RESUMEN La investigación se realizó para evaluar el desempeño de parametrizaciones físicas y las condiciones de frontera estática del modelo de predicción e investigación meteorológica, WRF, para el estudio de los topoclimas en la región oriental de Cuba. En tres etapas, se realizaron simulaciones del clima local a corto plazo con combinaciones de parametrizaciones cúmulo, microfísica y de capa límite planetaria. En la tercera etapa se evaluó, además, el aporte al desempeño del modelo de la integración de bases de datos espaciales nacionales de alta resolución como condiciones de frontera estática. Como conjunto de datos de condiciones iniciales y de contorno se utilizó ERA5, con tres dominios anidados a resoluciones espaciales de 30, 10 y 3.33 km. El estudio se realizó para la temperatura y precipitación de los periodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso del año 2018. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, de los elementos climáticos en estudio, la precipitación mostró la mayor incertidumbre en todos los experimentos y casos de estudio. Análogamente, las bases de datos espaciales de alta resolución que se integraron al modelo como condiciones de frontera estática, incidió en el desempeño de WRF a escala local. El mejor desempeño del WRF para el estudio de los topoclimas en la región oriental de Cuba se alcanzó con las parametrizaciones de Kain-Fritcsh como cúmulo, la microfísica de Thompson y Yonsei University como opción de capa límite planetaria, activo viento topográfico por el método de corrección por geoformas.

ABSTRACT The research was carried out to evaluate the performance of physical parameterizations and static boundary conditions of the meteorological prediction and research model, WRF, for the study of topoclimates in the eastern region of Cuba. In three stages, short-term local climate simulations were performed with combinations of cumulus, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer parameterizations. In the third stage, the contribution to model performance of the integration of high-resolution national spatial databases as static boundary conditions was also evaluated. ERA5 was used as the initial and boundary conditions data set, with three nested domains at spatial resolutions of 30, 10 and 3.33 km. The study was carried out for the temperature and precipitation of the rainy and dry periods of 2018. The results obtained showed that, of the climatic elements under study, precipitation showed the greatest uncertainty in all experiments and case studies. Similarly, the high-resolution spatial databases that were integrated into the model as static boundary conditions influenced the performance of WRF at the local scale. The best performance of the WRF for the study of topoclimates in the eastern region of Cuba was achieved with the Kain-Fritcsh parameterizations as a cluster, the microphysics of Thompson and Yonsei University as the planetary boundary layer option, active topographic wind by the method of geoform correction.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas y las etapas de cambio para el uso de la mamografía y evaluar si existen diferencias entre las dimensiones del modelo de creencias en salud y las etapas de cambio. El diseño de este estudio es transversal descriptivo, se realizó de enero de 2017 a enero de 2018, incluyó a 612 mujeres de 40 años en adelante que asistían a un hospital de atención terciaria en el noreste de México. Las participantes firmaron el consentimiento informado y respondieron a la escala del modelo de creencias en salud y seleccionaron la declaración que mejor reflejaba su experiencia con la mamografía. La asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y las etapas de cambio de la mamografía se evaluó mediante X2, y los grupos de etapas de cambio se compararon mediante pruebas post hoc de ANOVA unidireccional y Games-Howell. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre la edad y las etapas de cambio de acción y mantenimiento. Los métodos de detección del cáncer de mama, como la autoexploración de mama y el examen clínico de mama, fueron más comunes entre las mujeres en las etapas de mantenimiento y recaída. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre las etapas de pre-contemplación y las etapas más avanzadas en todas las dimensiones de creencias de salud, excepto en la seriedad percibida p <.001. La autoeficacia y la motivación para la salud fueron diferentes entre las mujeres en la etapa de contemplación, mantenimiento y recaída. La identificación de las etapas de cambio para la adopción de mamografías puede ayudar a desarrollar e implementar estrategias de intervención más efectivas. Además, la autoeficacia percibida y la motivación para la salud pueden aumentar la adherencia a la mamografía como método de detección del cáncer de mama.

Abstract Objective. To identify associations between sociodemographic variables and stages of change and evaluate differences between health belief model variables and these stages. Methods. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 612 women aged 40 years and older admitted to a public hospital in the Northeast of Mexico. The participants answered the health belief model scale and selected the statement that best reflected their experience with mammography screening. The association between sociodemographic and clinical variables and the mammography stages of change was assessed using X2, and the groups of stages of change were compared using one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc tests. Results. There was a significant association between age and the stages of action and maintenance. Breast cancer screening methods such as breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were more common among women in the stages of maintenance and relapse. There were differences between pre-contemplation and the more advanced stages in all dimensions except in the perceived seriousness p <.001. Self-efficacy and health motivation were different among women at the stage of contemplation, maintenance, and relapse. Conclusions. Perceived self-efficacy and health motivation may increase adherence to mammography screening.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar e validar a escala do modelo de crenças em saúde para o câncer e o autoexame testicular (AT) em estudantes universitários no México e determinar as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e do modelo de crenças que influenciam a realização do AT. Realizou-se o processo de tradução e retrotradução, do qual foram obtidos 72 itens que foram revisados por especialistas. Posteriormente, foram escolhidos 39 itens que foram aplicados em um grupo de 30 estudantes para verificação da compreensão e do tempo de aplicação. Por último, esta versão foi aplicada a 803 alunos de uma universidade pública. Obteve-se uma escala de 38 itens, divididos em 6 fatores consistentes com o modelo de crenças em saúde: suscetibilidade (α = 0,77), seriedade (α = 0,82), benefícios (α = 0,80), barreiras (α = 0,83), autoeficácia (α = 0,88) e motivação para a saúde (α = 0,71), que explicam 44% da variância e apresentam consistência interna de adequada a boa. A variável que mais influenciou a realização do autoexame testicular foi a autoeficácia. A versão em espanhol da escala do modelo de crenças em saúde para câncer e autoexame testicular obteve evidências de validade e confiabilidade nesta amostra de estudantes universitários.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to adapt and validate the health belief model scale for testicular cancer and testicular self-examination (TSE) in university students in Mexico and to determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and health belief model variables that influence TSE performance. Translation and back translation were conducted, and 72 items were obtained and reviewed by experts, following which 39 items were selected and applied to a group of 30 students to assess comprehension and application time. Finally, this version was applied to 803 students at a public university. A scale consisting of 38 items was obtained, and the items were divided across six factors consistent with the health belief model: susceptibility (α = 0.77), seriousness (α = 0.82), benefits (α = 0.80), barriers (α = 0.83), self-efficacy (α = 0.88), and health motivation (α = 0.71). These factors explain 44% of the variance and show an internal consistency ranging from acceptable to good. The variable that most strongly influenced the performance of testicular self-examination was self-efficacy. The Spanish-language version of the health belief model scale for testicular cancer and testicular self-examination yielded evidence of validity and reliability in this sample of university students.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para el cáncer y autoexploración testicular (AT) en estudiantes universitarios en México y determinar las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y del modelo de creencias que influyen en efectuar la AT. Se realizó el proceso de traducción y retraducción de la cual se obtuvieron 72 ítems, que fueron revisados por expertos y se eligieron 39 ítems, los cuales fueron aplicados en un grupo de 30 estudiantes para revisar la comprensión y el tiempo de aplicación; por último, esta versión se aplicó en 803 estudiantes de una universidad pública. Se obtuvo una escala de 38 ítems divididos en 6 factores congruentes con el modelo de creencias de salud: susceptibilidad (α = 0,77), seriedad (α = 0,82), beneficios (α = 0,80), barreras (α = 0,83), autoeficacia (α = 0,88) y motivación para la salud (α = 0,71) que explican el 44% de la varianza y presentan una consistencia interna de adecuada a buena. La variable que más influye en la realización de la autoexploración testicular fue la autoeficacia. La versión en español de la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para el cáncer y la autoexploración testicular obtuvo evidencias de validez y confiabilidad en esta muestra de estudiantes universitarios.

Resumen El objetivo primario de este estudio fue analizar el poder explicativo de las variables identidad social, escolaridad y edad, directamente sobre la autoestima y los efectos indirectos de las tres primeras, a través de la autoestima, sobre la esperanza. Se realizó el estudio en una muestra no probabilística de 657 hombres y mujeres, con edad promedio de 39.75 años (DE = 16.96). Se usó modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar los efectos, tanto directos como indirectos, de las variables independientes sobre las dependientes. Se encuentra que el modelo tiene una varianza explicada del 37 % (R2 ≥ 26 % tamaño del efecto grande) en esperanza, con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste: χ2/gl = 2.618, GFI = .997, AFGI = .978, CFI = .995, NFI = .992, NNFI = .995, RMSEA = .048 (IC 90 %, .001, .100) y SRMR = .017. Se concluye que la identidad social, junto con algunas variables contextuales de naturaleza personal (e.g., edad y escolaridad) son importantes para explicar los niveles de autoestima y esperanza.

Abstract Social identity theory implies knowledge, affect, and the value given to the individual as a consequence of his/her membership in a given social group. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the direct explanatory power of social identity, schooling, and age on self-esteem, as well as the indirect effects of those variables (through the mediating variable self-esteem) on hope. A non-probabilistic sample composed of 657 persons from southern Nuevo Leon was recruited (mean age = 39.75 years; SD = 16.96). The sample comprised 483 women (73.5 %) and 174 men (26.5 %), with a mean age of 39.54 years (SD = 15.97) and 40.35 years (SD = 19.5), respectively. After comparing the mean age, no statistically significant differences were found between men and women, t(655) = -.540, p = .589, d = .03, 95 % CI (-3.75, 2.13). The age of the participants composing the total sample ranged from 14 to 90 years. The sample’s number of years of schooling ranged from 0 to 15 (M = 6.87 years, SD = 2.91). To measure independent and dependent variables, in this study were used the following instruments: (a) Trait Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), (b) Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and (c) Social Identity Scale (García & Corral-Verdugo, 2010). The proposed theoretical model was tested through structural equation modeling, and its parameters were estimated through Maximum Likelihood estimation method. Eight goodness-of-fit indices were used to validate the model: relative chi-square (χ2/df), Jöreskog and Sörbom’s Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI), Bentler’s Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Bentler and Bonett's Normed Fit Index (NFI), Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). The criteria to establish that the proposed model showed an excellent goodness of fit were: χ2/df ≤ 2; GFI, CFI, NFI, and NNFI ≥ .95, AGFI ≥ .90; RMSEA and SRMR ≤ .05 (Byrne, 2016). Before performing structural equation modeling, multivariate normality was tested. Since the value of Mardia’s coefficient was lower than 70 (Mardia’s coefficient = 9.76), the assumption of multivariate normality was held. After performing descriptive statistics, the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between the diverse variables included in this study were calculated. It is worth noting that almost all the variables showed statistically significant correlations at a p-value < .01. The highest correlation coefficients were found between self-esteem and hope (r = .558, p < .01, 95 % CI .494, .618), and between social identity and hope (r = .440, p < .01, 95 % CI .368, .511), whereas the lowest correlation coefficients were found between social identity and schooling (r = -.110, p < .01, 95 % CI -.188, .032), and between self-esteem and age (r = -.123, p < .01, 95 %, CI-203, -.033). The only non-statistically significant correlation was found between hope and age (r = -.015, p > .01, 95% CI -.087, .058). Since none of the correlations was higher than .80, the assumption of no multicollinearity was held and, consequently, the goodness-of-fit indices can be considered as reliable (Kline, 2015). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the effects, both direct and indirect, of the independent variables upon the dependent variables. With regard to hope, the model yields an explained variance of 37 % (d ≥ 26 % = large effect size) and shows well goodness-of-fit indices: χ2 / df = 2.618, GFI = .997, AFGI = .978, CFI = .995, NNFI = .995, NFI = .992, RMSEA = .048 (90 % CI, .001, .100), and SRMR = .017. It is concluded that social identity, together with some contextual variables of a personal nature (for instance, age and schooling) is probably very important to explain the levels of self-esteem and hope.

Abstract The objective of this study was to adapt the health belief model scale for breast self-examination (BSE) in university students and determine its validity and reliability. The health beliefs model scale of 39 items was applied in 994 undergraduate students. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s Alpha, construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis. A structure of six factors with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of .839 was detected and Bartlett’s Sphericity Test was significant [χ2 (496) = 5379.608, p <.0001]. The factors had internal consistency values between .67 and .87. Therefore, it can be concluded that the belief model scale for BSE in young Mexican women presents the same factorial structure as the original, being valid and reliable for research purposes.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la escala del modelo de creencias de salud para la autoexploración de mama (AEM) en estudiantes universitarias y determinar su validez y confiabilidad. La escala de modelo de creencias de salud sobre la AEM de 39 ítems fue aplicada en 994 estudiantes de licenciatura. La confiabilidad se evaluó a través del Alfa de Cronbach, la validez de constructo mediante el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Se detectó una estructura de 6 factores con un valor de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de .839 y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett fue significativa [χ2(496)= 5379.608, p<.0001]. Los factores tuvieron valores de consistencia interna entre .67 a .87. Por lo que se concluye que la escala del modelo de creencias para la AEM en mujeres jóvenes mexicanas presenta la misma estructura factorial que la original siendo válida y confiable para propósitos de investigación.

Abstract Introduction The negative effects of anger on health highlight the value of developing short, reliable, and valid instruments that allow its assessment whether for the purpose of research, clinical diagnosis, and/or evaluation of interventions aimed at reducing it effectively. Objective The primary aim of this research was to determine the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as the factorial invariance, of a new scale to measure anger proneness. Method A confirmatory factorial analysis was used. Results An online nonprobability sample composed of 457 participants (35.2% men and 64.8% women), with a mean age of 36.87 years (SD = 12.513) was recruited. The unidimensional model of the García’s Brief Scale for Assessing Anger Proneness (APS-G scale) shows a good data fit (df = 2; χ2 = 5.515; χ2/df = 2.575; CFI = .993; GFI = .996; RMSEA = .051; SRMR = .0193). There are factorial, configural, metric, unrestricted, strong, and strict factorial invariances between men and women. Likewise, a positive correlation coefficient exists between the APS-G scale and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (r = .561; p < .01); on the other hand, there is a negative correlation coefficient between the studied scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (r = -.179; p < .01). Discussion and conclusion A new reliable and valid instrument to measure anger proneness has been created, and its use is proposed for research and screening purposes with Spanish-speaking population.

Resumen Introducción Los efectos negativos de la ira sobre la salud apuntan a la importancia de desarrollar instrumentos cortos, confiables y válidos que permitan su evaluación, ya sea con propósitos de investigación, diagnóstico clínico y/o evaluaciones de intervenciones que la reduzcan de manera efectiva. Objetivo El objetivo primario fue determinar la validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante, así como la invarianza factorial, de una nueva escala para medir la disposición a la ira. Método Se usó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la estructura factorial subyacente y para identificar la validez de constructo del modelo de medición. Resultados Se reclutó una muestra en línea no probabilística compuesta por 457 participantes (35.2% hombres y 64.8% mujeres), con una edad promedio de 36.87 años (DE = 12.513). El modelo de medición muestra una buena bondad de ajuste para la escala unidimensional EPI-G (gl = 2; χ2 = 5.515; χ2/gl = 2.575; CFI = .993; GFI = .996; RMSEA = .051; SRMR = .0193). Se encuentra invarianza factorial configuracional, métrica, fuerte y estricta entre hombres y mujeres, además de una correlación positiva entre la escala propuesta y la Expresión Externa de la Ira del STAXI-2 (r = .561; p < .01) y negativa con la escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) (r = -.179; p < .01). Discusión y conclusión Un nuevo instrumento para medir la disposición a la ira fue creado para propósitos de investigación y tamizaje, sobre todo en población hispanohablante.

La prevalencia de síntomas de trastornos, calidad de sueño y depresión se evaluó en 313 adultos mayores en la ciudad de Monterrey, México con el Cuestionario de Trastornos de Sueño Monterrey, el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage. Los resultados indicaron que los adultos mayores presentaron 50% ronquido, 24% piernas inquietas e insomnio, 44.1% mala calidad de sueño, y 62% síntomas de depresión. Los trastornos de sueño son los que más afectan la calidad de sueño en esta población, por lo que es importante la detección y tratamiento de estos trastornos en los adultos mayores.

This study evaluated the prevalence of symptoms of sleep disorders; the quality of sleep, and the levels of depression in 313 older adults in the city of Monterrey, Mexico, using the Monterrey Questionnaire of Sleep Disorders, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale. Results indicated that among older adults 50% snored, 24% had leg restlessness and insomnia, 44.1% had poor quality of sleep, and 62% presented symptoms of depression. Sleep disorders are the factor that affects sleep quality the most among this population, which is why it is important to detect and treat these disorders in older adults.

A prevalência de sintomas de transtornos, qualidade do sono e depressão foi avaliada em 313 idosos na cidade de Monterrey (México) com o Questionário de Transtornos do Sono Monterrey, o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica de Yesavage. Os resultados indicaram que os idosos apresentaram 50% de ronquidão, 24% de pernas inquietas e insônia, 44.1% de má qualidade do sono e 62% de sintomas de depressão. Os transtornos do sono são os que mais afetam a qualidade do sono nessa população, razão pela qual é importante detectá -los e tratá-los nos idosos.