ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present the overall survival rate for lung cancer and identify the factors associated with early diagnosis of stage I and II lung cancer. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study including individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, from January 2009 to December 2017, according to the cancer registry at UMass Memorial Medical Center. Five-year overall survival and its associated factors were identified by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox’s proportional hazards model. Factors associated with diagnosing clinical stage I and II lung cancer were identified by bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression (Log-likelihood ratio (LR)) at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The study was conducted with data on 2730 individuals aged 67.9 years on average, 51.5% of whom female, 92.3% white, and 6.6% never smoked. Five-year overall survival was 21%. Individuals diagnosed with early-stage disease had a 43% five-year survival rate compared to 8% for those diagnosed at late stages. Stage at diagnosis was the main factor associated with overall survival [HR = 4.08 (95%CI: 3.62–4.59)]. Factors associated with early diagnosis included patients older than 68 years [OR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.04–1.45)], of the female gender [OR = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.24–1.73)], white [OR = 1.63 (95%CI: 1.16–2.30)], and never-smokers [OR = 1.37 (95%CI: 1.01–1.86)]; as well as tumors affecting the upper lobe [OR = 1.46 (95%CI: 1.24–1.73)]; adenocarcinoma [OR = 1.43 (95%CI: 1.21–1.69)]; and diagnosis after 2014 [OR = 1.61 (95%CI: 1.37–1.90)]. CONCLUSIONS Stage at diagnosis was the most decisive predictor for survival. Non-white and male individuals were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, promoting lung cancer early diagnosis by improving access to health care is vital to enhance overall survival for individuals with lung cancer.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present the overall survival rate for lung cancer and identify the factors associated with early diagnosis of stage I and II lung cancer. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study including individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, from January 2009 to December 2017, according to the cancer registry at UMass Memorial Medical Center. Five-year overall survival and its associated factors were identified by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox’s proportional hazards model. Factors associated with diagnosing clinical stage I and II lung cancer were identified by bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression (Log-likelihood ratio (LR)) at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The study was conducted with data on 2730 individuals aged 67.9 years on average, 51.5% of whom female, 92.3% white, and 6.6% never smoked. Five-year overall survival was 21%. Individuals diagnosed with early-stage disease had a 43% five-year survival rate compared to 8% for those diagnosed at late stages. Stage at diagnosis was the main factor associated with overall survival [HR = 4.08 (95%CI: 3.62–4.59)]. Factors associated with early diagnosis included patients older than 68 years [OR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.04–1.45)], of the female gender [OR = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.24–1.73)], white [OR = 1.63 (95%CI: 1.16–2.30)], and never-smokers [OR = 1.37 (95%CI: 1.01–1.86)]; as well as tumors affecting the upper lobe [OR = 1.46 (95%CI: 1.24–1.73)]; adenocarcinoma [OR = 1.43 (95%CI: 1.21–1.69)]; and diagnosis after 2014 [OR = 1.61 (95%CI: 1.37–1.90)]. CONCLUSIONS Stage at diagnosis was the most decisive predictor for survival. Non-white and male individuals were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, promoting lung cancer early diagnosis by improving access to health care is vital to enhance overall survival for individuals with lung cancer.

Neste estudo, foi investigada o efeito anticonvulsivante do extrato etanólico das folhas de Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae (CPEE), utilizando convulsões induzidas por eletrochoque máximo (MES) e pentilenetetrazol (PTZ), em ratos e camundongos, nas doses 200 e 400 mg/kg, i.p., respectivamente. Diazepam (3 mg/kg, i.p.) foi usado como uma droga anticonvulsivante padrão. O extrato (CPEE) foi seguro até a dose de 4000 mg/kg em camundongos, quando administrado por via intraperitoneal. O extrato de 400 mg/kg produziu efeito anticonvulsivante contra induções por PTZ de forma significativa (p<0,01). Em modelo de convulsão induzida por MES, não houve alterações significativas no início, bem como a duração das crises de extensão dos membros pélvicos em relação ao controle na dose de 200 mg/kg quando administrada por via intraperitoneal. No entanto, o extrato (CPEE, 400 mg/kg i.p.), de forma significativa (p<0,01), atrasou o início, como também diminuiu a duração das crises de extensão dos membros posteriores (HLES) em relação ao controle. O extrato (CPEE) aumentou a percentagem de proteção dos animais em dose maior (200 mg/kg) em ambos os modelos. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o extrato etanólico de folhas de Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. possui efeito anticonvulsivante.

In this study, ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae, leaves (CPEE) was investigated for anticonvulsant effect against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in rats and mice at dose levels 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p. respectively. Diazepam (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as a standard anticonvulsant drug for comparison. CPEE was found to be safe up to the dose of 4000 mg/kg in mice, when administered intraperitoneally. The extract at 400 mg/kg dose produced significant (p<0.01) anticonvulsant effect w.r.t. control against PTZ-induced clonic seizures. In MES-induced seizure model, there were no significant alterations in the onset as well as duration of hind limb extension seizures as compared to control at a dose of 200 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally. However, the extract (CPEE, 400 mg/kg i.p.) significantly (p<0.01) delayed the onset as well as decreased the duration of hind limb extension seizures (HLES) as compared to control. However, the extract, CPEE, percentage protection of the animals was increased at higher dose (200 mg/kg) in both the models. The results of the study suggest that ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. leaves possess anticonvulsant effect.