Introduction: Intrauterine insemination is part of the strategies for initial management in infertile couples. However, limited research has taken place in our country regarding its effectiveness in the pursuit of pregnancy, and it is therefore important to define patients, indications and conditions associated with higher rates of clinical pregnancy. Objective: To identify factors associated with clinical pregnancy in intrauterine insemination. Methods: Retrospective study in 633 infertile couples at the Centro de Fertilidad y Ginecologia del Sur, Cusco, Peru. 1 053 cycles of intrauterine insemination were performed in both spontaneous and stimulated ovulation, with double or single insemination performed before or after ovulation, using a semen sample from the spouse, processed either by swim-up or by density gradients. Results: Clinical pregnancy rate was 8.2% per insemination cycle and 13.6% per couple. Factors most closely associated with clinical pregnancy were having two or more follicles (OR: 2.873), procedure performed without difficulty (OR: 2.341), duration of infertility of 3 years or less (OR: 2.240), cervical factor infertility (OR: 2.194), use of gonadotropins (OR: 1.846), and woman’s age 38 years or younger (OR 1.819). Conclusions: We obtained an acceptable clinical pregnancy rate with intrauterine insemination in this study. This process requires couples to be properly selected and prepared.

Introducción. La inseminación intrauterina es parte de las estrategias del manejo inicial en parejas con infertilidad. Su efectividad en la búsqueda de embarazo ha sido poco investigada y conocida en nuestro país, por lo que es importante definir los grupos de pacientes, indicaciones y condiciones asociadas a una mayor tasa de embarazo clínico. Objetivo. Definir los factores asociados a embarazo clínico en la inseminación intrauterina. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 633 parejas con diagnóstico de infertilidad atendidas en el Centro de Fertilidad y Ginecología del Sur, Cusco, Perú. Se realizaron 1 053 ciclos de inseminación intrauterina, en ciclos espontáneos o asociados a estimulación ovárica, con inseminación doble o simple, inseminación pre o post ovulatoria, con muestra de semen del cónyuge capacitada por swim-up o por gradientes de densidad. Resultados. La tasa de embarazo clínico fue 8,2% por ciclo de inseminación y 13,6% por pareja. Los factores con mayor asociación al embarazo clínico fueron: contar con 2 folículos o más (OR: 2,873), lograr la inseminación sin dificultad (OR: 2,341), tener 3 años o menos de infertilidad (OR: 2,240), el factor cervical como indicación (OR: 2,194), uso de gonadotropinas (OR: 1,846) y edad de la mujer menor a 38 años (OR: 1,819). Conclusiones. La inseminación intrauterina logró una tasa de embarazo clínico aceptable en nuestro estudio, requiriendo ser acompañada de una adecuada selección y preparación de las parejas.

Introduction: Infertility is currently a more frequent diagnosis, at sea level and at high altitudes, and development of high complexity assisted reproduction techniques in the Andes of Peru is essential. Objective: To define the results of the application of these techniques in an institution at 3 330 meters above sea level. Design: Descriptive and retrospective study. Setting: Centro de Fertilidad y Ginecología del Sur, Cusco, Peru. Patients: 576 patients with infertility attended between years 2005-2015. Methods: Records of the procedures performed were reviewed and rates of clinical pregnancy according to age and days of culture were established for both autologous oocytes and ovodonation. Statistical significance of differences found was analyzed by Fisher exact test. Main outcome measure: Rate of clinical pregnancy. Results: Rates of clinical pregnancy were: 30.4% in autologous oocytes, 42.4% in ovodonation, and 25% in in vitro maturation oocytes. Frequency of twin pregnancy was 31.6%, and of triple pregnancy, 7.9%. Conclusions: Rates of clinical pregnancy were similar to those observed internationally. This emphasizes the need of strategies to diminish the plurality of pregnancies, as well as to improve the rate of pregnancy in women ≥ 37 years old.

Introducción: La infertilidad es un diagnóstico cada vez más frecuente, tanto a nivel del mar como en las grandes alturas, y el desarrollo de técnicas de reproducción asistida de alta complejidad en los Andes del Perú es imprescindible. Objetivo: Definir los resultados de estas técnicas en una institución a 3 330 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Institución: Centro de Fertilidad y Ginecología del Sur, Cusco, Perú. Pacientes: 576 pacientes con infertilidad atendidas entre los años 2005 al 2015. Métodos: Se revisó los registros de los procedimientos realizados y se estableció las tasas de embarazo clínico según la edad y días de cultivo, tanto en ovocitos autólogos como en ovodonación. Lasignificancia estadística de las diferencias encontradas fue analizada por medio de la prueba exacta de Fisher. Principal medida de resultados: Tasa de embarazo clínico. Resultados: Las tasas de embarazo clínico fueron: 30,4% en ovocitos autólogos, 42,4% en ovodonación y 25,0% en maduración in vitro de ovocitos. La frecuencia de embarazo doble fue 31,6%, y triple, 7,9%. Conclusiones: Las tasas de embarazo clínico fueron similares a las observadas internacionalmente. Destaca la necesidad de estrategias para disminuir la pluralidad de los embarazos, así como para mejorar la tasa de embarazo en las mujeres ≥ 37 años.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as características químicas e sensoriais de frutos de oito cultivares de morangueiro (Aromas, Camino Real, Campinas, Dover, Oso Grande, Toyonoka, Tudla-Milsei e Ventana) provenientes de sistemas orgânico e convencional de cultivo. As características químicas avaliadas foram sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e teor de antocianinas. As características sensoriais avaliadas foram sabor e aparência. As cultivares apresentaram um comportamento diferenciado entre si e frente aos sistemas de produção para as características avaliadas. De modo geral, o sistema convencional produziu frutos com maiores teores de sólidos solúveis e o sistema orgânico, maiores valores de acidez titulável e maiores concentrações de antocianinas. Os frutos da cultivar Toyonoka apresentaram o maior teor de sólidos solúveis nos dois sistemas de cultivo avaliados. Destaque para o teor de antocianinas das cultivares Tudla-Milsei e Camino Real. Quanto às características sensoriais, os frutos provenientes do sistema orgânico de produção foram preferidos pelos julgadores para os atributos avaliados. As maiores notas foram atribuídas para a aparência dos frutos da cultivar Ventana no sistema convencional e de 'Tudla-Milsei' no orgânico.

The aim of this study was to determine some physicochemical characteristics of fruits of eight strawberry cultivars (Aromas, Camino Real, Campinas, Dover, Oso Grande, Toyonoka, Tudla-Milsei and Ventana) cultivated in organic and conventional systems. The evaluated characteristics were soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/AT ratio and anthocyanins. Evaluated sensory characteristics were flavor and appearance. The cultivars had a differential performance between themselves and among the systems for the evaluated characteristics. Generally, the conventional system produced fruit with higher levels of soluble solids and, organic system produced higher concentrations of anthocyanins. The fruits of the cultivar Toyonoka had the best soluble solids content in both systems and the anthocyanins content of 'Tudla-Milsei' and 'Camino Real' were proeminent in comparison to the other cultivars. The fruits from the organic system of production were preferred by judges on the sensorial attributes. The highest notes were given to the appearance of the cultivar Ventana in the conventional system and 'Tudla-Milsei' in the organic system.

São comparados dois métodos cromatográficos validados para a determinação de trialometanos (clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, dibromoclometano e bromofórmio) em água potável. Os métodos cromatográficos de fase gasosa, a saber: com detetor de captura de elétrons precedido de extração líquido-líquido e com detetor de condutibilidade eletrolítica com "purge and trap" foram comparados em termos de sensibilidade, precisão e recuperação. O estudo demonstrou que os resultados dos dois procedimentos são equivalentes apresentando as mesmas vantagens quando comparados.

In this paper the results obtained using two validated gas-chromatographic procedures on drinking water for the determination of trihalomethanes are compared. The volatile compounds, chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF) were detected by purge and trap capillary column gas-chromatography with electrolytic conductivity detector ( ELCD) and the simple and rapid gas-chromatographic method by electron capture detector (ECD) after liquid-liquid extraction with n-pentane. For purge and trap ELCD method the response for the volatile compounds was linear for the concentrations of 0.5 to 40 µg/L. For liquid-liquid extraction ECD method the response was linear for the concentrations of 0.5 to 100 µg/L. The comparison of both methods was achieved by analyzing samples of drinking water collected in the city of São. Paulo, Brazil. The ratios of concentrations obtained by the two methods (ECD/ELCD) were as follows: l.l3 ± 0.9 for chloroform; 0.93 ± 0.15 for BDCM and 0.92 ± 0.17 for DBCM. Bromoform was not detected in the drinking water samples. The ratio of 1.08 ± 0.047 for total triahalomethane - THMt ( the sum of the three compounds) shows the equivalence of the compared methods.

Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica do período de 1974-1998, no MEDLINE, sobre compostos orgânicos halogenados derivados de hidrocarbonetos denominados de trialometanos. Muitos deles, reconhecidamente carcinogênicos para diferentes espécies animais, podem ser encontrados freqüentemente, inclusive entre nós, em águas tratadas e enviadas à população urbana. É o caso de compostos como o clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, clorodibromometano e bromofórmio, resultantes da halogenação de precursores, principalmente substâncias húmicas e fúlvicas presentes na água que será tratada (clorada). Assim, descreve-se sua formação, fontes de exposição humana bem como os aspectos toxicológicos de maior importância: disposição cinética e espectro dos efeitos tóxicos (carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos) decorrentes de exposições a longo prazo e baixas concentrações. Níveis seguros de exposição propostos são também fornecidos.

Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, some of them recognized as carcinogenic to different animal species can be found in drinking water. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are the most important trihalomethanes found in potable water. They are produced in natural waters during chlorinated desinfection by the halogenation of precursors, specially humic and fulvic compounds. The review, in the MEDLINE covers the period from 1974 to 1998, presents the general aspects of the formation of trihalomethanes, sources of human exposure and their toxicological meaning for exposed organisms: toxicokinetic disposition and spectrum of toxic effects (carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic).

Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica do período de 1974-1998, no MEDLINE, sobre compostos orgânicos halogenados derivados de hidrocarbonetos denominados de trialometanos. Muitos deles, reconhecidamente carcinogênicos para diferentes espécies animais, podem ser encontrados freqüentemente, inclusive entre nós, em águas tratadas e enviadas à população urbana. É o caso de compostos como o clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, clorodibromometano e bromofórmio, resultantes da halogenação de precursores, principalmente substâncias húmicas e fúlvicas presentes na água que será tratada (clorada). Assim, descreve-se sua formação, fontes de exposição humana bem como os aspectos toxicológicos de maior importância: disposição cinética e espectro dos efeitos tóxicos (carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos) decorrentes de exposições a longo prazo e baixas concentrações. Níveis seguros de exposição propostos são também fornecidos.

Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, some of them recognized as carcinogenic to different animal species can be found in drinking water. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are the most important trihalomethanes found in potable water. They are produced in natural waters during chlorinated desinfection by the halogenation of precursors, specially humic and fulvic compounds. The review, in the MEDLINE covers the period from 1974 to 1998, presents the general aspects of the formation of trihalomethanes, sources of human exposure and their toxicological meaning for exposed organisms: toxicokinetic disposition and spectrum of toxic effects (carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic).