ABSTRACT Introduction: Prenatal diagnosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization decreases the time of diagnosis not being necessary the cell culture. Objective: To describe the characteristics and experiences of prenatal diagnosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization in Cuba. Method: In in situ amniocytes CEP catheters were applied and LSI for the detection of aneuploidies of the 21,18,13, X and Y chromosomes, and LSI catheters for the detection of deletions associated with microdeletion syndromes. Results: 629 cases of high genetic risk were referred to the National Center of Medical Genetics. There was a prevalence of the indication of fetal abnormalities detected by ultrasound. In 612 (97%) cases the diagnosis was achieved in a satisfactory form, among them 50 (8.1%) positive cases, with predominance of Down syndrome in 26 cases. There were corroborated 312 cases by conventional cytogenetics with 98% of agreement with the results obtained by fluorescent in situ hybridization. It was used the cooled amniotic fluid to corroborate cases of uncertain diagnosis obtained by cytogenetics and there were detected 3 fetuses with chromosomal mosaics, the origin of a marker chromosome and the definition of fetal sex in one case. Conclusions: With the technology by fluorescent in situ hybridization, the prenatal diagnosis achieved a safe analysis option in cases of genetic high-risk pregnancies. Due to technological limitations, the test by fluorescent in situ hybridization in amniotic cells in interphase has adapted to the conditions in order to always achieve a safe diagnosis with the less possible damage to the pregnant women, the fetus and its family.

RESUMEN Introducción: El diagnóstico prenatal mediante la hibridación fluorescente in situ disminuye el tiempo de diagnóstico al no ser necesario el cultivo celular. Objetivo: Describir las características y experiencias del diagnóstico prenatal por hibridación fluorescente in situ en Cuba. Método: En amniocitos in situ se aplicaron sondas CEP y LSI para la detección de aneuploidías de los cromosomas 21,18,13, X y Y y sondas LSI para la detección de deleciones asociadas a síndromes de microdeleción. Resultados: Se remitieron al Centro Nacional de Genética Médica 629 casos de alto riesgo genético. Prevaleció la indicación de alteraciones fetales detectadas por ecografía. En 612 (97 %) casos se obtuvo un diagnóstico satisfactorio, entre ellos, 50 (8,1 %) casos positivos, con predominio del síndrome Down en 26 casos. Se corroboraron por citogenética convencional 312 casos con 98 % de concordancia con los resultados obtenidos por hibridación fluorescente in situ. Se utilizó el líquido amniótico refrigerado para corroborar casos de diagnóstico dudoso obtenido por citogenética y se detectaron 3 fetos con mosaicos cromosómicos, el origen de un cromosoma marcador y la definición del sexo fetal en un caso. Conclusiones: Con la tecnología por hibridación fluorescente in situ el diagnóstico prenatal logra una segura opción de análisis en aquellos casos de embarazos de alto riesgo genético. Debido a limitaciones tecnológicas, la prueba por hibridación fluorescente in situ en células amnióticas en interfase, se ha adaptado a nuestras condiciones, para lograr siempre un diagnóstico seguro con el menor perjuicio posible a la embarazada, el feto y su familia.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The consequences of de novo balanced structural chromosome aberrations diagnosed antenatally are unpredictable, and, as a result, they introduce uncertainty into genetic counseling decisions. OBJECTIVE Describe de novo balanced structural aberrations present at antenatal diagnosis in samples from pregnant women in five Latin American countries and determine their effect on carrier individuals. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study based on analysis of 109,011 antenatal tests conducted from January 1981 to December 2016 in Cuba, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Colombia. Thirteen cytogenetic laboratories provided information that included the cases analyzed during the study period; number of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally; number of diagnoses with de novo balanced structural aberrations that resulted in termination of pregnancy; detailed descriptions of the karyotypes of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers, and descriptions of the form of diagnosis, including types of samples used (amniotic fluid, chorionic villus or fetal blood). Each laboratory also provided pathology reports and genetic counseling at time of diagnosis. Postnatal followup for pregnancies carried to term continued for at least two years. RESULTS Of the 109,011 antenatal tests studied, 72 (0.07%) showed de novo balanced structural aberrations. These events primarily involved chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 14, 18, and 20. Of the 79 breakpoints identified, the most common were 5p15.3, 7q11.2, 7q22, and 14q24. We identified three breakpoints corresponding to 3.8% (3q13.1, 3q13.2, and 9p12) that were not reported in other studies of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally in patients from other geographic regions or in studies of chromosomal fragile sites. Two of these breakpoints (3q13.1 and 3q13.2) were associated with high risk of phenotypic abnormalities. Information on antenatal or postnatal followup was available for 62 (86%) of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers; of the 44 carriers with postnatal followup, 10 had phenotypic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Three new de novo breakpoints were identified, presumably related to genetic admixture characteristics in Latin America. Since some diseases associated with de novo balanced structural aberrations detected antenatally have a late onset, followup for at least two years is recommended for carriers of these aberrations. The information in this study is useful in genetic counseling for pregnant women in Latin America.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization applied to the cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis is a rapid way to stablish a nexus between genes and chromosomes without celular culture and allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities on interphase cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate this method as a tool in prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies in high risk pregnancies. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out in 40 high-risk pregnancies using fluorescence in situ hybridization, 34 had successuful results. The 97 % the cases were confirmed by conventional cytogenetic results. The diagnosis of 18, 21 and 13 chromosome aneuploidies showed three hybridization signals in 80 % of the scored nuclei. The results of fluorescence in situ hybridization were in conformity with the results of cytogenetic analysis in all the normal cases (sex and autosomic chromosomes). This technique should be applied in high risk cases of chromosomes aneuploidies (21,18, 13 and X), high maternal anxiety, or when significant clinical situation is present. It should be employed as an adjunctive tool to the examination of fetal chromosomes.

La utilización de la técnica de hibridación in situ con fluorescencia aplicada al diagnóstico prenatal citogenético es una vía rápida para establecer un nexo entre los genes y los cromosomas sin necesidad de realizar cultivos celulares, permitiendo la detección de anomalías cromosómicas en células en interfase. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los resultados obtenidos en la introducción de este método para el diagnóstico prenatal de aneuploidías en embarazos de alto riesgo. Se examinaron 40 casos prenatales de alto riesgo por la técnica de hibridación in situ, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en 34. Se corroboró con el resultado obtenido de la citogenética convencional en el 97 % de los casos. Se realizó el diagnóstico de aneuploidías de los cromosomas 18, 21 y 13, el 80 % de los núcleos examinados, presentó 3 señales. En los casos normales no existieron discrepancias con la citogenética respecto a los cromosomas sexuales, el número de cromosomas autosómicos (21,13 y 18) y los marcajes observados por FISH. Esta técnica debe ser aplicada en casos de alto riego de aneuploidías de los cromosomas 21, 13, 18 y X, casos con elevada ansiedad materna, y/o cuando una determinada situación clínica así lo demande. Esta técnica debe ser complementada mediante el examen cromosómico de las células fetales.

A bibliometric study of the world scientific production indexed by PubMed on Human Cytogenetics, during the period 1999-2008, was performed. A search strategy based on the identification of terms chromosome, chromosomal, cytogenetic, distal, centromere and cell cycle, was designed. A total of 10 388 articles were obtained. The most productive authors, journals and regions were identified. A constant growth of the total articles by year was observed, which is an evidence of the advances reached by the specialty. Coauthorship networks, as well as networks of terms co-ocurrence in titles and abstracts, were visualized. The scope of Human Cytogenetic as a scientific discipline for the next years was analyzed.

Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico de la producción científica mundial sobre citogenética humana indizada por la base de datos de PubMed, correspondiente al período 1999-2008. Para esto fue diseñada una estrategia de búsqueda a partir de la identificación en los registros de los términos chromosome, chromosomal, cytogenetic, distal, centromere y cell cycle, y se obtuvieron 10 388 artículos relacionados con la temática, en los cuales fueron identificados los autores, las revistas científicas y las áreas geográficas más productivas. Se visualizaron las redes de coautoría, así como las redes de co-ocurrencia de palabras en los títulos y resúmenes. De igual modo, se valoraron las potencialidades de la citogenética humana como disciplina científica para los próximos años. Se observó un crecimiento constante del total de artículos por año, que evidenció el avance alcanzado por esta especialidad.