Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

Abstract: Introduction: Genetic component has been established as a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR). Current research has focused on knowing the candidate genes that can influence and predispose a subject to this injury. Objective: A bibliometric analysis was carried out to trace the results of the research and identify global trends and gaps in knowledge about the relationship between the genetic component and ACLR. Methodology: Data were extracted from the Pubmed and Scopus databases and analyzed in the Bibliometrix package of the R software. A total of 63 studies published since 2007 were identified. Results: Most of the publications recovered were research articles (85.71%). The authors with the highest number of those are in Poland and South Africa. The analysis through the co-occurrence map reveals that there is a mainline of research based on the study of genetic polymorphisms, especially in the genes of the collagen families (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, in greater frequency). A total of 54 candidate genes were identified within the studies. Conclusion: We hope that this study can help to find key points and research gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis and structured information on this topic.

Resumo: Introdução: O componente genético foi estabelecido como um fator de risco significativo para a ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA). As pesquisas atuais têm se concentrado em identificar os genes candidatos que podem influenciar e predispor um indivíduo a essa lesão. Objetivo: Foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica para rastrear os resultados das pesquisas e identificar tendências globais e lacunas no conhecimento sobre a relação entre o componente genético e a RLCA. Metodologia: Os dados foram extraídos das bases de dados Pubmed e Scopus e analisados no pacote Bibliometrix do software R. Um total de 63 estudos publicados desde 2007 foram identificados. Resultados: A maioria das publicações recuperadas foram artigos de pesquisa (85,71%). Os autores com o maior número dessas publicações estão na Polônia e na África do Sul. A análise por meio do mapa de coocorrência revela que há uma linha principal de pesquisa baseada no estudo de polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente nos genes das famílias de colágeno (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, com maior frequência). Um total de 54 genes candidatos foram identificados nos estudos. Conclusão: Esperamos que este estudo possa ajudar a encontrar pontos-chave e lacunas de pesquisa, fornecendo uma análise abrangente e informações estruturadas sobre este tema.

Resumen: Introducción: El componente genético se ha establecido como un factor de riesgo considerable para la ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA). La investigación actual se ha centrado en conocer los genes candidatos que pueden influir y predisponer a un sujeto a padecer esta lesión. Objetivo: Se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico para rastrear los resultados de la indagación e identificar las tendencias globales, así como las brechas en el conocimiento sobre la relación entre el componente genético y la RLCA. Metodología: Los datos fueron extraídos de las bases Pubmed y Scopus, igual que analizados en el paquete Bibliometrix del software R. Se identificó un total de 63 estudios publicados a partir del 2007. Resultados: La mayoría de las publicaciones identificadas fueron artículos de investigación (85.71 %). Los autores con mayor número de aquellas se encuentran en Polonia y Sudáfrica. El análisis a través del mapa de coocurrencias reveló que hay una línea principal de investigación basada en el estudio de polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente en los genes de las familias del colágeno (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, en mayor frecuencia). Un total de 54 genes candidatos fueron identificados en los estudios. Conclusión: Esperamos que este estudio pueda contribuir a encontrar puntos claves y vacíos de investigación, al proporcionar análisis integrales e información estructurada sobre este tema.

ABSTRACT Agroindustrial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) waste mainly includes peel and pulp; however, potatoes of low industrial quality are also discarded by industry. A viable alternative to give added value to these byproducts is the use of these as seeds, as well as the use of starch. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality (germination and vigor), starch content and relationship between these variables in discarded tubers from the industry through chemical-structural analyses to better understand their influence on starch composition. The physiological quality of the potatoes was evaluated through germination and vigor tests; likewise, starch was extracted, and the yield was determined. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was carried out through proximal and structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that the tubers had 100.00% germination and 98.66% vigor and were suitable for use as seeds. The starch yield did not significantly differ. However, characterization of the starch revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture, ash, carbohydrate and amylose contents, which were influenced by the storage temperature (4 °C) of the tubers subjected to a vigor test, which interferes with enzymatic activity. During germination, the NMR results showed type B crystallinity, which is typical of tubers, indicating that the viability tests did not promote changes in the type of crystallinity. The results obtained can help us understand the effect of germination on the composition of starch and, accordingly, choose the most appropriate applications for this starch, whether food or nonfood.

ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a significant environmental problem due to their toxicity, with a high capacity to persist in the environment, resistance to conventional degradation methods, the ability to accumulate in living organisms and their magnification in food chains or food. In this review article, the impacts on health and environmental components are examined. Strategies and measures for control, mitigation and/or minimization of POPs are also addressed. Agricultural and industrial activities, inadequate final disposal of solid waste and lack of wastewater treatment are identified as the main sources of POP emissions. In addition, innovative and promising technologies are analyzed, such as nanotechnology, bioremediation, rhizoremediation, biochar, chromatography techniques, ultrasound, among others, for the adequate treatment of POPs. The review highlights both the advantages and limitations of these technologies, pointing out areas that still require developments to achieve effective treatments. More economical and ecological alternatives are also mentioned to counteract the impacts of POPs.

RESUMEN: Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) representan un problema ambiental significativo debido a su toxicidad, con una alta capacidad para persistir en el entorno, resistencia a los métodos de degradación convencionales, la capacidad de acumulación en organismos vivos y su magnificación en las cadenas tróficas o alimentarias. En este artículo de revisión, se examinan los impactos en la salud y en los componentes medio ambientales. También se abordan las estrategias y medidas de control, mitigación y/o minimización de los COP. Se identifica a las actividades agrícolas, industriales, la inadecuada disposición final de los residuos sólidos y la falta de tratamiento de las aguas residuales como las principales fuentes de emisión de COP. Además, se analizan tecnologías innovadoras y prometedoras, como la nanotecnología, biorremediación, rizorremediación, biocarbón, técnicas de cromatografía, ultrasonido, entre otras, para el tratamiento adecuado de los COP. La revisión destaca tanto las ventajas como las limitaciones de estas tecnologías, señalando áreas que aún requieren desarrollos para lograr tratamientos eficaces. También se mencionan alternativas más económicas y ecológicas, para contrarrestar los impactos de los COP.

RESUMEN Propósito de la revisión. HEARTS en las Américas es la adaptación regional de la iniciativa mundial HEARTS, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Su objetivo general es impulsar el cambio de la práctica clínica y de la gestión en los entornos de atención primaria, por parte de los servicios de salud, a fin de mejorar el control de la hipertensión y reducir el riesgo de ECV. En esta revisión se describe la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas. En primer lugar, se resume la situación epidemiológica regional en cuanto a la mortalidad por ECV y las tendencias en el control de la hipertensión a nivel poblacional; a continuación, se explica la razón de ser de los principales componentes de la intervención: el sistema de manejo orientado a la atención primaria y la vía clínica de HEARTS. Por último, se examinan los factores clave para acelerar la expansión de HEARTS: los medicamentos, la atención basada en el trabajo en equipo y un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación. Resultados recientes. Hasta el momento, 33 países y territorios de América Latina y el Caribe se han comprometido a integrar este programa en toda su red de atención primaria de salud para el 2025. El aumento de la cobertura y del control de la hipertensión en los entornos de atención primaria de salud (en comparación con el modelo tradicional) es prometedor y confirma que las intervenciones que se promueven como parte de HEARTS son factibles y resultan aceptables para las comunidades, los pacientes, los prestadores de servicios de salud, los responsables de la toma de decisiones y los financiadores. En esta revisión se destacan algunos casos de implementación satisfactoria. Conclusiones. Ampliar el uso de un tratamiento eficaz de la hipertensión y optimizar el control del riesgo de ECV es una forma pragmática de acelerar la reducción de la mortalidad por ECV y, al mismo tiempo, de fortalecer los sistemas de atención primaria de salud para responder con calidad y de manera eficaz y equitativa al desafío que entrañan las enfermedades no transmisibles, no solo en los países de ingresos bajos o medianos, sino en todas las comunidades a nivel mundial.

ABSTRACT Purpose of review. HEARTS in the Americas is the regional adaptation of Global Hearts, the World Health Organization initiative for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and control. Its overarching goal is to drive health services to change managerial and clinical practice in primary care settings to improve hypertension control and CVD risk management. This review describes the HEARTS in the Americas initiative. First, the regional epidemiological situation of CVD mortality and population hypertension control trends are summarized; then the rationale for its main intervention components: the primary care-oriented management system and the HEARTS Clinical Pathway are described. Finally, the key factors for accelerating the expansion of HEARTS are examined: medicines, team-based care, and a system for monitoring and evaluation. Recent findings. Thus far, 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have committed to integrating this program across their primary healthcare network by 2025. The increase in hypertension coverage and control in primary health care settings compared with the traditional model is promising and confirms that the interventions under the HEARTS umbrella are feasible and acceptable to communities, patients, providers, decision-makers, and funders. This review highlights some cases of successful implementation. Summary. Scaling up effective treatment for hypertension and optimization of CVD risk management is a pragmatic way to accelerate the reduction of CVD mortality while strengthening primary healthcare systems to respond effectively, with quality, and equitably, to the challenge of non-communicable diseases, not only in low-middle income countries but in all communities globally.

RESUMO Propósito da revisão. HEARTS nas Américas é uma adaptação regional da iniciativa mundial HEARTS, da Organização Mundial da Saúde, voltada para prevenção e controle das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) na Região das Américas. Seu objetivo geral é promover mudanças na prática clínica e na gestão da atenção primária pelos serviços de saúde a fim de melhorar o controle da hipertensão arterial e reduzir o risco de DCV. Esta revisão descreve a iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Primeiro, é apresentado um resumo da situação epidemiológica regional relativa à mortalidade por DCV e das tendências no controle da hipertensão arterial em nível populacional. Em seguida, são explicados os motivos por trás dos principais componentes da intervenção: o sistema de manejo focado na atenção primária e o componente clínico da HEARTS. Por fim, são examinados os principais fatores para acelerar a ampliação da HEARTS: medicamentos, atenção baseada no trabalho em equipe e um sistema de monitoramento e avaliação. Resultados recentes. Até o momento, 33 países e territórios da América Latina e do Caribe se comprometeram a integrar esse programa em toda sua rede de atenção primária à saúde até 2025. Comparado com o modelo tradicional, o aumento da cobertura e do controle da hipertensão arterial nos ambientes de atenção primária à saúde é promissor e confirma que as intervenções promovidas pela HEARTS são exequíveis e aceitas por comunidades, pacientes, prestadores de serviços de saúde, tomadores de decisão e financiadores. Nesta revisão, destacamos alguns casos nos quais a implementação foi satisfatória. Conclusões. Ampliar a aplicação de um tratamento eficaz contra a hipertensão arterial e otimizar o controle do risco de DCV são medidas pragmáticas para acelerar a redução da mortalidade por DCV e, ao mesmo tempo, fortalecer os sistemas de atenção primária à saúde para responder com qualidade, eficácia e equidade ao desafio apresentado pelas doenças não transmissíveis, não apenas nos países de baixa ou média renda, mas no mundo todo.

Abstract The ixodicidal activity of the methanolic extracts of Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) and Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) against two field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from the state of Nuevo Leon (NL) and Veracruz (VER) was evaluated. The extract of L. chinensis in the concentration of 150 mg/ml showed efficacies of 100% and 99% against engorged females and mortalities of 98% and 99% against larvae. C. boissieri in the same concentration showed efficacies of 71% and 37% against engorged adults and mortalities of 33.04% and 10.33% against larvae and A. ludoviciana had efficacies of 94% and 83% in adults and mortalities of 89.39% and 89.21% against larvae in both populations respectively. The enzymatic activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase (CaE), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was measured in both populations of ticks. As a result, a significant difference between both populations was shown, being the VER population the one that exhibited a higher enzymatic activity (p ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that the methanolic extract of the seed of L. chinensis shows potential ixodicidal activity and can be used as an alternative source of tick control, however, prior characterization, toxicity and formulation studies are necessary.

Resumo No presente trabalho, a atividade ixodicida de extratos metanólicos de Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) e Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi avaliada em duas populações de campo nos estados de Nuevo León (NL) y Veracruz (VER). O extrato de L. chinensis na concentração de 150 mg/ml, apresentou eficácia de 100% e 99% contra fêmeas ingurgitadas, e taxas de mortalidade de 98% e 99% contra larvas. C. boissieri, na mesma concentração, apresentou eficácia de 71% e 37% contra adultas ingurgitados, e taxas de mortalidade de 33,04% e 10,33% contra larvas e A. ludoviciana apresentou eficácias de 94% e 83% em adultos e mortalidade de 89,39% e 89,21% contra larvas em ambas as populações respectivamente. Por outro lado, a atividade enzimática da Acetilcolinesterase (AChE), Carboxilesterase (CaE), Glutationa-S-Transferase (GST) e Fosfatase Alcalina (ALP) foi medida em ambas as populações de carrapatos. Como resultado, foi apresentada uma diferença significativa entre as populações, sendo a população VER a que apresentou maior atividade enzimática (p ≤ 0,05). Assim, pode-se concluir que o extrato metanólico da semente de L. chinensis apresenta potencial atividade ixodicida e pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de controle de carrapatos, porém estudos prévios de caracterização, toxicidade e formulação são necessários.

Abstract Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.

Resumo Dentre as diferentes técnicas de manejo na aquicultura, o uso de anestésicos tem despertado interesse crescente voltado para a garantia do bem-estar animal, reduzindo possíveis situações de estresse durante o manejo geral. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o uso de eugenol e lidocaína com procedimentos anestésicos não invasivos em Dormitator latifrons, nos quais foram determinadas as diferentes etapas da anestesia (indução e recuperação). Foram utilizados 120 peixes saudáveis, com peso médio de 73,59 ± 13,53 g e 17 ± 1,36 cm de comprimento, em jejum de 24 horas antes dos testes. Cinco peixes foram submetidos a eugenol (25, 50, 100 e 200 µL/L) e lidocaína (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/L), em triplicata. O tempo para atingir a anestesia profunda e de recuperação foi registrado, os dados foram analisados com ANOVA (α= 0,05). Organismos expostos a anestésicos evidenciaram episódios precoces de nado rápido de curta distância (hiperatividade inicial) por curtos períodos de tempo. A sobrevivência atinge 100% com ambos compostos e concentrações. Peixes expostos a uma concentração de eugenol de 200 µL/L tiveram tempos de anestesia mais longos e demoraram mais para se recuperar (P<0,05). As concentrações mais efetivas para eugenol e lidocaína foram de 200 µL/L e 400 µL/L em peixes juvenis, promovendo induções rápidas, sem comprometer as condições de recuperação dos peixes. Este trabalho fornece informações práticas para o manejo e transporte de D. latifrons com o mínimo de estresse possível e garantindo o bem-estar animal.

Abstract: Adolescence is a sensitive period for the neurodevelopment of social cognition (SC), and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can alter these processes. This study investigated the relationship between ACE and SC in 157 adolescents (66 females, 54 males) from a school in Bogota. The level of EAN was assessed through the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale. SC was assessed with mentalization, morality and self-control tasks. In addition, behavioral problems were probed with a scale based on DSM IV-R criteria. The accumulation of ACE was related to alterations in SC in a sex-dependent manner. Specifically: (a) women with high ACEs presented lower accuracy in mental inferences and instrumental moral decisions; (b) men under similar conditions presented self-control problems; (c) exposure to armed conflict correlated with higher latency in moral decisions; and (d) men with ACE accumulation, moral decisions based on immediate rewards and low self-control showed more externalizing behaviors. The social implications of these findings for the design of evidence-based, sectorized psychosocial interventions are discussed.

Resumen: La adolescencia es un periodo sensible para el neurodesarrollo de la cognición social (CS) y experiencias adversas en la niñez (EAN) pueden alterarlo. Este estudio indagó sobre la relación entre EAN y la CS en 157 adolescentes (66 mujeres, 54 hombres) de una escuela de Bogotá. El nivel de EAN fue valorado a través de la Escala de experiencias adversas durante la niñez. La CS se evaluó con tareas de mentalización, moralidad y autocontrol. Además, se indagaron problemas de conducta con una escala basada en criterios DSM IV-R. La acumulación de EAN se relacionó con alteraciones en la CS de una forma dependiente del sexo. Puntualmente: (a) mujeres con altos EAN presentan menor precisión en inferencias mentales y decisiones morales instrumentales; (b) hombres bajo condiciones similares presentan problemas de autocontrol; (c) la exposición al conflicto armado correlacionó con mayor latencia en las decisiones morales; y (d) hombres con acumulación de EAN, decisiones morales basadas en recompensas inmediatas y bajo autocontrol muestran más conductas externalizantes. Se discuten las implicancias sociales de estos resultados en el diseño de intervenciones psicosociales sectorizadas y basadas en evidencias.

Resumen En este artículo se hará una exposición de las bases teóricas sobre la postura adorniana del Después de Auschwitz, cuyo análisis se centra en lo que esta establece sobre la modernidad, la racionalidad occidental y la Ilustración, así como la interpretación sobre las implicaciones de Auschwitz. Con base en estos planteamientos, se propone una contraposición de ideas a través de una exposición de la perspectiva crítica a la modernidad y la racionalidad occidental que elaboraron dos importantes autores afrocaribeños en la década de los cincuenta: Aimé Césaire y C. R. L. James. Ambos autores, en sus respectivas críticas, tratan el problema del nazismo. Sin embargo, a diferencia de la postura adorniana del Después de Auschwitz, el punto de partida de los pensadores afrocaribeños no es el nazismo, ni Auschwitz, sino la esclavitud y el colonialismo que las naciones europeas emprendieron en todo el mundo y que, de acuerdo con ellos, implicaron el inicio del despliegue de la violencia moderna.

Abstract In this paper, there will be an exposition of the theoretical bases on the Adornian position of After Auschwitz, whose analysis focuses on what it establishes about modernity, Western rationality and the Enlightenment, as well as the interpretation of the implications of Auschwitz. Based on these approaches, a contrast of ideas is proposed through an exposition of the critical perspective of modernity and Western rationality produced by two important Afro-Caribbean authors in the 1950s: Aimé Césaire and C. R. L. James. Both authors, in their respective critiques, address the problem of Nazism. However, unlike the Adornian position of After Auschwitz, the starting point of Afro-Caribbean thinkers is not Nazism, nor Auschwitz, but slavery and colonialism that European nations undertook throughout the world, and which, according to them, implied the beginning of the deployment of modern violence.

Resumo Neste artigo haverá uma exposição das bases teóricas sobre a posição adorniana sobre o Depois de Auschwitz, cuja análise se concentra no que ela estabelece sobre a modernidade, a racionalidade ocidental e o Iluminismo, bem como a interpretação das implicações de Auschwitz. Com base nessas abordagens, propõe-se um contraste de ideias por meio de uma exposição da perspectiva crítica da modernidade e da racionalidade ocidental produzida por dois importantes autores afro-caribenhos na década de 1950: Aimé Césaire e CRL James. Ambos os autores, em suas respectivas críticas, abordam o problema do nazismo. No entanto, ao contrário da posição adorniana do Depois de Auschwitz, o ponto de partida dos pensadores afro-caribenhos não é o nazismo, nem Auschwitz, mas a escravidão e o colonialismo que as nações europeias empreenderam em todo o mundo e que, segundo eles, implicaram o início do desdobramento da violência moderna.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas en ecosistemas áridos exhiben adaptaciones a las sequías periódicas, más frecuentes e intensas por el cambio global. Conocer los atributos ecofisiológicos en las especies, ayudará a entender sus adaptaciones a las limitaciones de agua. En los ecosistemas del Noroeste de México coexisten árboles perennifolios y caducifolios, de los que poco se conocen sus adaptaciones hídricas y funcionales. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias en los atributos de resistencia a la sequía e hídricos, en árboles coexistentes de una comunidad semi-árida? ¿Es posible determinar mecanismos de coexistencia? Especies de estudio: Olneya tesota, Ipomoea arborescens y Jatropha cordata. Sitio y año de estudio: Matorral subtropical del Desierto Sonorense. Sonora, México, 2021. Métodos: Densidad de flujo de savia (Fd) medido continuamente utilizando sensores de disipación de calor, potenciales hídricos al amanecer (Ψpd), al mediodía (Ψmd) y conductancia estomática (gs), en el verano. Resultados: Olneya (perennifolia) mantuvo F d durante todo el año, pero Ipomoea y Jatropha (deciduas) solo durante días húmedos del verano. La F d máxima de Ipomoea y Jatropha (~1200 g cm-2 día-1) fue el doble que Olneya (600 g cm-2 día-1). Durante los períodos secos, los árboles deciduos disminuyeron F d . Los potenciales hídricos y conductancia estomática permitieron diferenciar los nichos hidrológicos en tipos funcionales isohídricos (Ipomoea y Jatropha) y anisohídricos (Olneya). Conclusiones: Un gradiente decreciente de resistencia a la sequía se encontró entre Ipomoea, Jatropha y Olneya. Estas especies logran su coexistencia por sus nichos hidrológicos, caracterizados por flujos de savia, estrategias iso-anisohídricas, y profundidad de raíces.

Abstract Background: Plants in arid ecosystems exhibit adaptive traits to periodic droughts. It is predicted that droughts will become more frequent and intense due to global change. Studying plant ecophysiological traits will help understand their adaptations to water limitations. In arid ecosystems of northwestern Mexico, evergreen and deciduous trees coexist, with little knowledge of their responsible hydrological functional traits. Questions: What are the differences in drought resistance and hydraulic traits for coexisting trees in a semi-arid community? Are we able to determine their coexistence mechanisms? Studied species: Olneya tesota, Ipomoea arborescens and Jatropha cordata. Study site and dates: Desert shrubland/subtropical shrubland community in central Sonora, Mexico, in 2021. Methods: Sap flux density (F d) was measured continuously with heat dissipation method probes, and predawn (Ψpd), midday (Ψmd) water potentials and stomatal conductance (gs) during the summer wet season. Results: Olneya (evergreen) was found to maintain F d throughout the year, but Ipomoea and Jatropha (deciduous) only during the wet summer season. The maximum F d of Ipomoea and Jatropha (~1,200 g cm-2 day-1) were two times higher than Olneya (600 g cm-2 day-1). During dry spells, deciduous trees decreased their F d. Water potentials and stomatal conductances allowed differentiation of the hydrologic niches of isohydric (Ipomoea and Jatropha) and anisohydric (O. tesota) functional types. Conclusions: We found a gradient of diminishing drought resistance from Ipomoea, Jatropha to Olneya. These species enhanced coexistence because of their hydrological niches, determined by their sap flow, iso-anisohydric strategies, and rooting depths.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance in Peruvian aquaculture. (Methodology) An observational, descriptive study was carried out. Samples of Argopectenpurpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus and Litopenaeus vannamei were included. The bacteria Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Erichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium psychrophilum were isolated. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using antibiograms, and resistant samples were sequenced to identify antimicrobial resistance genes. Absolute and percentage frequencies were calculated. In addition, Wald, Clopper-Pearson, and pooled prevalence confidence intervals were estimated. (Results) In the case of A. purpuratus, 22.2% (95% CI:2.81-60.00) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in 4.44% (n=2) of the aquaculture production centers (APCs). In O. mykiss, 88.89% (95% CI:51.16-99.72) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to osfomycin and oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in12.96% of the APCs (n=7). Regarding O. niloticus, 47.31% (95% CI: 37.16-57.46) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline ampicilline>chloramphenicol>fosfomycin and azithromycin. Resistant samples were encountered in 50% of the APCs (n=19). In addition, 89.36% (95% CI:80.55-98.18) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to Fosfomycin> chloranphenicol and colistin> oxytetracycline>azithromycin>ampicilline; resistant samples were found in 36.84% of the APCs (n=14). In L. vannamei, 87.11% (95% CI:83.00-91.21) of the Enterococcus spp. samples were resistant to Fosfomycin> colistin> oxytetracycline> azithromycin> ampicilline and resistant samples were found in 100% of the APCs (n=33). Likewise, 35.05% (95% CI:29.74-40.23) of the V. parahaemolyticus samples were resistant to ampicilline>fosfomycin>oxytetracycline>azithromycin>eritromicine>enrofloxacin>ampicilline> chloranfhenicol. Resistant samples were found in 78.79% (n=26) of the APCs (Conclusions) The percentage of APCs with O. niloticus and L. vannamei showed that antimicrobial resistance was high.

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Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a resistência antimicrobiana na aquicultura peruana. (Metodologia) Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo. Foram incluídas amostras das espécies Argopecten purpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus e Litopenaeus vannamei. Foram isoladas bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas spp., e espécies de Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus e Flavobacterium psychrophilum. A resistência antimicrobiana foi avaliada por meio de antibiograma, e amostras resistentes foram sequenciadas para identificar genes de resistência antimicrobiana. Foram calculadas as frequências absoluta e percentual, além dos intervalos de confiança de Wald, Clopper-Pearson e as prevalências agrupadas. (Resultados) Em relação a A. purpuratus, 22,2% (IC 95%: 2,81-60,00) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina. Estes pertenciam a 4,44 % (n=2) dos centros de produção aquícola (CPA). Em O. mykiss, 88,89% (IC 95%: 51,16-99,72) das amostras de rococcus spp. foram resistentes à fosfomicina e oxitetraciclina. Estas pertenciam a 12,96% das CPAs (n=7). Em relação a O. niloticus, 47,31 % IC 95%: 37,16-57,46) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina>ampicilina>cloranfenicol fosfomicina e azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 50% das CPAs (n=19). Além disso, 89,36% (IC95%: 80,55-98,18) das amostras de Enterococcus spp. foram resistentes a fosfomicina>cloranfenicol e colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina>ampicilina; estas pertenciam a 36,84% das CPAs (n=14). Em L. vannamei, 87,11% (IC 95%: 83,00-91,21) das amostras de Enterococcus spp foram resistentes à fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina eritromicina>enrofloxacina> ampicilina>cloranfenicol e pertenciam a 100% das CPAs (n=33). Além disso, 3 ,05% (IC 95%: 29,74-40,23) das amostras de V.parahaemolyticus foram resistentes à ampicilina>fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 78,79% (n=26) das CPAs. (Conclusões) A porcentagem de CPA de O. niloticus L. vannamei, mostrou maior resistência antimicrobiana do estudo.

Abstract. Over several decades, air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) have increased in the northeastern Pacific, as has the frequency of large-scale warm anomalies in SST. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of these warm anomalies on the production of northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris; NES) pups from the colony of the San Benito Archipelago, located in the central-western region of the Baja California Peninsula. Pup and adult female counts from the 2002 to 2019 breeding seasons were compiled to determine the trend in the abundance of the colony and its current state. In addition, birth rate variations during the study period were assessed. Likewise, the presence of warm anomaly events in the SST in the potential foraging area of adult females (PFA) was analyzed. The San Benito colony decreased at an average annual rate of 3.6% from 2002 to 2019, with an estimated abundance of 4,723 individuals (95% CI: 3,821-5,615) in 2019. However, the birth rate remained constant (mean 0.68 ± 0.08), even though several warm anomaly events associated with El Niño and The Blob phenomena were detected in the PFA. Our results suggest that large-scale warm anomalies in the SST do not severely impact NES pup production, thus the decline of the San Benito colony since the late 1900s could be due to other environmental factors, such as the increase in air temperature associated with climate change.

Resumen. Desde hace varias décadas, tanto la temperatura del aire como la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) han incrementado en el Pacífico Nororiental, al igual que la frecuencia de anomalías cálidas de gran escala en la TSM. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el impacto de estas anomalías cálidas en la producción de crías de elefante marino del norte (Mirounga angustirostris; EMN) de la colonia del archipiélago San Benito, ubicada en la región centro-occidental de la península de Baja California. Se compilaron los conteos de crías y hembras adultas de las temporadas reproductivas de 2002 a 2019 para determinar la tendencia y la abundancia actual de la colonia, así como para evaluar las variaciones en la tasa de nacimientos durante el periodo de estudio. Asimismo, se analizó la presencia de eventos de anomalías cálidas en la TSM en la zona potencial de alimentación de las hembras adultas (ZPA). La colonia de San Benito decreció a una tasa anual promedio de 3.6% de 2002 a 2019, y para 2019 se estimó la abundancia en 4,723 individuos (IC 95%: 3,821-5,615). Sin embargo, la tasa de nacimientos se mantuvo constante (media 0.68 ± 0.08), a pesar de que se detectaron varios eventos de anomalías cálidas asociadas a los fenómenos de El Niño y La Mancha. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las anomalías cálidas de gran escala en la TSM no impactaron severamente la producción de crías del EMN, por lo que el declive de la colonia de San Benito desde finales de la década de 1990 podría deberse a otros factores ambientales, como el incremento en la temperatura del aire asociado al cambio climático.

Resumen Introducción: El embarazo en la adolescencia ha adquirido gran importancia en la salud pública en México; su prevalencia oscila alrededor del 20% de los embarazos. Paralelamente, el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas en este periodo es cada vez más común en estas jóvenes. Métodos: Para estimar la prevalencia de exposición a estas substancias en adolescentes embarazadas, se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo, observacional y transversal. El protocolo fue aprobado por los Comités de Ética e Investigación. Previo consentimiento informado, se solicito a 420 jóvenes embarazadas atendidas en la clínica prenatal del hospital materno-infantil más grande en Nuevo León, que respondieran un cuestionario previamente validado para estimar la prevalencia del consumo de substancias. Resultados: De 420 participantes, 317 (75.5%) consumieron al menos una de estas sustancias durante el embarazo. El alcohol, solo o en combinación, fue consumido por 300 (71.5%). El tabaco fue usado por 117 (27.8%), casi siempre en combinación con otras sustancias, mientras que la mariguana y otras drogas ilícitas fueron consumidas por 92 (21.9%) participantes. Alrededor de una cuarta parte del grupo estudiado (24.1%) reportó no haber consumido ninguna de estas substancias en su embarazo. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas durante el embarazo, explorada con un instrumento validado, es mayor de la reportada en estimaciones previas en nuestro país. Estos datos ofrecen un panorama preocupante de una serie de factores que se agregan a la carga del embarazo en la adolescencia.

Abstract Background: Teenage pregnancy is a significant public health issue in Mexico; its prevalence oscillates around 20% of all pregnancies. Concurrently, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use have become more common in this age group. Methods: To estimate the prevalence of substance exposure in a population of pregnant teenagers, we conducted a prospective, observational, and cross-sectional study. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. On informed consent, we asked 420 consecutive pregnant youngsters cared for at the outpatient obstetric service of a tertiary public regional women´s and children´s hospital in Nuevo León, in northeast Mexico, to answer a previously validated questionnaire to estimate the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs use during pregnancy. Results: Of the 420 participants, 317 (75.5%) consumed at least one substance during pregnancy. Alcohol, either alone or in combination, was consumed by 300 (71.7%) participants. Tobacco was used by 117 (27.8%) participants, almost always in combination with other substances, while marijuana and other illicit drugs were consumed by 92 (21.9%) participants. Approximately one-fourth of the participants, 102 (24.1%) reported no substance use during pregnancy. Conclusions: In this series, the reported prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs consumption during pregnancy, explored with a validated instrument, is higher than that previously reported in our country. This fact offers a worrying picture of another set of factors adding to the burden of teenage pregnancy.

Abstract In Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus is the primary tick species affecting cattle, and its control requires an understanding of its behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of infestation by R. microplus, examining the anatomical location of ticks and their potential association with intrinsic factors of animals, such as overall health, body condition, and coat color. Four samplings were conducted every three months on a total of 15 farms in the Northwest of Pichincha (location1) and 15 farms in the Valle de los Quijos (location2). Ticks larger than 0.5 cm were counted on 5 randomly selected animals. The results from four samplings in both locations revealed an average of 99.39 ± SD156.28 (0-1426) ticks per animal, with averages of 108.8 ± SD179.43 (0-1426) and 88.2 ± SD122.80 (0-824) for locations 1 and 2, respectively. Only the variable "apparent skin and coat health" showed a statistically significant positive association, with a P-value <0.05 and odds ratios of 5.13 (95% CI: 2.04-13.65) and 25.83 (95% CI: 7.63-109.39) in the "fair" and "poor" categories compared to the considered good condition. Additionally, the category "old" in the Age variable had a P-value of 0.05 and an odds ratio of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.04-8.80). Anatomically, more ticks were found in the anatomical areas corresponding to thighs, rear udder, legs, and hock, with an average of 38.52±SD70.17 (0-448) ticks. In conclusion, tick infestation poses a serious problem affecting cattle in tropical regions of the country. This study contributes to better directing methods and control practices for cattle.

Resumen En Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus es la principal garrapata que afecta al ganado bovino, cuyo control exige conocer su comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de infestación de R. microplus, examinando la ubicación anatómica de las garrapatas y su posible asociación con factores intrínsecos de los animales como son el estado general de salud, condición corporal, color del pelaje. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro muestreos cada tres meses en un total de 15 fincas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha (localidad1) y 15 fincas en el Valle de los Quijos (localidad2). Las garrapatas mayores a 0,5 cm fueron contadas en 5 animales escogidos al azar. Como resultados, en cuatro muestreos realizados en las dos localidades, se encontró un promedio de 99,39 ± SD156,28 (0-1.426) garrapatas por animal, y un promedio de 108,8±SD179,43 (0-1.426) y 88,2 ± SD122,80 (0-824) para la localidad 1 y 2, respectivamente. Solo la variable "salud aparente de piel y pelaje" mostró una asociación estadística positiva, con un valor p < 0,05 y odds ratios de 5,13 (IC 95 %: 2,04-13,65) y 25,83(IC 95%: 7,63-109,39) en las categorías "regular" y "malo" respecto del estado considerado como bueno. Además, la categoría animal denominado "viejo" en la variable Edad tuvo un valor p = 0.05 y un odds ratio de 2,88 (IC 95 %: 1,04-8,80). Anatómicamente se encontraron más garrapatas en la zona anatómica correspondiente a muslos, ubre posterior, pierna y corvejón, con un promedio de 38,52±SD70, 17 (0-448) garrapatas. En conclusión, la infestación con garrapatas representa un problema grave que afecta a las ganaderías de regiones tropicales del país, este estudio ayuda a direccionar de mejor manera las formas y prácticas de control sobre los bovinos.