Abstract Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a multifactorial clinical condition associated with severe outcomes such as stroke and death. One of the main modifiable risk factor for hypertension is an unhealthy diet, often characterized by the consumption of ultraprocessed foods such as sweetened beverages. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of sweetened beverages, both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened, and the prevalence of hypertension in adults. A cross-sectional, household, population-based study with 1,162 adults from two Brazilian cities were carried out. The consumption of food groups and sweetened beverages was obtained by food frequency questionnaire and other data were self-reported. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. The association between sweetened beverages consumption and hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression models, expressed as Prevalence Ratio. The prevalence of hypertension was 16.7%, with no significant difference between genders. The prevalence of consumption of sweetened beverages was 70.3% in men and 54.6% in women, being significantly higher in men. Women who consumed sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages 6 to 7 days per week had 92% higher prevalence of hypertension compared to those who did not consume or consumed at a lower frequency. Furthermore, women who consumed artificially sweetened beverages at least 1 time per week had 3.36 times higher prevalence of hypertension. The habitual consumption of sweetened beverages may be an important risk factor for hypertension, especially the consumption of diet beverages, which are often marketed as healthier than sugar-sweetened beverages.

Resumen La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una condición clínica multifactorial asociada a resultados graves como el ictus y la muerte. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables de la hipertensión es una dieta poco saludable, a menudo caracterizada por el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados como las bebidas endulzadas. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la relación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas, tanto azucaradas como edulcoradas artificialmente, y la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, domiciliario y poblacional con 1,162 adultos de dos ciudades brasileñas. El consumo de grupos de alimentos y bebidas endulzadas se obtuvo mediante cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y los demás datos fueron autoinformados. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro de la cintura. La asociación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas y la hipertensión se analizó mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson, expresados como Ratio de Prevalencia. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 16,7%, sin diferencias significativas entre géneros. La prevalencia de consumo de bebidas endulzadas fue del 70,3% en los hombres y del 54,6% en las mujeres, siendo significativamente mayor en los hombres. Las mujeres que consumían bebidas azucaradas y edulcoradas artificialmente entre 6 y 7 días a la semana tenían 92% mayor prevalencia de hipertensión que las que no consumían o consumían con una frecuencia menor. Además, las mujeres que consumían bebidas edulcoradas al menos 1 vez por semana tenían una prevalencia de hipertensión 3,36 veces mayor. Así pues, el consumo habitual de bebidas endulzadas puede ser un importante factor de riesgo de hipertensión, especialmente el consumo de bebidas dietéticas, que a menudo se comercializan como más saludables que las bebidas azucaradas.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of burnout, global, and by dimension, in resident physicians of Federal University of Piauí, and to identify possible factors associated with the presence of the syndrome. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study. Population: resident physicians in Federal University of Piauí’s medical residency programs (136 individuals). The frequency of burnout was investigated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Sociodemographic variables were evaluated through a questionnaire and their associations with the presence of the syndrome were tested. RESULTS: A total of 67 (49.26%) residents answered the questionnaires. The burnout syndrome frequencies found were global=73.1%; EE=44.8%; DP=64.2%, and PA=47.8%. Statistically significant association was obtained between current year of residency and EE; between having children and PA; between current work routine and DP; and between the use of antidepressant/hypnotic medication and EE. Compared with residency programs, there was a difference in the EE dimension, which was higher among residents in internal medicine residents (88.9%) and pediatrics (83.3%). In the comparative analysis between global burnout levels and all variables evaluated, no associations were found. CONCLUSION: Burnout syndrome was found in the majority of participating residents. There was an association between sociodemographic variables and the presence of isolated burnout dimensions, but not between sociodemographic variables and global burnout.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e associá-lo a indicadores antropométricos em adolescentes, adultos e idosos Métodos Estudo transversal, domiciliar, de base populacional, compreendendo adolescentes de 10-19 anos, adultos de 2059 anos e idosos de 60 anos ou mais, residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Teresina, Piauí. Foram coletados dados demográficos, socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida, consumo alimentar e antropométrico. O teste de análise de variância foi utilizado juntamente com o teste post-hoc de Bonferroni e regressão linear bruta e ajustada com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Não houve associação significativa entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e indicadores antropométricos em adultos e idosos, entretanto, entre os adolescentes, os resultados demonstraram uma associação inversa, sinalizando redução dos indicadores antropométricos à medida que se aumenta o consumo de ultraprocessados. Conclusão Não houve associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e indicadores antropométricos em adultos e idosos, entretanto, entre os adolescentes, os resultados demonstraram uma associação inversa, o que incentiva o desenvolvimento de novos estudos, especialmente, longitudinais.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods and associate it with anthropometric indicators in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Methods Cross-sectional, domiciliary, population-based study, comprising adolescents aged 10-19 years, adults aged 20-59 years, and elderly people aged 60 or older, residents of the urban area of the city of Teresina, Piauí. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, food consumption, and anthropometric data were collected. The analysis of variance test was used along with the Bonferroni post-hoc test and crude and adjusted linear regression with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results There was no significant association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric variables in adults and the elderly. However, among adolescents, the results showed an inverse association, thus signaling a reduction in anthropometric indicators as the consumption of ultra-processed foods increases. Conclusion There was no association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and anthropometric indicators in adults and the elderly; however, among adolescents, the results showed an inverse association, which encourages the development of new studies, especially longitudinal ones.

RESUMEN Los alimentos ultraprocesados son productos industriales que contienen una composición nutricional desbalanceada, contribuyendo a un elevado de calorías, azúcares, grasas y sodio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados de adolescentes, adultos y ancianos. En la ciudad de Teresina, Piauí, se entrevistó a adolescentes (10 a 19 años), adultos (20 a 59 años) y ancianos (≥60 años). Una encuesta recordatoria de 24 h se utilizó para evaluar el consumo de alimentos con una repetición posterior en el 40% de la muestra. Se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) con la prueba post-hoc de Bonferroni para comparar los datos y se aceptó como significativo el valor de p<0.05. Se observó que los adolescentes que consumían una mayor cantidad de alimentos ultraprocesados (2º y 3º tercil) consumían significativamente menos cereales y legumbres. Entre los adultos, se observó que los terciles con mayor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados tenían significativamente menor consumo de cereales, carne, frutas, verduras, legumbres y huevos. Entre los ancianos, en los terciles con mayor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, hubo un consumo significativamente menor de granos y carne. Se concluye que el mayor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados contribuyó al menor consumo de alimentos no procesados o mínimamente procesados.

ABSTRACT Ultra-processed foods are industrial products that contain an unbalanced nutritional composition, contributing to a high intake of calories, sugars, fats and sodium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods among adolescents, adults and the elderly. In the city of Teresina, Piauí, adolescents (10 to 19 years old), adults (20 to 59 years old) and elderly persons (≥60 years old) were interviewed. The 24-hour food recall was used to assess food consumption with subsequent replication in 40% of the sample. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test was used to verify the data, and the value of p<0.05 was adopted as significant. It was observed that adolescents who consumed a greater amount of ultra-processed foods (2nd and 3rd tertile) consumed significantly less grains and legumes. Among adults, it was observed that the tertiles with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods had significantly lower consumption of grains, meat, fruits, vegetables, legumes and eggs. Among the elderly, in the tertiles with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, there was significantly lower consumption of grains and meat. We conclude that higher consumption of ultra-processed foods contributed to a lower consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the “non-response” rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de “não-resposta” (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de “não-resposta” (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the “non-response” rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e analisar sua associação com fatores de risco socioeconômicos, demográficos e de estilo de vida. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base domiciliar, realizado com adultos de ambos os sexos residentes nas cidades de Teresina e Picos (PI). A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi estimada por meio de diagnóstico autorreferido. Foram testadas as associações entre a hipertensão arterial e as variáveis: idade, sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, renda familiar, situação conjugal, consumo de álcool e cigarro, prática de atividade física e estado nutricional. RESULTADOS Participaram do estudo 1.057 indivíduos adultos com média de idade de 38,6 ± 11,5 anos, sendo 62,3% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial na população foi de 16,4%. Na análise bruta, observou-se associação significativa entre a prevalência de hipertensão e fatores como maior idade, menor escolaridade, estado civil solteiro, cor da pele parda, tabagismo e excesso de peso (p<0,05). Entretanto, após ajustes, apenas as associações com a maior idade, cor da pele parda, estilo de vida sedentário e excesso de peso mantiveram-se significativas. CONCLUSÃO A idade mais avançada, cor da pele parda, sedentarismo e a presença de sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentaram-se significativamente associados à hipertensão. Dentre os fatores de risco modificáveis, destaca-se o sedentarismo e o excesso de peso como importantes para a gênese de hipertensão e passíveis de medidas de intervenção.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hypertension in adults and analyze its association with socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle risk factors. METHODS Home-based cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with adults of both sexes living in the cities of Teresina and Picos (PI). The prevalence of hypertension was estimated by self-reported diagnosis. The associations between hypertension and the following variables were tested: age, gender, skin color, education, family income, marital status, alcohol and cigarette consumption, physical activity, and nutritional status. RESULTS A total of 1,057 adult individuals with a mean age of 38.6 ± 11.5 years participated in the study, of which 62.3% were female. The prevalence of hypertension in the population was 16.4%. In the crude analysis, a significant association was observed between the prevalence of hypertension and factors such as older age, lower education, single marital status, brown skin color, smoking, and overweight (p < 0.05). However, after adjustments, only the associations with older age, brown skin color, sedentary lifestyle and overweight remained significant. CONCLUSION Older age, brown skin color, sedentary lifestyle, and the presence of overweight or obesity were significantly associated with hypertension. Among the modifiable risk factors, a sedentary lifestyle and overweight stand out as important for the genesis of hypertension, subject to intervention measures.