Criocot, Criolaz, Rojatec, Criopoz, Crioxal, Chinxal e Conayu (0,0 de AACPD). Neste estudo, foram detectados genótipos tolerantes e resistentes à mancha foliar e cálice causada por C. cassiicola em vinagreira.

ABSTRACT Roselle spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola affects calyx production in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to evaluate twenty-two roselle genotypes against C. cassiicola under greenhouse conditions. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was used to detect susceptible, tolerant and resistant genotypes. Considering the incidence in leaves, susceptible genotypes were Conpoz, Sudlaz, Morcot and Sudigua (AUDPC values of 7379.2 to 5891.7); tolerant genotypes were Conayu and Chinxal (AUDPC 1341.6 and 1313.2). Based on the severity in leaves, susceptible genotypes were Sudigua, Conpoz and Morena2 (AUDPC from 788.4 to 436.3); tolerant genotypes were Almatech, Crioxal, Rojatec and Conayu (37.7 to 28.76 AUDPC). Assessment of the incidence in calyces indicated that susceptible genotypes were Morena2, Morena, Conpoz, Descop and Chinayu (AUDPC from 6572.1 to 2319.4); for the severity in calices, susceptible genotypes were Morena2, Descop, Morena, Cabxal, Chinayu and Conpoz (AUDPC from 3355.4 to 779.2). Incidence and severity on calyces evidenced resistant genotypes, which were Almatech, Criolaz2, Criocot, Criolaz, Rojatec, Criopoz, Crioxal, Chinxal and Conayu (0.0 AUDPC). In the present study, tolerant and resistant genotypes were detected to leaf and calyx spot caused by C. cassiicola in roselle.