Abstract: The lack of a public policy based on scientific and traditional knowledge, oriented to the integral management of the territory is intrinsically expressed in the construction of risk, and therefore in the increase of the occurrence of disasters. Although in the last three decades there have been some advances in terms of civil protection in Mexico, it is necessary to conduct a critical review and evaluation of the National Civil Protection System and the existing institutional framework within the three orders of government, to determine role and functionality, as well as its effectiveness and relevance, in order to analyze its possible transformation into a System or National Coordination of Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRM). The implementation of such system should be based on five normative axes; efficiency and equity, integrality, transversality, co-responsibility and accountability. IDRM should be understood as a complex systematic process consisting of a series of decisions, actions and activities, as well as a transversal coordination between the different institutional and social actors, to understand and transform the needs and weaknesses expressed in the different aspects of vulnerability and exposure, in specific responses and collective solutions, whose main objective is the deconstruction of risk. Inevitably, IDRM requires a foundation directed towards the reduction of vulnerabilities as a strategic axis of diagnosis, laws, programs and co-management of government and society, where safeguarding human life is privileged, along with the improvement of the quality of life of the population and its integral development, within a framework of respect for human rights and, consequently, with a gender perspective. Based on the principles of the IDRM developed and agreed upon at the international level, this document contains a series of recommendations that were discussed by a group of academicians and put into consideration of the candidates for the Presidency of Mexico and those candidates of popular election at the Federal, State and Municipal level in June 2018, as well as to the President-elected Andrés Manuel López Obrador, and the next members of his cabinet, head of the cross-cutting areas related to disaster prevention. Within the sphere of IDRM, the same conception of the General Law of Civil Protection of 2012, poses significant challenges of coordination and institutional, administrative, regulatory and financial reforms, as well as a reconceptualization that could lead to its efficient implementation as a Public Policy. The latter must have a binding cross-sectoral character, in and between the different levels of government and be regulated under the axes of efficiency and equity, integrality, transversality, co-responsibility and accountability. For this, the reduction of institutional vulnerability is unavoidable. The transformation of the current National Civil Protection System into a National System for the IDRM, is raised through 55 considerations and requires the support of the Federal Government to establish new bases, learning from the most valuable elements of the generated experiences and focus on the production of welfare conditions of the population, considering as determining factors for the reduction of social vulnerability. It is a long-term research task, which must begin with the contributions of sciences and social, natural disciplines, as well as engineering and technology, in a sphere of rigorous assessment of its contemporary complexity, from an integral perspective, and therefore, of transdisciplinary work. Under this perspective, the territory is a fundamental factor in the processes of assessment of social vulnerability as it determines to a large extent the scope of the disaster risk reduction required by the National System for IDRM. As such, it is necessary and urgent recovering, disseminating and encouraging scientific research to generate theories, methods and models (quantitative and qualitative) of analysis, aimed at the comprehension of the territory, territoriality and habitability. It also should be directed towards strengthening territorial management, taking into account its different dimensions and scales, for the assessment of the real conditions of the population: experiences, resources, assets, capabilities, potentials and requirements in terms of social welfare, as an inescapable - and irreplaceable - device for the reduction and management of risks. Therefore, undoubtedly, IDRM must be understood in a transversal way to the public policy that affects the use of the territories from the local scale, and through the permanent coordination with other territorial levels: this is where the disasters have their origin and that is where the reduction of risk must first be rooted, which leads to the prevention of future disasters.

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Three hundred and eighty first year students of the National School of Dentistry (UNAM) (n = 380) (academic year 2012-2013), were assessed targeting determination of DMFT (decayed, missing, lost teeth) index as well as to establish a relationship of whether caries is associated to Lactobacillus and Streptococcus microorganisms. DMFT index was recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) parameters. Samples of all students were taken and colony-forming units of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were determined. DMFT indexes mean was established at 7.25 ± 4.59. Females (n = 278) and males (n = 102) exhibited mean DMFT indexes of 7.11 ± 4.66 and 7.29 ± 4.57 respectively. Results revealed that 19 year old students exhibited lesser amounts of caries than students of other ages. Both Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were significantly correlated to each other as well as to caries incidence. Increase in the number of the aforementioned micro-organisms, especially Streptococcus mutans, were associated to DMFT increase.

Se estudiaron 380 alumnos del primer año en la Facultad de Odontología (n = 380) (periodo 2012-2013) a fin de determinar el índice CPOD y relacionar si la caries está asociada con los microorganismos Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. El índice CPOD (cariado, perdido y obturado) se registró usando los parámetros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se tomaron muestras de saliva de cada alumno y se determinaron las unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptococcus y Lactobacillus. La media de los índices CPOD fue de 7.25 ± 4.59. Las mujeres (n = 278) y hombres (n = 102) presentaron una media de índices CPOD de 7.11 ± 4.66 y 7.29 ± 4.57, respectivamente. Encontramos que los alumnos de 19 años presentaron menos caries que los estudiantes de otras edades. Tanto Streptococcus y Lactobacillus se correlacionaron significativamente entre sí, así como en la incidencia de caries. Un incremento en el número de estos microorganismos, especialmente de Streptococcus mutans, se asociaron con el incremento en CPOD.

Background: Sexuality is displayed as a reflection of the level of physical, psychological and social wellbeing. Therefore, negative sexual experiences can affect the entire development as human beings. In Chile, there are no studies that investigate the presence of sexual dysfunctions in the sex worker. Aim: To evaluate the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women sex workers about their sexual performance with his regular partner and compared with women not sex workers. Methods: Sexually active women over 18 years. We work with purposive intentional non probabilistic sampling. The final number of women studied was 58, of which 23 women were sex workers (study group) and 35 women were not involved in the sex trade (control group). Results: The average age was 33 years for the control group and 35 years in the case of sex workers. 4% of sex workers had university education, 70% were unmarried and used as main contraceptive the IUD. Meanwhile, 34% of the control group had university education, 57% were single and used as primary contraceptive the hormone method. There were no significant differences in overall IFSF and domains, between groups. Conclusions: Despite presenting several factors that increase the risk of sexual dysfunction, women played the sex trade do not exhibit significant differences in the FSFI with respect to the control group.

Antecedentes: La sexualidad se muestra como un reflejo del nivel de bienestar físico, psicológico y social. Por lo tanto, las experiencias sexuales negativas pueden afectar el completo desarrollo como seres humanos. En Chile no existen estudios que indaguen en la presencia de disfunciones sexuales en la trabajadora sexual. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el Índice de Función Sexual Femenina (IFSF) en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales con respecto a su desempeño sexual con su pareja estable y compararlas con mujeres no trabajadoras sexuales. Método: Mujeres sexualmente activas mayores de 18 años. La toma de la muestra fue dirigida no probabilística intencional. El número final a estudiar fue de 58 mujeres, de las cuales 23 mujeres fueron trabajadoras sexuales (grupo estudio) y 35 mujeres que no se dedicaban al comercio sexual (grupo control). Resultados: La edad promedio fue 33 años para el grupo control y de 35 años en el caso de las trabajadoras sexuales. El 4% de las trabajadoras sexuales presentaba estudios universitarios, el 70% se encontraban solteras y utilizaron como principal método anticonceptivo el dispositivo intrauterino. En tanto, el 34% del grupo control presentaba estudios universitarios, el 57% se encontraban solteras y utilizaron como principal método anticonceptivo el hormonal. No hubo diferencias significativas en el IFSF en general y por dominios, entre los grupos. Conclusiones: A pesar de presentar varios factores que aumentan el riesgo de disfunción sexual, las mujeres que desempeñan el comercio sexual no exhiben diferencias significativas en el IFSF respecto al grupo control.

In the last two decades India has become an emerging power, and has been concerned with the development of its international image and the role it can play; but not much is known about regional India. That is why this research aims at describing the role of India as an emerging power in South Asia, in its political, economic and cultural dimensions. To achieve this, three points will be examined: first, India's military and political role through its conflict with Pakistan and the fight against terrorism in Afghanistan; secondly, India's role in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and finally, Hinduism and its importance in Asia.

En las dos últimas décadas, India se ha convertido en una potencia emergente y se ha preocupado de su desarrollo, de su imagen internacional y del papel que puede llegar a cumplir; pero no se sabe mucho acerca de India a nivel regional. Es por eso que el objetivo de esta investigación es describir su rol como potencia emergente en Asia Meridional, en sus dimensiones política, económica y cultural. Para esto se analizarán tres puntos, primero el rol político y militar del país, a través de su conflicto con Pakistán y la lucha contra el terrorismo en Afganistán; el segundo es el papel de India en la Asociación Surasiática de Cooperación Regional, y por último, el hinduismo y su importancia en el continente asiático.

For over a decade, experimental teaching of Biochemistry as a subject has been reinforced as part of the School of Dentistry, National University of Mexico (UNAM) curriculum. This aim has been achieved with the help of laboratory practices. The project of strengthening biochemistry teaching, entailed the purpose of achieving, for the student, the comprehension of biochemistry and molecular biology basic concepts and thus improving their professional skills. With this purpose in mind, three molecular biology experimental protocols have been introduced in the scholastic cycle 2011-2012. Objective: To analyze in the 2011-2012 generation, the opinion survey sustained on molecular biology protocols. Materials and methods: In an blind and voluntary basis, an opinion survey was applied to first year students of the National School of Dentistry. In this survey, six aspects of molecular biology protocols were assessed. The six aspects were: learning, participation, planning, group interaction, evaluation and infrastructure. Standard deviation means were obtained (± SD) in order to assess instrument reliability. Internal consistency of the survey and evaluation percentage of each reactive were equally obtained. To achieve this aim, the SPSS Windows version 12 was used. Averages of different categories were as follows: learning 71.1% (± 12.5), evaluation: 78.6% (± 17.1); infrastructure: 81.8% (± 17.9%). Global assessment revealed a 78.1 ± 10.3. Internal consistency of the survey presented a Crombach alpha of global 0.889. Survey of analysis results suggested that contemporary training for dentistry students must combine the didactic experience of laboratory work along with classroom activities. Infrastructure must nevertheless be potentiated as well as the student's skills to interpret results.

Desde hace más de un década, se ha reforzado la enseñanza experimental de la asignatura de Bioquímica en la Facultad de Odontología mediante la implementación de prácticas de laboratorio. El proyecto sobre el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza en bioquímica tiene la intención de que el estudiante sea capaz de comprender los conceptos básicos de bioquímica y biología molecular con la finalidad de que los estudiantes mejoren sus competencias profesionales. Con este propósito, en el ciclo escolar 2011-2012, se han introducido tres protocolos experimentales en el ámbito de la biología molecular. Objetivo: Analizar la encuesta de opinión sobre los protocolos de Biología Molecular en la generación 2011-2012. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta a los estudiantes del primer año de la Facultad de Odontología, la cual se resolvió de manera anónima y voluntaria, en la que se evaluaron seis aspectos sobre los protocolos de biología molecular, que consistieron en aprendizaje, participación, planificación, interacción con el grupo, evaluación e infraestructura. Se obtuvieron las medias y desviación estándar (± DE) para evaluar la confiabilidad del instrumento; así mismo, se obtuvo la consistencia de interna de la encuesta y el porcentaje de evaluación de cada reactivo. Se utilizó el programa SPSS para Windows versión 12. Resultados: Participaron un total de 430 estudiantes. La media de las diferentes categorías fueron las siguientes: aprendizaje 71.1% (± 13); participación 91.85 (± 11.7); planificación 77.1 (± 12.5); evaluación 78.6% (± 17.1); infraestructura 81.8% (± 17.9). La evaluación global presentó un porcentaje de 78.1 ± 10.3. Así mismo, la consistencia interna de la encuesta presentó un alfa de Crombach de 0.889 global. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de la encuesta sugieren que la formación contemporánea para los estudiantes de odontología debe combinar la experiencia didáctica de trabajo en el laboratorio junto con actividades en el aula. Sin embargo, deberá ser potenciada la infraestructura y fomentar la capacidad de los estudiantes para interpretar resultados.

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two clinical phenotypes, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Phenotypes share clinical symptoms such as dyspnea and bronchial obstruction to air flow and an increase of innate immune cells (macrophages and neutrophils), the release of multiple inflammatory mediators (chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors), oxidative stress, increased extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the airways and lung. Disease progression is associated with the presence of chronic inflammation and increased proteolytic activity of enzymes such as MMPs resulting in the degradation of elastin and collagen fibers in the walls of the alveoli and the lung's extracellular matrix. Of particular interest for this review was to describe the role of MMPs, their participation in the development of COPD, both in the extracellular matrix destruction and abnormal lung remodeling damaged. Also mentioned genetic association studies of polymorphisms in MMPs type SNP in Caucasian populations such as the development and progression of COPD, and the importance of carrying out studies in Mexican mestizo population. The role of MMPs has also been known through animal models and knockout mice MMPs exposed to cigarette smoke. All these studies implicate MMPs as key mediators in the pathogenesis of COPD. Finally, the study of MMPs base allow for future therapies, potential therapeutic targets and disease treatments.

En la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se presentan dos fenotipos clínicos, enfisema y bronquitis crónica. Tales fenotipos comparten síntomas clínicos como la disnea y la obstrucción bronquial al flujo de aire, además de un aumento de células de la inmunidad innata (macrófagos y neutrófilos), liberación de múltiples mediadores de la inflamación (quimiocinas, citocinas, factores de crecimiento), estrés oxidativo, aumento de metaloproteinasas de matriz extracelular (MMPs) en las vías aéreas y el pulmón. La progresión de la enfermedad se asocia con la presencia de inflamación crónica y aumento de la actividad proteolítica de enzimas como las MMPs que resulta en la degradación de las fibras de elastina y colágeno en las paredes de los alvéolos y la matriz extracelular del pulmón. De especial interés para esta revisión ha sido describir la función de las MMPs, su participación en el desarrollo de la EPOC, tanto en la destrucción de la matriz extracelular y la remodelación anormal del pulmón dañado. También se mencionan estudios de asociación genética de polimorfismos tipo SNP (polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido) en MMPs, en poblaciones como la caucásica con el desarrollo y la progresión de la EPOC, además de la importancia de llevar a cabo estudios en poblaciones mestizas. La función de las MMPs también se ha conocido a través de modelos animales como ratones knock-out para MMPs expuestos a humo de cigarro. Todos estos estudios implican a las MMPs como mediadores clave en la patogénesis de la EPOC. Finalmente, el estudio de las MMPs permitirá la base para futuras terapias, posibles blancos terapéuticos y tratamientos de la enfermedad.

Most dental pulp diseases and diseases of tissues surrounding the root are somehow related to micro-organisms. Peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid are two of the main Gram-positive bacteria components with activities related to sepsis development. When tissues sustain microbial invasion the host responds with both unspecific inflammatory defenses and specific immunological reactions. Surgical and non surgical endodontic treatments are essentially debridement procedures intended to destroy and eliminate the microbial eco-system associated to the pathological process. It is essential for clinicians to understand the intimate relationship existing between micro-organisms and endodontic disease, so as to be able to tailor a rational and effective treatment especially in subjects susceptible to infective endocarditis processes. In the present study research was conducted on TNFα, IL-1 COX-2 expression through the effect of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus sanguinis by characterizing intra-cellular signals involved in H9c'' cardiomyocytes. The cell line was treated with LTA at different concentrations during 30 minutes. When compared to control group, responses to LTA treatment were dependent on dosage. That expression was assessed by means of a One Step RT-PCR (Invitrogen) analysis. It was noted that the aforementioned expression resembled the organisms's physiological response during an infective endocarditis episode and to exacerbation observed during an endodontic procedure.

La mayoría de las enfermedades de la pulpa dental y de los tejidos perirradiculares guardan relación con microorganismos. Los peptidoglucanos y el ácido lipoteicoico son dos de los principales componentes de las bacterias Gram positivas que tienen actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de sepsis. Tras la invasión microbiana de estos tejidos, el huésped responde con defensas tanto inflamatorias inespecíficas como inmunológicas específicas. El tratamiento endodóncico quirúrgico y no quirúrgico son en esencia, procedimientos de desbridamiento destinados a destruir y eliminar el ecosistema microbiano, asociado con el proceso patológico. Es importante que los clínicos comprendan la íntima relación entre presencia de microorganismos y enfermedad endodóncica, con el fin de diseñar un tratamiento racional y efectivo; sobre todo en aquellos individuos susceptibles a Endocarditis Infecciosa. En el presente estudio se investigó la expresión de TNFα, IL-1 y COX-2 por efecto del ácido lipoteicoico (ALT) de Streptococcus sanguinis caracterizando las señales intracelulares involucradas en cardiomiocitos H9c2. La línea celular fue tratada con ALT a diferentes concentraciones durante 30 minutos. Comparadas con los controles, las respuestas al tratamiento con ALT fueron dependientes de la dosis y mediante un análisis de One Step RT-PCR (Invitrogen) se evaluó dicha expresión; la cual se asemeja a la respuesta fisiológica del organismo durante un episodio de Endocarditis infecciosa y a la agudización durante un procedimiento endodóncico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in Chilean sex workers and relate the findings to sociodemographic, sexual, and clinical variables. METHODS: A sample of 379 sex workers seen in Chilean Sexual Health Monitoring and Care Units for check-ups was studied. All of them were interviewed to obtain their sociodemographic and sexual history. A clinical examination was performed that included the characteristics of vaginal discharge, pH, and amine test. A vaginal sample was taken for Gram stain. The Nugent criteria were used for the diagnosis of BV. The data was analyzed with EPI-INFO 3.4.1 and BioStat, using a degree of significance of P < 0.005. RESULTS: BV prevalence was 69.1%. The syndrome was not associated with the sociodemographic variables, age or education. BV was less common in women (married or unmarried) who lived with their partners than in single women (P < 0.001). There were no sexual variables associated with BV, whereas use of intrauterine devices was related (P < 0.0001). The presence of vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal pH, and positive amine test were associated with infection (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Like other studies conducted in different countries, this study observed that Chilean sex workers have a high prevalence of BV, with greater risk for women who use IUDs for birth control or women (married or unmarried) who do not live with their partners.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana (VB) en trabajadoras sexuales chilenas y relacionar los hallazgos con variables sociodemográficas, sexuales y clínicas. MÉTODO: Se estudió una muestra de 379 trabajadoras sexuales que asistían para control a Unidades de Atención y Control de Salud Sexual de Chile. A todas se las entrevistó para obtener antecedentes sociodemográficos y sexuales, se les realizó evaluación clínica que incluyó características del flujo vaginal, pH y prueba de aminas, y se les tomó una muestra vaginal para tinción de Gram. Para el diagnóstico de VB se empleó el criterio de Nugent. Los datos fueron analizados con EPI-INFO 3.4.1 y BioStat, utilizándose un grado de significación de P < 0,005. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de VB fue de 69,1%. El síndrome no se asoció a las variables sociodemográficas edad y escolaridad. Las mujeres que vivían (casadas o no) con su pareja tuvieron menos frecuencia de VB en comparación con las mujeres solteras (P < 0,001). No hubo variables sexuales asociadas a VB, en tanto que el empleo del dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) sí lo estuvo (P < 0,0001). La presencia de descarga vaginal, pH vaginal alterado y prueba de aminas positiva se asociaron a la infección (P < 0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: En coincidencia con otros estudios realizados distintos países, el presente trabajo observó que las trabajadoras sexuales chilenas tienen una alta prevalencia de VB, con mayor riesgo para aquellas que usan DIU como método de anticoncepción o que no conviven (casadas o no) con su pareja.

Abstract Bacterial toxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) can be found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. This toxins cause an inflammatory process denominated pulpitis. In the present study, the effect of LTA and LPS on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp cells was investigated. For this study a hypothesis was made, that this molecules take part in the dental pulp inflammatory process through the cyclooxygenase-2 synthesis in human pulp cells. To evaluate this hypothesis the effect of LPS and LTA was studied in primary cultures of human pulp cells. Finally, the pathways and molecules involved in COX-2 expression were characterized. In human dental pulp cells treated with LTA or LPS, it was detected that these molecules promote COX-2 expression. On the other hand, it was founded that the expression of COX-2 in human pulp cells was blocked by treatments with SB203580, PD98059, and Estaurosporine. The results of the present study demonstrate that treatments with LTA and LPS promote COX-2 expression in events related with protein kinase p38, ERK and PKC. The findings of this investigation are important because COX-2 is related to the synthesis of PGE2, which leads to a chronic inflammatory process. Finally, the nature of a mediator implied in the pulpitis process was characterized.

Resumen Las toxinas bacterianas como el lipopolisacárido (LPS) y el ácido lipoteicoico (LTA), están presentes en bacterias Gram-negativas y Gram-positivas, respectivamente. Éstas originan el proceso inflamatorio pulpar. En este estudio, se investigo el efecto de LTA y LPS sobre la expresión de la enzima ciclooxigenasa-2 en células pulpares humanas. Se partió de la hipótesis de que estas moléculas participan en el proceso inflamatorio pulpar a través de la sintesis de la ciclooxigenasa-2 en células pulpares humanas. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, se estudió el efecto del LPS y el LTA en cultivos primarios de células pulpares humanas. Finalmente, se caracterizaron las vías y moléculas involucradas en la expresión de COX-2. En las células pulpares humanas tratadas con LTA o LPS, se detectó que estas moléculas promueven la expresión de COX-2. Por otro lado se encontró que la expresión de COX-2 se ve bloqueada por tratamientos con SB203580, PD98059 y estaurosporina. Los resultados demostraron que el tratamiento con LTA y LPS promueven la expresión de COX-2 en eventos donde participan las proteínas cinasas p38, ERK y PKC. Los hallazgos son importantes porque COX-2 está involucrada en la síntesis de PGE2, involucrada en el establecimiento de procesos inflamato rios crónicos. Finalmente se caracterizó la naturaleza de un mediador implicado en el proceso de una pulpitis.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of the dental arch form, in adult patients, with class I, class II and class III malocclusions. This study included 106 cast models from maxillary arch and 106 cast models from mandibular arch, 29 males 77 females between 18 and 30 years. There were 12 selected points over dental surfaces with a superimposed pattern of dental arch with triangular, square and ovoid forms. The results showed that in both cases an ovoid form predominated. Seventy nine cases (49.3%) showed the same arch shape in maxillae and mandibula, and 27 cases (16.8%) presented a combination in the shape of both archs.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación, fue determinar la prevalencia de forma de arcada dental, en adultos con maloclusión clase I, clase II y clase III. La muestra se constituyó por 106 modelos de estudio correspondiente a la arcada superior y 106 modelos de la arcada mandibular correspondientes a 29 hombres y 77 mujeres de 18 a 30 años con una media de edad de 19 años y que acudieron a solicitar tratamiento en la Clínica de Ortodoncia, de la División de Estudios de Posgrado de la UNAM en el periodo de julio de 2002 a diciembre de 2003. En los modelos se localizaron 12 puntos sobre superficies dentales sobreponiendo plantillas con formas de arco triangular, cuadrado y ovoide. Los resultados demostraron que la forma ovoide es la de mayor prevalencia en ambas arcadas, en 79 casos (49.3%) se encontró la misma forma de arco dental maxilar y mandibular y en 27 casos (16.8%) se presentó una combinación en la forma de arcada maxilar y mandibular, por lo que se evidencia que existe una variación en la forma de arco dental entre los individuos e inclusive entre la forma de arco maxilar y mandibular de un paciente.

The incidence of systemic fungal infections increased during the last two decades. Rare fungi, such as Mucor, Fusarium and Paecilomyces, are emerging as causes of systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts. There are reports of cutaneous infections, endophthalmitis, keratitis, sinusitis, neumopathy and fungemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent adult patients. We report a 5 years old neutropenic patient with acute myeloid leukemia treated with multiple courses of chemotherapy, with a fungemia caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus (PL). His initial clinical course was characterized by fever, skin lesions, respiratory distress and shock. Blood and bone marrow cultures were positive. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and itraconazole with a good clinical response (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 77-80).