RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo según el estado pregestacional en mujeres que se sometieron a atención prenatal en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos Se hizo un estudio transversal con la participación de las mujeres embarazadas. Las variables socioeconómicas y las variables demográficas se utilizaron a un cuestionario cuestionable. Las mujeres fueron evaluadas para el estado nutricional y la dieta. La relación con la edad de la mujer embarazada, la semana de gestación, obesidad, peso actual, peso previo a la gestación se obtuvieron de la forma prenatal. El Statistical Package para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) fue utilizado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados La evaluación del estado nutricional previo a la gestación reveló que el 43,2% (n=110) de las mujeres comenzaron su gestación con sobrepeso y el 4,3%, con un peso muy bajo. El 51% (n=130) obtuvo un peso gestacional por encima del recomendado. La edad media de las mujeres con un IMC previo a la gestación mayor o igual a 25 kg/m2 fue significativamente más alto que la de las mujeres con un BMI inferior a 25 km/ m2. La ingesta de energía total (p=0,037) y el calcio (p=0,004) fue mayor en las mujeres que subieron peso por encima del recomendado. Discusión Los resultados obtenidos resaltan la importancia de las estrategias de salud pública para evitar la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo. Conclusión Las mujeres embarazadas aumentan de peso por encima del valor máximo recomendados, acorde con el IMC previo a la gestación. Este hecho provoca consecuencias negativas en materia de maternidad e infancia.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate weight gain during pregnancy according to the pregestational state in women who underwent prenatal care in Primary Health Care. Methods A cross-sectional study with the participation of 255 pregnant women. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Women were evaluated for nutritional status and dietary intake. Data related to the age of the pregnant woman, gestational week, current weight, pregestational weight, and height were obtained from the prenatal follow-up form. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis. Results Pregestational nutritional status assessment showed that 43.2% (n=110) of the women started gestation with overweight and 4.3% (n=11) started with low weight. 51% percent (n=130) gained gestational weight above the recommended level. The mean age of women with pregestational BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was significantly higher than that of those with BMI <25 kg/rrP (p<0.001). Total energy (p=0.037) and calcium (p=0.004) intake were higher in women with weight gain above the recommended. Discussion The results presented highlight the importance of strategies in public health to avoid excess weight gain during pregnancy. Conclusion Pregnant women presented a gestational weight gain above the recommended maximum value according to pregestational BMI, which may contribute to adverse maternal and infant outcomes.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate weight gain during pregnancy according to the pregestational state in women who underwent prenatal care in Primary Health Care. Methods A cross-sectional study with the participation of 255 pregnant women. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Women were evaluated for nutritional status and dietary intake. Data related to the age of the pregnant woman, gestational week, current weight, pregestational weight, and height were obtained from the prenatal follow-up form. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis. Results Pregestational nutritional status assessment showed that 43.2% (n=110) of the women started gestation with overweight and 4.3% (n=11) started with low weight. 51% percent (n=130) gained gestational weight above the recommended level. The mean age of women with pregestational BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was significantly higher than that of those with BMI <25 kg/rrP (p<0.001). Total energy (p=0.037) and calcium (p=0.004) intake were higher in women with weight gain above the recommended. Discussion The results presented highlight the importance of strategies in public health to avoid excess weight gain during pregnancy. Conclusion Pregnant women presented a gestational weight gain above the recommended maximum value according to pregestational BMI, which may contribute to adverse maternal and infant outcomes.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo según el estado pregestacional en mujeres que se sometieron a atención prenatal en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos Se hizo un estudio transversal con la participación de las mujeres embarazadas. Las variables socioeconómicas y las variables demográficas se utilizaron a un cuestionario cuestionable. Las mujeres fueron evaluadas para el estado nutricional y la dieta. La relación con la edad de la mujer embarazada, la semana de gestación, obesidad, peso actual, peso previo a la gestación se obtuvieron de la forma prenatal. El Statistical Package para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) fue utilizado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados La evaluación del estado nutricional previo a la gestación reveló que el 43,2% (n=110) de las mujeres comenzaron su gestación con sobrepeso y el 4,3%, con un peso muy bajo. El 51% (n=130) obtuvo un peso gestacional por encima del recomendado. La edad media de las mujeres con un IMC previo a la gestación mayor o igual a 25 kg/m2 fue significativamente más alto que la de las mujeres con un BMI inferior a 25 km/ m2. La ingesta de energía total (p=0,037) y el calcio (p=0,004) fue mayor en las mujeres que subieron peso por encima del recomendado. Discusión Los resultados obtenidos resaltan la importancia de las estrategias de salud pública para evitar la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo. Conclusión Las mujeres embarazadas aumentan de peso por encima del valor máximo recomendados, acorde con el IMC previo a la gestación. Este hecho provoca consecuencias negativas en materia de maternidad e infancia.

Resumo Objetivos: relacionar o estado nutricional pré-gestacional, a idade materna e o número de gestações com a distribuição de macronutrientes e micronutrientes conforme o tipo de processamento dos alimentos consumidos por gestantes de alto risco. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo transversal, realizado a partir de dados de prontuários de 200 gestantes atendidas em um ambulatório público do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2014 a 2016. Resultados: a média de consumo em percentuais de lipídios, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, poli-insaturados e sódio foi maior entre os alimentos ultraprocessados. Observou-se correlação significativamente inversa entre a idade materna e o consumo de calorias totais (p=0,003), percentuais de carboidratos (p=0,005) e proteínas (p=0,037) provenientes de alimentos ultraprocessados. Verificou-se também associação significativa entre o estado nutricional pré-gestacional e o consumo de calorias totais (p=0,018) e percentual de carboidrato (p=0,048) provenientes de alimentos ultraprocessados. Conclusões: a média de consumo em percentuais de lipídios, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, poli-insaturados e sódio foi maior entre os alimentos ultraprocessados, verificou-se que quanto maior a idade materna da gestante de alto risco, menor é o consumo de calorias totais, percentuais de carboidratos e proteínas, oriundos dos alimentos ultraprocessados e identificou-se também que o estado nutricional pré-gestacional possui associação significativa com o consumo de calorias totais e percentual de carboidrato provenientes de alimentos ultraprocessados.

Abstract Objectives: to relate pregestational nutritional status, maternal age and number of pregnancies to the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients according to the type of processing offoods consumed by high-risk pregnant women. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with data from medical records of 200 pregnant women served by a public outpatient clinic in Rio Grande do Sul from 2014 to 2016. Results: the mean percentages of lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and sodium intake were higher among ultra-processed foods. There was a significant inverse correlation between maternal age and total calorie intake (p=0.003) and percentage of carbohydrates (p=0.005) and proteins (p=0.037) from ultra-processed foods. There was also a significant association between pregestational nutritional status and total calorie intake (p=0.018) and percentage of carbohydrates (p=0.048) from ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: the mean percentages of lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and sodium intake were higher among ultra-processed foods. It was observed that the older the maternal age of high-risk pregnant women, the lower the intake of total calories and percentages of carbohydrates and proteins from ultra-processed foods. It was also observed that pregestational nutritional status was significantly associated with the intake of total calories and percentage of carbohydrates from ultra-processed foods.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a sensibilidade gustativa de indivíduos adultos e idosos e relacionar com o estado nutricional, tabagismo e consumo de álcool. Método: Participaram da pesquisa 46 voluntários, sendo 13 adultos funcionários de uma empresa do ramo de alimentação e 33 idosos residentes em três Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos do Vale do Taquari. Os mesmos foram submetidos a um questionário estruturado sobre dados socioeconômico e utilização de fármacos, tabagismo e consumo de álcool, avaliação nutricional e teste de sensibilidade gustativa. O teste de sensibilidade gustativa foi aplicado em três concentrações diferentes para cada sabor, sendo pingadas 4 gotas na língua do voluntário que referiu qual foi o grau de palatabilidade percebido, atribuindo um conceito de 0 a 5. Os dados foram analisados através do Pacote Estatístico SPSS 20.0, sendo considerados significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultado: Observou-se redução na sensibilidade gustativa dos idosos na solução azeda e doce, quando comparados aos adultos, visto que a maioria dos idosos estabeleceu conceitos menores na escala de sensibilidade para a solução de ácido cítrico na concentração 1 (p=0,004), na concentração 2 (p=0,049) e de sacarose na concentração 3 (p=0,026). Conclusão: Os idosos tiveram a percepção do sabor azedo e doce reduzida quando comparado aos adultos. Além disso, o estado nutricional, gênero, consumo de álcool, tabagismo e uso de medicações não tiveram associação significativa com a percepção do paladar nos indivíduos avaliados.

Abstract Objective: To compare the taste sensitivity of adults and elderly people, considering nutritional status, smoking and alcohol consumption. Method: Forty-six volunteers participated in the research, thirteen of whom were adult employees of a company from the food industry and thirty-three of whom were elderly residents of three Long-Term Care Facilities for the Elderly from the Vale do Taquari (Taquari Valley). They responded to a structured questionnaire about their socioeconomic data and use of medication, smoking and alcohol consumption, and underwent a nutritional evaluation and a taste sensitivity test. The taste sensitivity test was applied at three different concentrations for every flavor, with 4 drops dripped on the tongue of the volunteer, who described the level of perceived palatability, giving a score of 0-5. Data was analyzed through statistical analysis using the Statistical Package SPSS 20.0, considering a value of significance of p<0.05. Result: a reduction in the taste sensitivity of the elderly persons was noted for the sweet and sour solutions, in comparison with adults, as the majority of the elderly people demonstrated lower sensitivity scale scores for the citric acid solution in concentration 1 (p=0.004) and concentration 2 (p=0.049) and sucrose in concentration 3 (p=0.026). Conclusion: Elderly people had a lower perception of the sweet and sour flavors than adults. Moreover, nutritional status, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking and medication use were not significantly associated with the taste perception of the individuals evaluated.

Introduction: due to the significant increase in the obesity rate in recent years, public health has been facing in many countries of the world, one of the major problems caused by this disease. Because of this, natural products arise, herbal, to assist in the treatment of obesity due to their safer effects. Among these, stands out the extract obtained from dried fruits of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), which has been studied and used as a natural supplement for weight loss. Objective: to investigate the GC administration as a coadjuvant factor in the treatment of obesity regarding to its effectiveness, way of action, recommended daily amount, side effects and contraindications, as a way of food and nutritional security for the population. Methodology: literature review. There were consulted the database of LILACS-BIREME data, SciELO and MEDLINE and there were selected scientific articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, between the period of 2007 and 2014 that conducted studies involving the administration of the GC as a way of treatment for obesity. The descriptors used for research articles in the databases were the following: Garcinia Cambogia in Portuguese, and in English the terms used were "Garcinia Cambogia", "weight loss and obesity", and "Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)"; this last one is not a descriptor indexed in Decs, but given the importance of this term for the search, it was adopted as a keyword. Thirty-four articles were identified, but only 21 were related to the objectives of this study. The first analysis of the articles was conducted by the title and then by the summary. In addition, 17 references were included because of their relevance to the study. Results: in some analyzed works, there was observed that the GC showed positive effects on weight loss process, appetite reduction, body fat percentage, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose levels, lipogenesis process, while others had no effect. Conclusion: studies suggest positive results about the effectiveness of the GC on the weight loss process. However, the ideal dosage has not been well established yet. There is little evidence of adverse effects and signs of protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out further studies to confirm the efficacy of this phytotherapy in the weight loss process.

Introducción: debido al aumento significativo de la tasa de obesidad en los últimos años, la salud pública se ha enfrentado en muchos países del mundo a los principales problemas causados por esta enfermedad. Debido a ello, surgen productos naturales, a base de hierbas, para ayudar en el tratamiento de la obesidad debido a sus efectos más seguros. Entre estos productos destaca el extracto obtenido a partir de frutas secas de Garcinia Cambogia (GC), que se ha estudiado y utilizado como un suplemento natural para la pérdida de peso. Objetivo: investigar la administración de GC como un factor coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la obesidad en cuanto a su eficacia, la forma de acción, la cantidad diaria recomendada, los efectos secundarios y las contraindicaciones, para su uso como un suplemento alimentario natural en la pérdida de peso. Metodología: revisión de la literatura. Se consultaron las bases de datos LILACS-BIREME, SciELO y MEDLINE, y se seleccionaron los artículos científicos publicados en inglés, portugués y español, entre el período de 2007 y 2014, llevando a cabo estudios sobre la administración de la GC como una forma de tratamiento de la obesidad. Los descriptores utilizados para los artículos de investigación fueron: en portugúes Cambogia Garcinia, y en inglés "Garcinia Cambogia", "pérdida de peso y obesidad", y "ácido hidroxicítrico (HCA)"; este último no es un descriptor indexado en Decs, pero dada la importancia de este término para la búsqueda, se adoptó como una palabra clave. Se identificaron treinta y cuatro artículos, pero solo 21 estaban relacionados con los objetivos de este estudio. El primer análisis de los artículos fue realizada por el título y luego por el resumen. Además, se incluyeron 17 referencias por su relevancia para el estudio. Resultados: en algunos trabajos analizados se observó que GC mostró efectos positivos en el proceso de pérdida de peso, reducción de apetito, porcentaje de grasa corporal, triglicéridos, niveles de colesterol y glucosa y proceso de lipogénesis; mientras que en otros no produjo ningún efecto. Conclusión: los estudios sugieren resultados positivos con respecto a la eficacia de la GC en el proceso de pérdida de peso. Sin embargo, la dosis ideal no ha sido aún bien establecido. Hay poca evidencia de efectos adversos y signos de efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por el etanol. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario llevar a cabo más estudios para confirmar la eficacia de esta fitoterapia en el proceso de pérdida de peso.

The nutritional assessment may detect a state of malnutrition, overweight and cardiometabolic risk in the elderly. Easy to apply instruments enable the identification of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Objective: to analyze the applicability of Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) in the prediction of MS components in the elderly. Methods: cross-sectional study with 221 elderly at a mean age of 70.65 ± 7.34 years; 53.4% female and 46.4% male. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and blood pressure (BP), data was obtained, as well as information about lifestyle. There were calculated the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and the VAI. The adiposity measures were compared with the components of MS, and for the VAI there was determined the capability of predicting the occurrence of MS components. Results: by analyzing the association among the biochemical and pressoric variables and MS components with the anthropometric indicators of obesity, there was a direct and significant correlation of the BMI, the weight and the VAI with blood glucose, HDL and TG (p<0.01); the VAI was the indicator with the strongest correlation for all parameters. The WC associated significantly with the HDL and the TG, and the WHR only with the HDL. Regarding to the applicability of the VAI in the determination of the relative risk of occurrence of MS components, the VAI was good predictor of abdominal obesity (OR = 1.27, p<0.001), hyperglycemia (OR = 1.10, p=0.043), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 3.64, p<0.001) and low HDL-c (OR = 2.26, p<0.001). Conclusion: the VAI showed association with components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women with increased risk of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-c, proving to be a good predictor of MS components in the elderly.

La evaluación nutricional puede detectar un estado de desnutrición, sobrepeso y riesgo cardiometabólico en los ancianos. Fácil de aplicar, los instrumentos permiten la identificación de factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Objetivo: analizar la aplicabilidad del Índice de Adiposidad Visceral (VAI) en la predicción de los componentes del SM en los ancianos. Métodos: estudio transversal con 221 personas mayores con una edad media de 70,65 ± 7,34 años; 53,4% mujeres y 46,4% hombres. Se obtuvieron peso, talla, circunferencia de la cintura (CC), glucosa en ayunas, triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (HDL-C), colesterol LDL (LDL-C) y presión arterial (PA), así como información acerca del estilo de vida. No se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la relación cintura-cadera (WHR) y el VAI. Las medidas de adiposidad se compararon con los componentes de la MS, y para el VAI no se determinó la capacidad de predecir la ocurrencia de los componentes del SM. Resultados: el análisis de la asociación entre las variables bioquímicas y de presión y los componentes del SM con los indicadores antropométricos de obesidad evidencia que existe una correlación directa y significativa entre el índice de masa corporal, el peso y el VAI con la glucosa en sangre, colesterol HDL y TG (p < 0,01); el VAI fue el indicador con la correlación más fuerte para todos los parámetros. El WC se asoció significativamente con el HDL y TG, y el RHO solo con el HDL. En lo que respecta a la aplicabilidad de la VAI en la determinación del riesgo relativo de aparición de los componentes del SM, el VAI era buen predictor de obesidad abdominal (OR = 1,27, p < 0,001), hiperglucemia (OR = 1,10, p = 0,043), hipertrigliceridemia (OR = 3,64, p < 0,001) y bajos niveles de HDL-c (OR = 2,26, p < 0,001). Conclusión: el VAI mostró asociación con componentes del síndrome metabólico en los hombres y las mujeres con mayor riesgo de obesidad abdominal, hiperglucemia, hipertrigliceridemia y bajos niveles de HDL-c, demostrando ser un buen predictor de componentes del SM en los ancianos.

The perception of body image of adolescents is an instrument for nutritional assessment to health conditions. Objective: To verify the body image perception of adolescents and their parents in relation to nutritional status and blood pressure levels. Methods: Population-based study, and cross-sectional model, conducted with parents and adolescents aged 10- 19 years old, in rural and urban zones in public schools. There was applied the Scale silhouettes for parents about the perception of the described body image and a question about the concern of the nutritional status of their children. There were verified the blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference, the BMI (kg/m²) calculation of the adolescents, and the self-perceived body image. The data was expressed as average ± standard deviation and percentages. Results: The sample consisted of 914 adolescents with a mean age of 13.12 ± 2.17 years, 56.8% female and 68.9% were eutrophic. As for blood pressure levels, 17.6% were classified in pre-hypertensive, 18.8% in stage 1 hypertension and 6% in stage 2. About the self-perception, 68% considered themselves being eutrophic and 64.75% of the parents classified their children as eutrophic. There was observed a direct and significant correlation among the body mass index, waist circumference, weight, systemic and diastolic blood pressure with the self-perception of the adolescents and the body image perceptions of the parents (p<0.001). Conclusion: The nutritional status was significantly correlated with blood pressure, waist circumference and body image perceptions of the adolescents and their respective parents.

La percepción de la imagen corporal de los adolescentes de un instrumento para la evaluación nutricional de las condiciones de salud. Objetivo: Verificar la percepción de la imagen corporal de los adolescentes y sus padres en relación con los niveles de estado y la presión arterial nutricionales. Métodos: Estudio poblacional, y el modelo de la sección transversal, realizada con los padres y adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de edad, en las zonas rurales y urbanas en las escuelas públicas. Se aplicó la Escala de siluetas de los padres acerca de la percepción de la imagen corporal descrita y una pregunta acerca de la preocupación de la situación nutricional de sus hijos. No se verificaron la circunferencia de la presión arterial, peso, altura y cintura, el IMC (kg/m²) cálculo de los adolescentes, y la imagen corporal de la percepción subjetiva. Los datos se expresaron como media ± desviación estándar y porcentajes. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 914 adolescentes con una edad media de 13,12 ± 2,17 años, 56,8% mujeres y 68,9% eran eutróficos. En cuanto a los niveles de presión arterial, el 17,6% fueron clasificados en pre-hipertensos, 18,8% en la etapa 1 de hipertensión y el 6% en la etapa 2. Sobre la percepción de sí mismo, el 68% se consideraban ser eutróficos y 64,75% de los padres a sus hijos como clasificado eutróficos. No se observó una correlación directa y significativa entre el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, el peso, la presión arterial sistémica y diastólica con la auto-percepción de los adolescentes y la percepción de imagen corporal de los padres (p <0,001). Conclusión: El estado nutricional se correlacionó significativamente con la presión arterial, circunferencia de la cintura y la percepción de imagen corporal de los adolescentes y sus respectivos padres.