Resumen Los minerales procesados en una planta minero-metalúrgica están sujetos a cambios constantes relacionados con el grado de explotación del yacimiento. Este comportamiento se distingue por el cambio en las especies mineralógicas presentes dentro del mineral que ingresa a la planta de procesamiento de minerales; estos cambios pueden producir deficiencias en el beneficio y la recuperación de metales preciosos. Por tal motivo, este trabajo busca determinar una relación entre las especies presentes y los procesos metalúrgicos como análisis gravimétrico, flotación y lixiviación utilizados para recuperar el oro presente en el yacimiento, con base en la mineragrafía y las pruebas metalúrgicas de los minerales extraídos de las vetas Inkaracay y Mina Sanca 2, yacimientos ubicados en el batolito de Qero. Estas vetas tienen de 15 a 20 cm y de 5 a 8 g/T Au, por esta razón se utilizaron tres mezclas de diferentes proporciones. La caracterización mineral determina la relación mineralógica de las muestras, el estudio microscópico y macroscópico presente en el mineral y las asociaciones mineralógicas en las muestras analizadas permiten relacionarlas con las pruebas metalúrgicas y obtener una recuperación de 95.54 % de oro con 36 % de la veta Inkaracay y 64 % de la veta Mina Sanca 2 usando el proceso de flotación a un tamaño de grano de 85 % -200 m (74 µm).

Abstract Minerals processed in a mining-metallurgical plant are subject to constant change related to the degree of exploitation of the deposit. This behavior is distinguished by the shift in the mineralogical species present within the mineral that enters the processing plant; these changes may produce deficiencies in the beneficiation of the mineral and the recovery of precious metals. For this reason, this work seeks to determine a relationship between the species present and the metallurgical processes such as gravimetric analysis, flotation, and leaching used to recover the gold present in the deposit, based on the mineragraphy and the metallurgical tests of the minerals extracted from the Inkaracay and Mina Sanca 2 veins, deposits located in the Qero's batholith. The veins present in these places have15 to 20 cm and 5 to 8 g/T Au, for this reason, three mixtures of different proportions were used for their analysis. Mineral characterization determines the mineralogical relationship of the samples, the microscopic and macroscopic study present in the mineral body and the mineralogical associations in the analyzed samples, allowing them to be related to the performance of the metallurgical tests thus obtaining a recovery of 95.54 % of gold: 36 % from the Inkaracay vein and 64 % from the Mina Sanca 2 vein using the flotation process at a grain size of 85 % -200 m (74 µm).

Resumen Se determinó el efecto acaricida de 18 plantas mexicanas contra Rhipicephalus microplus. Los resultados del ensayo larvicida revelaron que 5 extractos metanólicos produjeron una actividad alta (86-100 % de mortalidad), 3 extractos mostraron una actividad relativamente alta (71-85 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos mostraron una actividad moderada (56-70 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos presentaron baja actividad (31-55 % mortalidad) y 6 extractos mostraron actividad acaricida no significativa (0-30 % mortalidad). Los extractos que inducían >56 % de mortalidad se analizaron posteriormente contra garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus mediante una prueba de inmersión de adultos a una concentración de 5.0% p/v. En términos generales, los resultados en larvas y garrapatas adultas indicaron que los extractos metanólicos de Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis y Azadirachta indica mostraron las mayores actividades. El extracto crudo de A. indica fue sometido a una purificación cromatográfica, lo que llevó al aislamiento de 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), (-)-epigalocatequina (3), (+)-galocatequina (4), (-)-epicatequina (5), β-sitosterol (6), estigmasterol (7), glucósido de estigmasterol (8), trilinoleína (9), azadiractina A (10) y el éster de ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diílico (11). Las estructuras químicas de los compuestos aislados fueron identificadas mediante la interpretación de los datos espectroscópicos de RMN y HRESI-MS. Los compuestos aislados se ensayaron frente a garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus a una concentración de 6 mM. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que el 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), el 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), la azadiractina A (10) y el ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diil éster (11) muestran la mayor eficacia.

Abstract This work determined the acaricidal effect of 18 Mexican plants against Rhipicephalus microplus. The results of the larvicidal assay revealed that 5 methanolic extracts produced high activity (86-100 % mortality), 3 extracts exhibited relatively high activity (71-85 % mortality), 2 extracts displayed moderate activity (56-70 % mortality), 2 extracts presented low activity (31-55 % mortality) and 6 extracts showed non-significant acaricidal activity (0-30 % mortality). Extracts inducing >56 % mortality were subsequently assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus by adult immersion test at a concentration of 5.0% w/v. In general terms, the results on larvae and adult ticks indicated that the methanolic extracts of Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis and Azadirachta indica showed the greatest activities. The crude extract of A. indica was subjected to chromatographic purification, which has led to the isolation of 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), (-)-epigallocatechin (3), (+)-gallocatechin (4), (-)-epicatechin (5), β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), stigmasterol glucoside (8), triolein (9), azadirachtin A (10), and the octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11). The isolated compounds' chemical structures were identified by the interpretation of NMR and HRESI-MS spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds were assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus at a concentration of 6 mM. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), azadirachtin A (10), and octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11) show the highest effectiveness.

Resumen La producción de varios prototipos se traduce en mayores costos en la etapa de diseño y optimización de un múltiple de admisión. El objetivo de esta investigación radica en el análisis de datos de velocidad de fluido arrojados por la simulación fluido dinámica de distintas geometrías de unas toberas de admisión de alto rendimiento. En fase inicial se usó la modelación teórica, la representación de un objeto en el plano abstracto para caracterizarlo, en la fase de análisis de resultados, fue el método comparativo, donde se observó los datos obtenidos mediante un estudio paralelo. La relevancia de la investigación radica en la obtención de ganancias porcentuales en velocidades mínimas hasta del 271 % mientras en velocidades máximas hasta del 52 %. Se concluye que la razón de los resultados se da al modificar el diámetro de las toberas versus su longitud. Se demostró la efectividad de este tipo de simulaciones, con el fin de impulsar estudios posteriores en el área de diseño para elementos mecánicos.

Abstract The production of several prototypes translates into higher costs at an inlet manifold’s design and optimization stage. This research aimed to improve the design and optimization of high-performance inlet nozzles while reducing costs. By analyzing fluid velocity data from dynamic simulations at different geometries, the researchers identified modifications that resulted in significant gains in minimum (up to 271%) and maximum speeds (up to 52%). The comparative method accurately characterized the results obtained from the theoretical modeling phase. Specifically, modifying the diameter of the nozzles versus their length was found to be an effective means of achieving these gains. These findings have important implications for the design of mechanical elements and could lead to future studies in the field.

Resumen Los procesos de formación docente tradicionalmente obedecen a una epistemología positivista que valora más la teoría que los saberes construidos en la experiencia, pero esto resulta ineficaz y explicaría, la separación entre la universidad y la escuela. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia reflexiva de profesores y docentes en formación en un espacio denominado Seminario Narrativo Docente (SND) basado en un enfoque interdisciplinario, colaborativo e interinstitucional. La investigación fue interpretativa, en particular se realizó un estudio de caso con participación de 48 profesores en servicio y 88 estudiantes de pedagogía de dos universidades de la región del Biobío. Se realizaron 34 entrevistas y se sometieron a un análisis de contenido. El SND como experiencia colectiva resignifica la práctica reflexiva, posibilitando la construcción saber práctico. Se concluye que la experiencia narrativa vincula la universidad y la escuela mediante el reconocimiento y valoración del saber práctico que construye el personal de educación.

Abstract Teacher education processes traditionally follow a positivist epistemology that overvalues theory over the knowledge that is built in experience, however, this is ineffective and would explain the separation between university and school. This article analyzes the formative experience of participating in an interdisciplinary and interinstitutional Teaching Narrative Seminar (SND). The research was interpretative, and a case study was carried out with the participation of 48 teachers and 88 pre-service teachers from two universities in the Biobío region. The data were obtained through 34 interviews with a content analysis. The SND as a collective experience redefines reflective practice, enabling the construction of practical knowledge. It is concluded that the narrative experience links the university and the school through the recognition and appreciation of the practical knowledge that the education staff builds.

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle is sensitive to bile acids (BA) because it expresses the TGR5 receptor for BA. Cholic (CA) and deoxycholic (DCA) acids induce a sarcopenia-like phenotype through TGR5-dependent mechanisms. Besides, a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia was characterised by increased levels of serum BA and muscle weakness, alterations that are dependent on TGR5 expression. Mitochondrial alterations, such as decreased mitochondrial potential and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and unbalanced biogenesis and mitophagy, have not been studied in BA-induced sarcopenia. Methods We evaluated the effects of DCA and CA on mitochondrial alterations in C2C12 myotubes and a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia. We measured mitochondrial mass by TOM20 levels and mitochondrial DNA; ultrastructural alterations by transmission electronic microscopy; mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α plasmid reporter activity and protein levels by western blot analysis; mitophagy by the co-localisation of the MitoTracker and LysoTracker fluorescent probes; mitochondrial potential by detecting the TMRE probe signal; protein levels of OXPHOS complexes and LC3B by western blot analysis; OCR by Seahorse measures; and mtROS by MitoSOX probe signals. Results DCA and CA caused a reduction in mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, DCA and CA increased LC3II/LC3I ratio and decreased autophagic flux concordant with raised mitophagosome-like structures. In addition, DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial potential and reduced protein levels in OXPHOS complexes I and II. The results also demonstrated that DCA and CA decreased basal, ATP-linked, FCCP-induced maximal respiration and spare OCR. DCA and CA also reduced the number of cristae. In addition, DCA and CA increased the mtROS. In mice with cholestasis-induced sarcopenia, TOM20, OXPHOS complexes I, II and III, and OCR were diminished. Interestingly, the OCR and OXPHOS complexes were correlated with muscle strength and bile acid levels. Conclusion Our results showed that DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial mass, possibly by reducing mitochondrial biogenesis, which affects mitochondrial function, thereby altering potential OCR and mtROS generation. Some mitochondrial alterations were also observed in a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia characterised by increased levels of BA, such as DCA and CA.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar las tendencias de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en Chile durante el período 2000-2020. Métodos. Los datos sobre la tasa de mortalidad ajustada por la edad (TMAE) por ECV por 100 000 habitantes en Chile durante el período 2000-2020 se extrajeron de la base de datos de mortalidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se utilizó la regresión de tipo joinpoint (punto de cambio) para analizar las tendencias y calcular el cambio porcentual anual promedio (CPAP) en Chile. Además, se realizaron análisis por sexo y por tipo de ECV. Resultados. Entre el 2000 y el 2020, la TMAE por ECV disminuyó en Chile de 159,5 a 94,6 por 100 000 habitantes, con una disminución del CPAP estadísticamente significativa del 2,6% (IC del 95% [-2,8 a -2,4]). No se detectó ningún punto de cambio (joinpoint). La TMAE por ECV disminuyó anualmente un 2,6% (IC del 95% [-2,8 a -2,4]) en los hombres y un 2,8% (IC del 95% [-3,5 a -2,6]) en las mujeres. La TMAE por cardiopatía isquémica se redujo anualmente en un 3,6 % (IC del 95 % [-4,6 a -2,7]), encontrándose dos puntos de cambio en el 2011 y el 2015. En el caso de los ataques cerebrovasculares, la tasa de mortalidad disminuyó anualmente un 3,7% (IC del 95% [-4,5 a -3,0]), encontrándose dos puntos de cambio en el 2008 y el 2011. Conclusiones. La tasa de mortalidad por ECV ha disminuido significativamente en Chile en ambos sexos, pero en especial en las mujeres. Este descenso podría explicarse principalmente por la reducción significativa de la letalidad observada en las últimas décadas. Estos resultados podrían constituir una referencia para la elaboración de políticas de prevención primaria y manejo de casos agudos de ECV que estén centradas en aquellos grupos poblacionales donde la mortalidad es más alta.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze trends in mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Chile during the period 2000–2020. Methods. Data on age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) from CVD per 100 000 population in Chile for 2000–2020 were extracted from the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trends and compute the average annual percent change (AAPC) in Chile. In addition, analyses were conducted by sex and type of CVD. Results. Between 2000 and 2020, the AAMR from CVD decreased in Chile from 159.5 to 94.6 per 100 000 population, with a statistically significant decrease in the AAPC of 2.6% (95% CI [–2.8, –2.4]). No joinpoints were identified. The AAMR from CVD decreased annually by 2.6% (95% CI [–2.8, –2.4]) and 2.8% (95% CI [–3.5, –2.6]) in men and women, respectively. The AAMR from ischemic heart disease reduced annually by 3.6% (95% CI [–4.6, –2.7]) with two joinpoints in 2011 and 2015. In the case of stroke, the mortality rate decreased annually by 3.7% (95% CI [–4.5, –3.0]), with two joinpoints in 2008 and 2011. Conclusions. Cardiovascular disease mortality rates have decreased significantly in Chile, in both sexes, especially in women. This decrease could be explained mainly by a significant reduction in the case fatality in recent decades. These results could be a reference for developing primary prevention and acute management of CVD policies focused on populations with higher mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar as tendências de mortalidade causada por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) no Chile no período de 2000 a 2020. Métodos. Taxas de mortalidade por DCV ajustadas por idade no Chile referentes ao período de 2000 a 2020 foram extraídas do Banco de Dados de Mortalidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foi usado um modelo de regressão linear segmentada (joinpoint) para analisar tendências e calcular a variação percentual média anual no Chile. Além disso, foram realizadas análises por sexo e tipo de DCV. Resultados. No Chile, entre 2000 e 2020, a taxa de mortalidade por DCV ajustada por idade caiu de 159,5 para 94,6 por 100 mil habitantes, com uma redução estatisticamente significante da variação percentual média anual de 2,6% (IC de 95% [-2,8; -2,4]). Não foram identificados pontos de inflexão. Anualmente, a taxa de mortalidade por DCV ajustada por idade caiu 2,6% (IC 95% [-2,8; -2,4]) e 2,8% (IC 95% [-3,5; -2,6]) entre homens e mulheres, respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade por doença cardíaca isquêmica ajustada por idade caiu 3,6% (95% CI [-4,6; -2,7]) por ano, com dois pontos de inflexão (em 2011 e 2015). No caso do acidente vascular cerebral, a taxa de mortalidade diminuiu 3,7% (IC de 95% [-4,5; -3,0]) por ano, com dois pontos de inflexão (em 2008 e 2011). Conclusões. As taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares diminuíram significativamente no Chile em ambos os sexos, especialmente nas mulheres. Essa queda pode ser explicada principalmente por uma redução significativa na letalidade observada nas últimas décadas. Esses resultados podem ser uma referência para o desenvolvimento de políticas de prevenção primária e manejo de casos agudos de DCV voltadas para populações com maiores taxas de mortalidade.

Significant systemic damage has been reported in patients affected by COVID-19, and questions remain about long-term sequelae. Therefore, the need arises to propose rehabilitation programs for primary care systems that respond to these needs. A 6-week program of remote rehabilitation, with weekly follow-up and progress, after hospital discharge for COVID-19 was carried out on 114 users from 4 primary care centers in the commune of El Bosque, Santiago, Chile. The program included patients from 21 to 93 years-old, combining the principles of individualized therapeutic exercise, a face-to-face evaluation before and after 6 weeks of work. The indicators evaluated were: Abbreviated Minimental, 1 minute Sit to Stand Test (1 min STST), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Barthel index and the Simple “FRAIL” Questionnaire Screening Tool (FRAIL). Inferential and descriptive analyses were carried out and favorable improvements were found in the indicators of physical condition (TUG and 1min STST), Barthel Index and FRAIL. In conclusion, while most of the indicators had favorable results, it is required to further explore more sensitive assessment tools and targeted interventions that are tailored to people's needs.

Resumen Se ha reportado un importante daño sistémico de los pacientes afectados por COVID-19, y aún existen interrogantes sobre las secuelas a largo plazo. Surge ante esto la necesidad de plantear programas de rehabilitación de los sistemas primarios de atención, que respondan a estas necesidades. Se realizó un programa de 6 semanas de rehabilitación remota, con seguimiento y progreso semanal, posterior al alta hospitalaria por COVID-19 a 114 usuarios de 4 centros de atención primaria de la comuna de El Bosque, Santiago, R. Metropolitana. Se incluyó a pacientes de edades entre 21 y 93 años, combinando los principios del ejercicio terapéutico individualizado, una evaluación presencial previo y posterior a las 6 semanas de trabajo. Los indicadores evaluados fueron: Minimental Abreviado, 1 Minute Sit to Stand Test (1min STST), Timed Up and Go (TUG), índice de Barthel y FRAIL. Se hicieron análisis inferenciales y descriptivos y se encontraron mejoras favorables en los indicadores de condición física (TUG y 1'STST), Índice de Barthel y el Simple “FRAIL” Questionnaire Screening Tool (FRAIL). En conclusión, si bien la mayoría de los indicadores tuvieron resultados favorables, es necesario seguir estudiando herramientas de evaluación más sensibles e intervenciones específicas que se adapten a las necesidades de las personas.

Abstract Objective: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced a reorganization of face-to-face visits, for this reason they have been minimized to the point of reconsidering the completion of the third trimester visit. Our center eliminated the performance of this obstetric visit and obtained its own data to compare the perinatal results obtained with such management. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in March 2020, with a cohort with a single face-to-face visit at 40th week of gestation (122 pregnant women), versus a cohort with conventional follow-up with face-to-face visit at 36th week of gestation (162 pregnant women). The following were evaluated fetal growth restriction, gestational age at birth, neonatal weight, rate of inductions, of eutocic deliveries, and of urgent cesarean sections in labor. Results: Slight differences were found in the nulliparity rate (p < 0.04), without finding them in the rest of the maternal variables. There were no differences between the two cohorts in neonatal outcomes. Conclusions: There were no differences between the maternal-fetal results obtained in pregnant women with gestational follow-up with restriction of the third trimester visit compared to traditional follow-up, except in the diagnosis of alterations in fetal statics at the end of pregnancy.

Resumen Objetivo: La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 ha obligado a una reorganización de las visitas presenciales, y por ese motivo se han minimizado hasta el punto de reconsiderar la realización de la visita del tercer trimestre. Nuestro centro suprimió dicha visita obstétrica y obtuvo datos propios para comparar los resultados perinatales logrados con dicho manejo. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, en marzo de 2020, con una cohorte con visita presencial única en la semana 40 de gestación (122 gestantes) frente a una cohorte con seguimiento convencional con visita presencial en la semana 36 de gestación (162 gestantes). Se evaluaron la restricción del crecimiento fetal, la edad gestacional al nacimiento, el peso neonatal y las tasas de inducciones, partos eutócicos y cesáreas urgentes en trabajo de parto. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias leves en la tasa de nuliparidad (p < 0,04), sin hallarlas en el resto de las variables maternas. No hubo diferencias entre las dos cohortes en los resultados neonatales. Conclusiones: No hay diferencias entre los resultados materno-fetales obtenidos en gestantes con seguimiento gestacional con restricción de la visita del tercer trimestre respecto del seguimiento tradicional, excepto en el diagnóstico de las alteraciones de la estática fetal al término de la gestación.

Background: During sanitary emergencies such as the recent pandemic, health services can collapse. In these cases, remote orientation services such as call centers may help to debottleneck these services. Aim: To assess the demand and problem resolution of a clinical guidance telephone service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: The call registry between May and August 2020 of an orientation call center for COVID-19 was analyzed. The number of calls, sociodemographic features of callers, type of enquiry and given indications were described. Results: We analyzed 1,278 telephone calls, corresponding to 655 people. Sixty nine percent of queries were resolved during the call and in 31% of calls, users were referred to face-to-face evaluation. Two percent of these referrals were to an emergency service. Conclusions: The call center had a high level of resolution, favoring remote consultation and reducing face-to-face care, improving users’accessibility.

Resumen Objetivo: Generar recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, para la prevención primaria y secundaria, el tratamiento de las lesiones preneoplásicas y el diagnóstico temprano del cáncer gástrico en población adulta, con el propósito de reducir la carga de la enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: El grupo desarrollador estuvo integrado por profesionales de la salud y tomadores de decisiones. Se construyeron preguntas clínicas contestables y se realizó la graduación de los desenlaces. Se elaboró la búsqueda de la información en MEDLINE; EMBASE y CENTRAL, siendo actualizada el 18 de octubre de 2018. La pesquisa también abarcó otras fuentes de información como la Revista Colombiana de Gastroenterología y la lectura en "bola de nieve" de las referencias incluidas. Se contactó a expertos en la materia con el objetivo de identificar estudios relevantes no publicados. Para la construcción de las recomendaciones, se realizó un consenso acorde con los lineamientos propuestos por la metodología GRADE, sopesando los beneficios, los efectos adversos derivados de la intervención, las preferencias de los pacientes y el potencial impacto de las intervenciones sobre los costos. Resultados: Se presenta la versión corta de la "Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención primaria, secundaria y diagnóstico temprano de cáncer gástrico", junto con su evidencia de soporte y respectivas recomendaciones. Conclusiones: Como recomendación central para la implementación, se recomienda erradicar la infección por H. pylori en los pacientes con o sin factores de riesgo, como estrategia de prevención de las condiciones precursoras de cáncer gástrico. La Guía deberá actualizarse en tres años.

Abstract Objetive: Generate recommendations for primary and secondary prevention, treatment of gastric preneoplastic lesions, and early diagnosis of gastric cancer in the adult population, to increase the detection of gastric cancer in early stages. Material and methods: The developer group was made up of health professionals, decision-makers, and a representative of the patients. Answerable clinical questions were constructed and outcomes were graded. The search for information in MEDLINE was carried out; EMBASE and CENTRAL, being updated on October 18, 2018. The search also covered other sources of information such as the Colombian Journal of Gastroenterology and the "snowball" reading of the references included. Experts in the field were contacted to identify studies. For the construction of the recommendations, a consensus was made according to the guidelines proposed by the GRADE methodology, weighing the benefits, the adverse effects derived from the intervention, the preferences of the patients, and the potential impact of the interventions on costs. Results: The short version of the "Clinical practice guidelines for the primary, secondary, and early diagnosis of gastric cancer" is presented together with its supporting evidence and respective recommendations. Conclusions: As a central recommendation for implementation, it is recommended to eradicate H. pylori infection in patients with or without risk factors in whom it is detected to prevent gastric cancer precursor conditions. The Guide will need to be updated in three years.

Resumen Se describen las larvas del tercer estadio de Listrochelus cristagalli (Arrow), L. granti Saylor, L. juvenilis (Fall), L. nogueirana (Morón) y L. yaqui Saylor con ejemplares procedentes del municipio El Fuerte, Sinaloa, México. Las larvas se recolectaron en parcelas de temporal, cultivadas con frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sandía (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad), maíz (Zea mayz L.), zacate buffel (Pennisetum sp.) y en vegetación natural con remantes de bosque tropical caducifolio. Se incluyen ilustraciones de las estructuras características y comentarios sobre las diferencias taxonómicas. Se presenta una clave para identificar las especies del género Listrochelus.

Abstract The third instar larvae of Listrochelus cristagalli (Arrow), L. granti Saylor, L. juvenilis (Fall), L. nogueirana (Morón) and L. yaqui Saylor are described based on specimens from the municipality El Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico. Larvae were collected in rainfed plots, cultivated with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad), corn (Zea mayz L.), buffel grass (Pennisetum sp.) and in natural vegetation with remnants of tropical deciduous forest soils. Illustrations of characteristic structures and comments on taxonomic differences are included. A key to identify the described larvae of the genus Listrochelus is presented.

ABSTRACT: In a ruling of the First Environmental Court, dated April 21, 2021, which welcomes the claim of the Colla Río Jorquera Indigenous Community and its Tributaries against the Environmental Qualification Resolution (RCA) of the project called "North Open Mining Prospecting Caspiche Sector", fixes the meaning and scope of the susceptibility of direct impact (SAD) to indigenous peoples, requirement of origin of the consultation of indigenous peoples (CPI), in the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA). The objective of this work is to expose the new way as interpreted in the Judgment, the regulation that in the matter of SAD is established in the Regulation of the System of Evaluation of Environmental Impact (RSEIA) and in the Convention N° 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO).

RESUMEN: En sentencia del Primer Tribunal Ambiental, de 21 de abril de 2021, que acoge reclamación de la Comunidad Indígena Colla Río Jorquera y sus Afluentes contra la Resolución de Calificación Ambiental (RCA) del proyecto denominado “Prospección Minera Norte Abierto Sector Caspiche”, fija el sentido y alcance de la susceptibilidad de afectación directa (SAD) a los pueblos indígenas, requisito de procedencia de la consulta a los pueblos indígenas (CPI), en el Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA). Este trabajo tiene por objetivo exponer la novedosa forma como se interpreta en la sentencia, la regulación que en materia de SAD se establece en el Reglamento del Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (RSEIA) y en el Convenio N° 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT).

Background: Cervicocranial arterial dissection (CIAD) is an important cause of stroke. Aim: To describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with CIAD. Material and Methods: An anonymous registry was made including all patients admitted to a private hospital with a diagnosis of CIAD. Patients were subdivided as having an anterior or posterior circulation dissection (ACD or PCD, respectively). Results: Fifty-seven patients aged 40 ± 8 years (60% women) were included in the study, 39 with PCD and 18 with ACD. Cervical pain was the most common symptom. CIAD was diagnosed with no clinical or imaging signs of stroke in 49% of patients. Fifty one percent of patients had focal neurological deficits and 72% had a NIH stroke score below five. No significant differences between patients with ACD or PCD were found. Fifty patients received antiplatelet therapy (simple or dual), seven patients were anticoagulated and 13 were subjected to stenting due to progression of stenosis with hemodynamic involvement or bilateral dissection with scarce collaterals. The lesion was located in V3 segment in 27 patients and cervical segment of the internal carotid in 16 cases. A favorable Modified Rankin Scale (0-2) was achieved in 85.9%, with a trend towards achieving better functional prognosis in PCD. Conclusions: Due to the greater availability of non-invasive imaging methods, 50% of these patients with CIAD did not have a stroke. Thus, an earlier and more timely management is feasible.

Abstract Vitamin K deficiency at birth is a risk factor for Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This bleeding prone situation can produce severe hemorrhages mainly in the skin, gastrointestinal tract and brain. There is strong evidence that the administration of vitamin K to the newborn is safe and effective, potential side effects are mild, so there is a clear benefit of its administration. PrevInfad workgroup recommends the prophylactic administration of 1 mg intramuscular Vitamin K to prevent the Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Some special considerations for preterm newborns and for children whose parents reject intramuscular prophylaxis are explained in the document. Moreover, an operative proposal and information for parents are presented.

Resumen El déficit de vitamina K al nacimiento supone un factor de riesgo para desarrollar la enfermedad hemorrágica del recién nacido (EHRN). Este estado pro hemorrágico puede producir sangrados graves principalmente a nivel cutáneo, gastrointestinal y cerebral. Hay buena evidencia de que la administración de vitamina K en el recién nacido (RN) es segura y eficaz, los daños potenciales son leves, por lo que está claro el beneficio neto a favor de la administración. El grupo PrevInfad recomienda administrar a todos los recién nacidos 1 mg de vitamina K de forma profiláctica por vía intramuscular para prevenir la EHRN. En el documento, se hacen consideraciones especiales para prematuros y para niños cuyos padres rechazan la profilaxis intramuscular. Asimismo, se presenta una propuesta operativa e información para padres.

Background: Stroke is the third largest single cause of death in Chile, responsible for 7.3% of all deaths in 2019. Large declines in stroke mortality rates in most Latin American countries in recent decades have been reported. Aim: To analyze the trend in stroke mortality in Chile between 1980 and 2015. Material and Methods: We extracted data for age-standardized death rate (ASDR) stroke mortality per 100,000 inhabitants in Chile for the period 1980-2015from the WHO Mortality Database. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyze the trend and compute the average annual percent change (AAPC) by gender in Chile. Results: The ASDR from stroke decreased from 92.8 per 100,000 in 1980 to 34.4 per 100,000 in 2015. The AAPC was −2.8% (-3.5, −2.1), with two jointpoints, 2008 and 2012. By gender, the AAPC was −2.4% and −2.9% in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: Stroke mortality rate decreased significantly between 1980 and 2015 in Chile, mainly in women.