RESUMEN Introducción: La transmisión viral a menudo se propaga en grupos, donde las infecciones se pueden rastrear hasta un caso índice o una ubicación geográfica, para así poder tomar medidas de prevención al respecto. Entender el perfil de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 es esencial para desarrollar estrategias efectivas de prevención y control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de transmisión del Sars-Cov-2, a partir de clúster con casos índices identificados, en la V región sanitaria (Caaguazu) del Paraguay, entre julio y octubre del 2020. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con fichas de notificación de casos de COVID-19 y resultados laboratoriales de la RT_PCR en pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19 en la V Región Sanitaria entrejulio y octubre del 2020. Resultados: Fueron identificadas 703 personas con Sars-Cov-2 positivo. El 55,49 % de las personas no reconoció algún nexo de contagio. Con respecto al tipo de evento donde ocurrían con mayor frecuencia los contagios, ocurrieron en Eventos Sociales en 58,14 % de los casos y en el Ambiente Familiar en el 33,89 %. La transmisión secundaria se observó en el 17,40 % de los casos. Fueron identificados 58 Clústers, con una mediana de tamaño de los mismos de 3 (RIQ 2-4), y 267 personas (37,98 %) asociadas a los mismos. Discusión: La mayoría de las personas no reconocieron su nexo de contagio, sin embargo, en los que, si conocieron, se puede observar que la participación en eventos sociales fue el principal nexo, por lo que es fundamental realizar este tipo de ejercicios para hacer el seguimiento oportuno de los casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Viral transmission often spreads in clusters, where infections can be traced to an index case or a geographic location, in order to take preventive measures in this regard, understanding the transmission profile of SARS-CoV-2 is essential. to develop effective disease prevention and control strategies. Objective: to determine the transmission profile of Sars-Cov-2, from clusters with identified index cases, in the V health region (Caaguazú) of Paraguay, between July and October 2020. Methodology: We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with notification sheets of COVID-19 cases and laboratory results of the RT_PCR in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the V Sanitary Region between July and October 2020. Results: We identified 703 people with positive Sars-Cov-2. 55.49% of people did not recognize any contagion link. Regarding the type of event where infections occurred most frequently, was in Social Events in 58.14% of the cases and the Family Environment in 33.89%, secondary transmission was observed in 17.40% of the cases. 58 Clusters were identified, with a median size of 3 (IQR 2-4), and 267 people (37.98%) associated with them. Discussion: Most of the people did not recognize their contagion link, however, in those who did know, the main link was because they participated in social events, so it is essential to carry out this type of exercise to do timely follow-up. of the cases.

Abstract Introduction Septoplasty and turbinoplasty are common surgical interventions used to relieve nasal obstructive symptoms. Since it is difficult to measure the degree of nasal blockage, current literature wonders about the frequent performance of these procedures. Objective To evaluate the perceived change in the nasal obstruction and the quality of life (QoL) of patients that underwent a septoplasty along with a turbinoplasty by applying subjective scales, to describe the correlation between those scales, and to study the impact of clinical factors in the postoperative outcomes. Methods Prospective observational study. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) were assessed. The paired sample Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference between the pre- and postoperative surveys. The correlation coefficient between the subjective scales was calculated. A quantile regression was performed to evaluate the effect of surgery on the results adjusted for clinical and demographic variables. Results A total of 115 patients were interviewed. Postoperative NOSE scores were 45 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 53.53–- 35.46; p < 0.001) in comparison with the NOSE preoperative scores. Obesity was the only statistically significant factor associated with worse outcomes. Additionally, we found a high correlation between the NOSE and VAS scores and a negative correlation between the GBI and postoperative VAS scores. Conclusion Nasal septoplasty, when paired with a turbinoplasty, decreases nasal obstruction and improves QoL. Obesity was associated with worse results. There was a strong correlation between the NOSE and the VAS results and between the GBI and postoperative VAS results.

Background: In 2008, the Chilean National Nursing Examination Commission, COENENF, developed a national nursing exam (ENENF). Since 2013, COENENF has implemented a validated opinion survey at the time of the national examination to strengthen the quality of the exam and facilitate its continuous improvement. Aim: To determine the perception of nursing students about general aspects, specific areas, representativeness, mastery and usefulness of the 2018 ENENF. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a self-administered Likert-type survey, was administered in 2018 to 2949 last-year nursing students from 29 nursing schools who took the ENENF. The survey comprised three areas: representativeness of the questions, student mastery of each area, and the usefulness of the exam. Results: Students had a positive perception of the Chilean ENENF and its application. Theoretical knowledge is effectively assessed and close to half of the sample agreed that the ENENF is useful. The results also suggest areas that should be improved. Conclusions: Nursing students had a positive perception of the ENENF.

Resumen Se presenta un estudio cuyo propósito fue construir un modelo predictivo del estrés basado en la autoeficacia, el apoyo-social y la personalidad, en un grupo de estudiantes pertenecientes al Programa de Acceso y Acompañamiento a la Educación Superior (PACE). Se contó con una muestra no probabilística, incidental de 126 personas universitarias de primer año. Por medio de cuatro instrumentos asociados a las variables señaladas, se recurrió a un modelo de Regresión Lineal Múltiple, el cual arrojó que las variables neuroticismo y autoeficacia son las que tienen mejor poder predictivo ante la percepción del estrés. Estos hallazgos permiten, por una parte, establecer la necesidad de considerar estas variables psicológicas de forma más explícita en el diagnóstico, planificación y ejecución de actividades con estudiantes pertenecientes al PACE, y, por otra, la necesidad de continuar y profundizar su estudio en el contexto de estudiantes vulnerables educativamente, a fin de visibilizar su importancia en los procesos de acceso y permanencia en la educación superior.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to build a predictive model of stress based on self-efficacy, social support and personality in a group of students belonging to the Access and Effective Accompaniment Program to Higher Education (In Spanish, PACE). A sample of 126 first-year university students was available for convenience. By means of four instruments associated to the indicated variables, it was resorted to a model of Multiple Linear Regression, showing that the variables Neuroticism, Self-efficacy and Social Support of Friends are the ones that have better predictive power before the emergence of stress. These findings allow, on the one hand, to establish the need to consider these psychological variables more explicitly in the diagnosis, planning and execution of activities with students belonging to PACE, and on the other hand, the need to continue and deepen their study in the context of educationally vulnerable students, in order to make visible their importance in their processes of access and permanence in higher education.

ABSTRACT A new endemic species, Centaurodendron schilleri, is described from the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. This is the third species of the endemic genus, Centaurodendron, which is closely related to Plectocephalus of the Chilean mainland. The new species is confined to Alejandro Selkirk Island, whereas the previously known species, C. dracaenoides and C. palmiforme, are confined to Robinson Crusoe Island. In morphological aspects, the new species is more distinct from the other two species than they are from each other. Molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic studies for island and continental species of these genera are in progress.

RESUMEN Se describe una nueva especie endémica, del archipiélago Juan Fernández, Centaurodendron schilleri. Esta es la tercera especie del género endémico Centaurodendron, el que se relaciona con Plectocephalus de Chile continental. La especie nueva crece en la isla de Alejandro Selkirk, mientras que C. dracaenoides y C. palmiforme lo hacen exclusivamente en la isla de Robinson Crusoe. En cuanto a la morfología, las dos especies conocidas se parecen más entre sí que cada una con la nueva. Estudios filogenéticos moleculares y biogeográficos sobre el complejo del grupo Plectocephalus s.l. de las islas y del continente están ahora en proceso.

People with chronic conditions and elderly frequently use different levels of health care. If those are not coordinated, patients are exposed to complications and adverse effects. To avoid this, the implementation of transitional care (TC) is proposed, which includes the coordination and follow-up of users through the different care settings. We aimed to analyze the concept of transitional care, its characteristics and impact on people with chronic conditions. A search of articles published between 2012 and 2019 in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases was conducted looking for articles related to the concept of transitional care, characteristics, and impact on people with chronic conditions. Several models of TC have been formulated and the literature identifies common interventions, namely telephone follow-up, outpatient clinics and home visits for self-management support. Reports show that TC reduces re-hospitalizations, care costs, increases quality of life and user satisfaction with the health system.

ABSTRACT Meningococcal disease represents a public health problem and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The serogroups that cause the highest burden of disease globally are A, B, C, W, and Y. The aim of the study was to describe serogroups and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from invasive disease in Paraguay during the 2010-2020 period. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid and blood with isolates or detection of DNA by PCR of N. meningitidis from patients of different ages referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory during the period 2010-2020 within the framework of the epidemiological surveillance of meningitis (n = 163) in Paraguay were studied. The highest frequency of N. meningitidis findings was observed in the <1 year age group, 25.7% of the cases corresponded to serogroup B, 52.1% to serogroup C, 18.4% to serogroup W and 3.7% to serogroup Y. In 2018, the highest number of cases by serogroup C (n = 27) was found. The lowest frequency of decreased sensitivity to penicillin G was in 2010 (12.5%) and the highest in 2014 (100.0%). There was an increase in cases due to serogroup C in 2017, positioning itself as the prevalent serogroup until 2020, in addition, there was an increase in decreased sensitivity to penicillin. Surveillance is important in the control of meningococcal disease for outbreak detection, estimation of the burden of disease, analysis of antimicrobial resistance, serogroup distribution, and evaluations of control strategies.

RESUMEN La enfermedad meningocócica representa un problema de salud pública y una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Los serogrupos que causan la mayor carga de enfermedad a nivel global son A, B, C, W e Y. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los serogrupos y la resistencia antimicrobiana de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas de enfermedad invasiva en Paraguay durante el periodo 2010-2020. Se estudiaron todas las muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo y sangre con aislamientos o detección de ADN por PCR de N. meningitidis de pacientes de diversas edades, que fueron remitidas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública durante el periodo 2010-2020, dentro del marco de la vigilancia epidemiológica de meningitis (n=163) en Paraguay. La mayor frecuencia de hallazgos de N. meningitidis se observó en el grupo de edad de < 1 año. El 25,7% de los casos correspondió al serogrupo B, el 52,1% al serogrupo C, 18,4% al serogrupo W y 3,7% al serogrupo Y. En el 2018, se evidenció la mayor cantidad de casos por serogrupo C (n=27). La menor frecuencia de sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina G fue en el 2010 (12,5%) y la mayor en el 2014 (100,0%). Se registró un aumento de casos por serogrupo C a partir del 2017, posicionándose como serogrupo prevalente hasta el 2020, y además, un aumento de la sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. La vigilancia es de importancia en el control de la enfermedad meningocócica para detección de brotes, estimación de la carga de enfermedad, análisis de resistencia antimicrobiana, distribución de serogrupos y evaluaciones de estrategias de control.

ABSTRACT Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that has a long incubation period and can lead to disabilities. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations, so detection of advanced-stage disease is very common. The main risk group are healthy contacts of infected people without treatment, who need constant monitoring for early detection of the disease. There is and effective multi-drug therapy to treat the disease, but nerve damage is irreversible. In the present study, an epidemiological and clinical characterization of Paraguayan patients with multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy and their household contacts (HCMB and HCPB) was carried out before and after treatment of the index case (T0 and T1, respectively). who resorted to the PNCL between 2018 and 2020. For that, blood and serum samples from 24 patients with leprosy and 17 household contacts were analyzed at the time of diagnosis of the index case and at the end of treatment, using standard laboratory tools for routine analysis. Through the use of clinical records, interviews were conducted to obtain epidemiological data. Patients were mostly male and contacts female, mostly from the countryside departments and the Central department, living in overcrowded conditions. There was a higher recruitment of MB and HCMB individuals. We observed no significant changes in the white blood cell levels amongst patients compared to healthy individuals but whereas contacts showed altered levels. The GOT liver enzyme level and BI level decreased after treatment of patients. Paraguayan patients with leprosy reflect demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics that are usually described for patients with this pathology. The analysis of biochemical parameters can help monitoring patients and household contacts for adequate surveillance of pathogen transmission.

RESUMEN La Lepra es una enfermedad crónica discapacitante causada por Mycobacterium leprae que presenta un largo periodo de incubación. El diagnóstico está basado en las manifestaciones clínicas por lo que la detección de la enfermedad en estadío avanzado es muy frecuente. El principal grupo de riesgo de enfermedad son los contactos sanos de personas infectadas sin tratamiento, por lo cual es importante el seguimiento de los mismos, para la detección temprana de la enfermedad. Existe una terapia de múltiples fármacos efectiva para tratar la enfermedad, pero las lesiones nerviosas son irreversibles. En el presente estudio, se realizó una caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de pacientes paraguayos con lepra multibacilar (MB), paucibacilar (PB) y sus contactos intradomiciliarios (CMB y CPB) antes y después del tratamiento del caso índice (T0 y T1 respectivamente), que recurrieron al PNCL entre los años 2018 y 2020. Para ello, fueron analizadas muestras de sangre y suero de 24 pacientes con lepra y 17 contactos intradomiciliarios, al momento del diagnóstico del caso índice y al culminar el tratamiento, utilizando herramientas estándar de laboratorio para análisis de rutina. Mediante el uso de fichas clínicas se realizaron entrevistas para la obtención de datos epidemiológicos. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de pacientes de sexo masculino y contactos de sexo femenino, en su mayoría procedentes del interior del país y del departamento Central, viviendo en condiciones hacinadas. Hubo un mayor reclutamiento de individuos MB y CMB. No hubo cambios significativos en los niveles de glóbulos blancos de los pacientes, pero sí en los contactos. Se observó que los niveles de enzima hepática GOT y los niveles de BI disminuyen posterior al tratamiento de pacientes. Los pacientes paraguayos que presentan lepra, reflejan características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas que usualmente son descriptos para los pacientes con esta patología. El análisis de parámetros bioquímicos ayuda en la labor de monitorear a los pacientes y contactos domésticos para la vigilancia adecuada de la transmisión del patógeno.

Abstract: Virus-based biopesticides are effective biocontrol agents of crop insect pests. Development of suitable formulations and production processes are necessary to obtain high-quality products easily adopted by farmers. A detailed unit operation study was carried out for the production process of a Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus-based biopesticide to control the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, one of the most important pests affecting this crop. Physicochemical, microbiological, and insecticidal parameters were implemented in the process and applied to the finished product, and a scaling strategy was developed. A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-PCR) technique was implemented to quantify viral concentrations in the active ingredient (5.34 ± 1.44 x109 Occlusion Bodies mL-1) and in the finished product (>1.6x109 OB mL-1), without contaminant interferences. The Q-PCR methodology was also useful to select the appropriate solid mixing time following Lacey´s mixing index (8 min). Factors and similarity principles influencing the liquid mixing process were identified in the scaling evaluation. Furthermore, the drying kinetics analysis enabled identifying a drying temperature of 35 °C, with an efficacy under controlled conditions higher than 97%. Contaminant concentration was lower than 1%, indicating controlled and aseptic formulation process conditions. A simple statistical method was used to estimate the reproducibility and repeatability of the parameters assessed in the finished product. These results enable to establish and extrapolate important parameters in the standardization, scale-up, and quality control for the granulovirus-based biopesticide.

Abstract: One of the most meaningful milestones in pre-service teaching training involving research skills is the bachelor’s thesis process. This study seeks to identify the structural and methodological characteristics of the thesis work for the primary school teaching, nursery school teaching and special education programs of a Chilean university. Using a retrospective quantitative methodology, bibliometric indicators were elicited from 383 theses between the years 2010 and 2019 by means of a pre-piloted form. Results showed that there is a high compliance with the structural aspect of the thesis, while in the methodological aspect, the discussion section was found to be not as strong. Altogether, the theses include the formal aspects of its structure allowing for a well-organized scientific inquiry. However, improved methodological tools are required to better implement and conduct research toward aspects of pedagogical reflection.

Resumen: Uno de los hitos más significativos en la formación inicial docente relacionado con las habilidades investigativas es el proceso de tesis. Por ello, en este estudio se propone identificar las características estructurales y metodológicas de las tesis de pregrado de las carreras de Educación Básica, Educación Parvularia y Educación Diferencial de una Escuela de Educación en una universidad chilena. Bajo una metodología cuantitativa de corte retrospectivo, se extrajeron indicadores bibliométricos de 383 tesis de las carreras mencionadas entre los años 2010 y 2019, utilizando un formulario pre-pilotado. Los resultados mostraron que existe un alto cumplimiento en los aspectos de estructura de las tesis, no obstante, la sección de discusión presenta debilidades. Con todo, las tesis incorporan aspectos formales en la estructura, lo que ha permitido desarrollar indagaciones científicas bien organizadas. Sin embargo, se sugiere profundizar en las herramientas metodológicas para implementar y conducir las investigaciones hacia aspectos de reflexión pedagógica.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el avance en el conocimiento del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), se hace relevante la necesidad de caracterizar la carga de la exposición ambiental en los pacientes. Sin embargo, en la actualidad no se dispone de un instrumento validado para medirlo. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la construcción de un instrumento tipo cuestionario, a fin de detallar la exposición a múltiples factores ambientales previamente asociados a LES. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura para identificar los factores ambientales asociados a LES y se construyó la primera versión del cuestionario. El instrumento se consolidó luego de la revisión y retroalimentación por expertos y se aplicó a 40 pacientes y 20 participantes sanos. Finalmente, se hizo análisis de Rasch exploratorio para determinar el desempeño en la función de respuesta. Resultados: El instrumento mostró un desempeño favorable en sus propiedades psicométricas. Adicionalmente, permitió la caracterización de 10 factores ambientales y sus diferencias en las frecuencias de exposición entre pacientes con LES y participantes sanos. Se identificó una alta co-ocurrencia de exposiciones reflejada en que la mayoría de los pacientes mostró exposición a tres o más factores simultáneamente. Conclusión: Se construyó un instrumento práctico y de fácil aplicación, con un desempeño favorable en sus propiedades psicométricas. Este instrumento, que es el primero para la caracterización de múltiples exposiciones ambientales específicamente diseñado para pacientes con LES, validado y en idioma español, permitió identificar que la mayoría de los pacientes con lupus estuvieron expuestos a la sumatoria de tres o más factores ambientales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: As the knowledge of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) advances, the need to characterise the burden of environmental exposure in patients becomes increasingly relevant. However, there is currently no tool validated to measure such exposure. For this reason, the objective of this work was the construction of a questionnaire-type tool, in order to detail the exposure to multiple environmental factors previously associated with SLE. Methods: The literature was reviewed to identify relevant environmental factors associated with SLE, and the first version of the questionnaire was constructed. After expert review and feedback, the questionnaire was consolidated and applied to 40 patients and 20 healthy controls. Finally, exploratory Rasch analysis was performed to determine the performance of the tool's response function. Results: The tool showed a favourable performance in the exploratory analysis of its psychometric properties. Additionally, it allowed the characterisation of 10 environmental factors and the differences in the frequencies of exposure between patients with SLE and healthy controls. A high co-occurrence of exposures was identified, as most of the patients had positive exposures to three or more factors simultaneously. Conclusion: A practical and easy-to-apply tool has been constructed, with a favourable performance in its psychometric properties. To our knowledge, this is the first tool in the Spanish language for the characterisation of multiple environmental exposures, and constructed explicitly for patients with SLE with a validation analysis. It enabled us to identify that most of the lupus patients were exposed to the sum of three or more environmental factors.

Abstract In this research the effect of five mineral salts on the conservation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) was evaluated. For this, inflorescens of ABC Blue Rim and Mariachi Carmine cultivars were placed for 12 h in solutions of 0.1 % calcium nitrate, 0.2 mM cobalt chloride, 100 mg L-1 aluminum sulfate, 100 mg L-1 boric acid, 0.5 mM nickel chloride and distilled water as control. Water consumption, relative fresh weight and respiration were evaluated during their vase life. Calcium nitrate and aluminum sulfate increased water consumption in Mariachi Carmine inflorescens (25-31 mL/stem) and helped in maintaining higher relative fresh weight values for a longer period of time in both cultivars (96.9 % for 9-11 days). These compounds also decreased the respiration rate of ABC Blue Rim and Mariachi Carmine inflorescences by 45-67 and 51-59 %, respectively. Results suggest that these salts preserve the hydric relationships and the function of conductive tissues in the two varieties, which, along with the lower respiration rates, significantly improved the vase life of lisianthus.

Resumen En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto por separado de cinco sales minerales en la conservación de dos cultivares de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). Para ello, inflorescencias de las variedades ABC Blue Rim y Mariachi Carmine se colocaron por 12 h en soluciones de nitrato de calcio 0.1 %, cloruro de cobalto 0.2 mM, sulfato de aluminio 100 mg L-1, ácido bórico 100 mg L-1, cloruro de níquel 0.5 mM y agua destilada como control. Se evaluó el consumo de agua, peso fresco relativo y respiración durante su vida en florero. El nitrato de calcio y el sulfato de aluminio incrementaron el consumo de agua en las inflorescencias de Mariachi Carmine (25-31 mL/tallo) y ayudaron a mantener valores más altos y por más tiempo de peso fresco relativo en ambos cultivares (96.9 % por 9-11 días). Estos compuestos también disminuyeron la tasa respiratoria de las inflorescencias de ABC Blue Rim y Mariachi Carmine en 45-67 y 51-59 %, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que estas sales preservaron las relaciones hídricas y la función de los tejidos conductores en las dos variedades, lo cual, aunado a las tasas respiratorias más bajas, mejoraron significativamente la vida en florero de lisianthus.

ABSTRACT Objective: Sorafenib significantly prolonged progression-free survival in patients with iodine-refractory advanced thyroid cancer. The present study was initiated before sorafenib was approved in Colombia and therefore represents an effort by an oncology institution to evaluate its efficacy and safety in this population. Subjects and methods: This phase II clinical trial had a single treatment arm. We included adult patients with progressive metastatic iodine-refractory thyroid cancer who received treatment with sorafenib 800 mg/day (400 mg every 12 hours) up to a maximum of 24 months or until the occurrence of limiting related toxicity, the progression of the disease, or voluntary withdrawal. Results: Nineteen patients received the treatment and were included in the safety analysis. However, for the efficacy analysis, 6 patients were excluded because they received only one month of therapy. Thirteen (68%) patients were women, and the mean age at diagnosis was 61.8 years. No complete responses were observed; 5 patients had a partial response (35.7%), 6 patients had stable disease, and 3 showed progression. Mean progression-free survival was calculated at 18 months (95% CI 10.7-20.3). Overall survival was estimated at 21.3 months (95% CI 17.8-24.8). Conclusion: For the first time in Colombia, the efficacy of sorafenib was evaluated in patients with advanced and progressive thyroid carcinoma refractory to radioactive iodine, with an efficacy and a safety profile similar to those previously reported.

ABSTRACT A morphological and cytotaxonomic analysis of Alstroemeria patagonica Phil. populations is made, from the Chilean Patagonian steppe, in order to clarify questions about the variability of this taxonomic entity. 3 populations were analyzed (Estancia Baño Nuevo, Jeinimeni and Estancia Chacabuco). A detailed morphological study was conducted on field specimens collected for this purpose, plus samples of the SGO and CONC herbaria. In addition, a cytotaxonomic study from collected populations was performed, using the chromosomes as a source of taxonomic evidence. Results were compared with data from Alstroemeria pygmaea Herb., in order to clarify the differences between these unifloral taxa and those with yellow flowers. The study results in the recognition of a new species of Alstroemeria for Chile and Argentina.

RESUMEN Se hace un análisis morfológico y citotaxonómico de poblaciones de Alstroemeria patagonica Phil., de la estepa patagónica chilena, para aclarar dudas acerca de la variabilidad de esta entidad taxonómica. Para esto, se analizaron 3 poblaciones (Estancia Baño Nuevo, Jeinimeni y Estancia Chacabuco). Se hizo un estudio morfológico detallado en ejemplares recolectados con este fin, más muestras de los herbarios SGO y CONC. Además, se realizó un estudio citotaxonómico de las poblaciones, utilizando los cromosomas como fuente de evidencia taxonómica. Se compararon los resultados con datos de Alstroemeria pygmaea Herb. con el objetivo de esclarecer las diferencias entre estos taxones unifloros y con flores de color amarillo. El estudio da como resultado la presencia de una nueva especie de Alstroemeria para Chile y Argentina.

Resumen Objetivo: La relación entre la contaminación del aire y la salud humana se ha estudiado ampliamente en medicina y economía. Sin embargo, sólo unos pocos artículos recientes han estimado el impacto directo de la contaminación del aire en el rendimiento académico. Metodología: Recopilamos datos diarios de contaminación del aire de todas las estaciones de monitoreo en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, y los combinamos con los datos de los resultados académicos registrados por el Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) para estudiantes de cuarto grado durante la última década, para crear un conjunto agrupado único de datos transversales. Resultados: Aplicando diferentes estrategias econométricas, encontramos que ciertos contaminantes del aire tienen un impacto negativo en los puntajes de las pruebas de la cohorte. Nuestros efectos estimados son negativos y estadísticamente significativos, oscilando entre 0.02 y 0.06 desviaciones estándar. Conclusiones: Estos resultados pueden interpretarse como pequeños, pero equivalen al efecto de alrededor del 30% de una política educativa exitosa que apunta específicamente al desempeño. Recomendaciones: La política pública debe considerar las externalidades positivas de reducir la contaminación del aire. Clasificación JEL: C23, C55, I18, Q53.

Abstract Goal: The relationship between air pollution and human health has been widely studied in medicine and economics. However, only a few recent articles have estimated the direct impact of air pollution on academic achievement. Methodology: We collect daily air pollution data from all monitoring stations in the city of Santiago, Chile, and combine it with academic results recorded by the National Learning Outcome Assessment System of (SIMCE in Spanish) for fourth grade students over the past decade, to create a unique pooled cross-sectional dataset. Results: Applying different econometric strategies, we find that certain air pollutants have a negative impact on the test scores of the cohort. Our estimated effects are negative and statistically significant, ranging between 0.02 and 0.06 standard deviations. Conclusions: These results seem to be small, but are equivalent to around 30% of a successful educational policy that specifically targets performance. Recommendations: Public policy must consider the positive externalities of reducing air pollution. JEL Classification: C23, C55, I18, Q53.