Resumen: La detección precoz del Autismo es un desafío en Chile y América Latina. Las evaluaciones gold-standard son de alto costo y difícil disponibilidad. El Examen de Estado Mental para Autismo (AMSE) es un instrumento breve, estructurado, observacional, para uso clínico con promisorios resultados. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar AMSE en muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) hispanohablantes con riesgo de Espectro Autista (EA) utilizando como comparación ADOS-2. Sujetos y Métodos: NNA de 15m-17a, consultantes por problemas de lenguaje, comunicación y/o sospecha de EA. AMSE fue administrado durante evaluación clínica. ADOS-2 fue administrado por evaluadores independientes, ciegos, determinando categorías: No Espectro Autista (NoEA), Espectro Autista (EA) o Autismo (AUT). Se evaluó características psicométricas de AMSE y usando curva ROC se calculó punto de corte, identificando sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo. Resultados: Participaron 64 NNA, 56 varones (87,5%), con edad promedio 6,6 años (DE:3,6). Se distribuyeron según ADOS-2 en NoEA:12 (18,8%), EA:19 (29,7%), AUT:33 (51,6%). Los puntajes AMSE difirieron significativamente entre las tres categorías (p < 0,0001). AMSE tuvo consistencia interna moderada, con Alfa de Cronbach 0,61. Punto de corte ≥ 6 puntos (sensibilidad 0,79 especificidad 0,92, AUC: 0,91). Un segundo análisis según nivel de lenguaje sugiere mayor precisión diagnóstica de AMSE para el grupo con menor desarrollo de lenguaje, manteniéndose punto de corte óptimo de ≥ 6 puntos. Conclusión: AMSE muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, buena capacidad y precisión para respaldar el diagnóstico de EA. Su brevedad, bajo costo y fácil integración a la práctica clínica, lo hacen una alternativa de gran potencial para el reconocimiento y derivación oportunos de NNA en EA.

Abstract: Early detection of Autism is a challenge in Chile and Latin America. Gold-standard evaluations are expensive and difficult to access. The Autism Mental Status Exam (AMSE) is a brief, structured, observational instrument for clinical use with promising results. Objective: To adapt and validate the AMSE in a sample of Spanish-speaking children and adolescents at risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using the ADOS-2 as a comparison. Subjects and Method: Children and adolescents aged 15m-17yo consulting due to language and communication problems and/or suspected ASD. The AMSE was administered during clinical evaluation. The ADOS-2 was administered by independent evaluators, blinded to the study, which determined diagnostic categories as: Non-Autism Spectrum Disorder (Non-ASD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or Autism (AUT). Psychometric characteristics of the AMSE were assessed and, using the ROC curve, a cut-off point was calculated, identifying sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value. Results: Sixty-four children participated, 56 were males (87.5%), with a mean age of 6.6y (SD: 3.6). They were distributed as Non- ASD: 12 (18.8%), ASD: 19 (29.7%), and AUT: 33 (51.6%) according to the ADOS-2. The AMSE scores differed significantly among the three categories (p<0.0001). Internal consistency was moderate and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.61. The cut-off point was ≥ 6 (Sensitivity 0.79, Specificity 0.92, AUC: 0.91). A second analysis according to language level suggests a greater diagnostic accuracy of the AMSE for the group with lower language development, maintaining the same optimal cut-off point (≥6). Conclusions: The AMSE shows adequate psychometric properties, good capacity, and accuracy to support the diagnosis of ASD. Its brevity, low cost, and easy integration into clinical practice make it an alternative with great potential for timely recognition and referral of children with ASD.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fractures of the acetabulum are a frequent traumatic condition in the emergency service. Objective: To evaluate the evolution of patients with fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum after surgical management. Method: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in 32 patients with fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum, whom were surgically operated in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of "Calixto García" Hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. Results: The group of 40 to 49 years, the male sex, the type II fracture and, in the etiology, traffic accidents predominated. The osteosynthesis technique with reconstruction plate plus interfragmentary screws was used in most cases. The main complication was surgical wound infection. 81.2 % of patients progressed satisfactorily. Conclusions: After surgical treatment, fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum evolve satisfactorily. The osteosynthesis technique with reconstruction plate plus interfragmentary screws showed better results than that of interfragmentary screws alone.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las fracturas del acetábulo constituyen una afección traumática frecuente en el servicio de urgencia. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes con fracturas de la pared posterior del acetábulo después del manejo quirúrgico. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental en 32 pacientes con fracturas de la pared posterior del acetábulo, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología del Hospital “Calixto García”. Se utilizaron métodos de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Predominaron el grupo de 40 a 49 años, el sexo masculino, la fractura tipo ii y, en la etiología, el accidente de tránsito. La técnica de osteosíntesis con placa de reconstrucción más tornillos interfragmentarios se utilizó en la mayoría de los casos. La principal complicación fue la infección de la herida quirúrgica. El 81,2 % de los pacientes evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: Después del tratamiento quirúrgico, las fracturas de la pared posterior del acetábulo evolucionan de forma satisfactoria. La técnica de osteosíntesis con placa de reconstrucción más tornillos interfragmentarios mostró mejores resultados que la de tornillos interfragmentarios solamente.

RESUMO: A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos.

ABSTRACT: Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield.

Abstract This article aims to report the preparation and optimized formulation of Ctn[15-34], a designed anti-infective peptide, with poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, nanoparticles. Ctn[15-34] is a short peptide derived from crotalicidin, a cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus), that has arisen as a promising antifungal and microbicide agent. The PLGA nanoparticles were prepared and loaded with carboxyfluorescein (CF)-Ctn[15-34] using the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. After a preformulation study, which tested different formulation parameters, Poly (vinyl alcohol) 87-89% hydrolyzed and sonication with Sonifier® were choosen to prepare unloaded PLGA nanoparticles by that method, resulting in smaller particle size and Polydispersity Index (PDI) values and higher zeta potential values of nanoparticles. This better condition was used to prepare CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, resulting in homogeneous and spherical nanoparticles, with an average size of 213.2 ± 2.00 nm, PDI of 0.044 ± 0.04 and zeta potential of -16.03 ± 1.20 mV. An excellent encapsulation efficiency was obtained, corresponding to 93.3 ± 0.10 %. The drug-release profile showed a rapid initial release of the peptide, approximately 27 % in the first 24 hours, followed by a sustained release for at least 16 days. Another relevant aspect in the peptide formulation is that the CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded nanoparticles potentiated the antifungal effect against the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans compared with the free, in solution Ctn[15-34], in equivalent volume dosage. A preparation method of CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was established and validated, representing a successful approach to deliver CF-Ctn[15-34] for pharmaceutical applications.

ABSTRACT Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1854) was reported in Brazil for the first time in 1986 and has shown marked expansion throughout the Brazilian territory. During a routine activity to control dengue fever conducted by the Division of Entomology of the Municipal Health Department in Rio Branco city, adults and immatures of Culicidae were collected in a peri-urban area. The identified Culicidae forms indicated that they belonged to the species Ae. albopictus. This is the first official record of the presence of Ae. albopictus in the Acre State, confirming its current presence in all Brazilian states.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) formed in vivo in patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and with or without erosive tooth wear (ETW). Twenty-four volunteers were divided into 3 groups: 1) GERD and ETW; 2) GERD without ETW; and 3) control (without GERD). The AEP formed 120 min after prophylaxis was collected from the lingual/palatal surfaces. The samples were subjected to mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) and label-free quantification by Protein Lynx Global Service software. A total of 213 proteins were identified, or 119, 92 and 106 from each group, respectively. Group 2 showed a high number of phosphorylated and calcium-binding proteins. Twenty-three proteins were found in all the groups, including 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta and 1-phosphatidylinositol. Several intracellular proteins that join saliva after the exfoliation of oral mucosa cells might have the potential to bind hydroxyapatite, or participate in forming supramolecular aggregates that bind to precursor proteins in the AEP. Proteins might play a central role in protecting the dental surface against acid dissolution.

The main objective of this work was to develop a nanoemulsion based on linseed oil and betulinic acid, stabilized with Pluronic F127 and polyglycerol polyricinoleate, for anticancer applications. The nanoemulsions were synthesized by ultrasound and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, rheology and in vitro release kinetics. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (72 h) against HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), SNB-19 (glioblastoma), NCI-H460 (lung carcinoma) and L-929 (normal fibroblasts) cells. The determination of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) showed an increased selectivity for the emulsified betulinic acid when compared to its free form for the HCT-116 cells. The IC50 values for the synthesized nanoemulsions showed a range from 3.2 to 3.7 µM (HCT-116), 5.6 and 11.5 µM (NCI-H460), 5.8 and 7.3 µM (SNB-19) and > 16.5 µM for normal fibroblasts. In the 48 h in vitro release assays, it presented controlled release explained by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, releasing 572.25 and 619.95 µg of betulinic acid in a controlled way, generating promising perspectives for the prolonged release of betulinic acid in anticancer applications.

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are frequently detected on abdominal images performed for non-pancreatic indications. Their prevalence in asymptomatic population ranges from 2.7 to 24.8%, and increases with age. There are several types of pancreatic cysts. Some may contain cancer or have malignant potential, such as mucinous cystic neoplasms, including mucinous cystadenoma (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). In contrast, others are benign, such as serous cystadenoma (SCA). However, even those cysts with malignant potential rarely progress to cancer. Currently, the only treatment for pancreatic cysts is surgery, which is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality. The Board of the Chilean Pancreas Club of the Chilean Gastroenterology Society developed the first Chilean multidisciplinary consensus for diagnosis, management, and surveillance of PCN. Thirty experts were invited and answered 21 statements with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree. A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers “fully agree” and “partially agree” was reached. The consensus was approved by the Board of Directors of the Chilean Pancreas Club for publication.

Abstract The tubers of spiny yam are one of the main food sources for producers in the Caribbean region of Colombia. However, the productivity of the crop is low due to the scarce use of sustainable management practices that contribute to its improvement. In this sense, a study was conducted at the Turipaná Research Center of Agrosavia, El Carmen de Bolívar, with the objective of evaluating the response in yield of purple stalk hawthorn yam cv. purple stalk to different planting densities and trellis heights. Six treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block experimental design with a split plot arrangement, the main plot corresponded to two densities (14,285 plants ha-1 and 20,000 plants ha-1) and the subplots to three trellis heights (1.6 m; 2.0 m and 2.4 m). Planting density was the only factor that significantly influenced yield; the use of 20,000 plants ha-1 increased yield by 28.68% compared to the lowest density. The use of supports with heights of 2.4 m in combination with either of the two planting densities induced the production of tubers unsuitable for commercialization. The findings of this research suggest that increasing plant density could be a safe measure to increase yields and economic efficiency in the cultivation of hawthorn yam. Future evaluations are needed on stand height and number of plants to tie per stand.

Resumen Los tubérculos de ñame espino constituyen uno de los principales sustentos alimenticios de los productores en la región Caribe de Colombiana. Sin embargo, la productividad del cultivo es baja debido a la escasa utilización de prácticas de manejo sustentables que contribuyan a su mejora. En este sentido, se realizó un estudio en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de Agrosavia, Sede El Carmen de Bolívar con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en rendimiento del ñame espino cv. Tallo morado a diferentes densidades de siembra y altura de espalderas. Se evaluaron 6 tratamientos en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con arreglo en parcelas divididas, la parcela principal correspondió a dos densidades (14.285 plantas ha-1 y 20.000 plantas ha-1) y las subparcelas a tres alturas de espalderas (1,6 m; 2,0 m y 2,4 m). La densidad de siembra fue el único factor que influyó de manera significativa en el rendimiento, la utilización de 20.000 plantas ha-1 permitió incrementar en 28,68% el rendimiento en comparación con la menor densidad. La utilización de soportes con alturas de 2,4 m en combinación con alguna de las dos densidades de siembra indujo la producción de tubérculos no aptos para la comercialización. Los hallazgos de esta investigación sugieren que el aumento de la densidad de las plantas podría ser una medida segura para aumentar los rendimientos y la eficiencia económica del cultivo de ñame espino. Se requieren evaluaciones futuras en torno a la altura de soportes y número de plantas a amarrar por cada soporte.

ABSTRACT A review is presented, from the paradigm of Florencia Nightingale, on her theoretical vision about hand hygiene. The main theoretical aspects expressed by her and her relationship with hand hygiene are analyzed, in addition to exposing, through the analysis of her theoretical contributions, her contribution to the development of nursing not only in Cuba but in the world, showing the importance that has this practice to combat a number of infectious diseases and very specifically COVID-19, since one of the most important measures to break its chain of transmission is precisely hand hygiene.

RESUMEN Se presenta una revisión, desde el paradigma de Florencia Nightingale, sobre su visión teórica acerca de la higiene de manos. Se analizan los principales aspectos teóricos expresados por ella y su relación con la higiene de manos, además de exponer, mediante el análisis de sus aportes teóricos, su contribución al desarrollo de la enfermería no solo en Cuba sino en el mundo, mostrando la importancia que tiene esta praxis para combatir un sin número de enfermedades infecciosas y muy específicamente la COVID-19, pues una de las medidas más importantes para romper su cadena de transmisión es precisamente la higiene de las manos.

Plant phenolic extracts are widely recognized as an important source of natural antioxidant substances and potential compounds for cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile, photoprotective and antioxidant activities of stem bark extract of Spondias purpurea L. (ciriguela) and its application in photoprotective formulations. Thirty phenolic constituents were annotated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in mode negative (UPLC-QTOF-MS2). The stem bark extract antioxidant and chelation potential, expressed in half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), showed 6.25 and 352.22 µg mL−1, respectively. The phenolic extract was used as an active ingredient in six sunscreen formulations, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10%. The ultraviolet (UV) protection properties of the formulations were evaluated by sun protection factor (SPF) values obtained in 0.2 mg mL−1 (0.495 to 2.27) and 2.0 mg mL−1 (2.29 to 15.87). The SPF value for the extract (14.37 and 26.16) was high, but there was a reduction in the base formulation. However, these results suggested that the bioactive extracted of stem bark of Spondias purpurea L. has interesting potential to reduce the damage caused by UV radiation and may be utilized as an active ingredient in a sunscreen formulation.

Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, to confront biodiversity losses and the lack of appreciation for and knowledge about the most diverse groups of organisms, it is urgently necessary to stimulate cultural shifts that transcend purely scientific and technological domains. This paper addresses this problem by focusing on one of the least known groups of organisms, and in one of the most remote regions of the planet: freshwater insects in the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. The work of this thesis included scientific-ecological and environmental philosophical research that was integrated into formal and non-formal environmental education practices that value freshwater insects, particularly as indicators of climate change. The integration of science and philosophy was done adapting the Field Environmental Philosophy methodology that includes a four-step cycle. Transdisciplinary research on freshwater insects and their sub-Antarctic ecosystems served as a basis for the composition of metaphors and educational activities with schoolchildren, other members of the local community and visitors to Omora Park, in Puerto Williams, Chile. Based on this work, new outdoor educational activities were designed with the objective of awakening the interest of citizens for insects, and nurturing their perceptions about these organisms, their habitats and life habits. In this way, at a local scale this work aims to contribute to greater knowledge, appreciation and conservation of this unique sub-Antarctic biodiversity, and at a global scale it aims to contribute overcoming the under-appreciation for the most diverse group of organisms: the insects.

Resumen: En un mundo aceleradamente cambiante, para confrontar las pérdidas de biodiversidad, el desconocimiento y falta de valoración de los grupos de organismos más diversos, son necesarios cambios culturales que trasciendan a los ámbitos puramente científicos y tecnológicos. En este trabajo se aborda esta problemática al enfocarse en uno de los grupos de organismos menos conocidos en una de las regiones más remotas del planeta: los insectos dulceacuícolas en la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes. El desarrollo de esta tesis consideró investigaciones científico-ecológicas y filosófico-ambientales que se integraron con prácticas de educación ambiental formal y no-formal que valoran a los insectos dulceacuícolas, particularmente como indicadores del cambio climático. La integración de las ciencias y la filosofía se realizó adaptando metodología de la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo que incluye un ciclo de cuatro pasos. La investigación transdisciplinaria sobre los insectos dulceacuícolas y sus ecosistemas subantárticos fue la base para la composición de metáforas y actividades educativas con escolares, otros miembros de la comunidad local y visitantes al Parque Omora, en Puerto Williams, Chile. A partir de esta tesis se diseñaron nuevas actividades educativas al aire libre cuyos objetivos son despertar el interés de la ciudadanía por los insectos, orientar las percepciones sobre estos organismos, sus hábitats y hábitos de vida. De esta manera, este trabajo aspira, a nivel local, a contribuir a un mayor conocimiento, valoración y conservación de esta singular biodiversidad subantártica y, a nivel global, a superar la subvaloración del grupo más diverso de organismos: los insectos.

Abstract: Long-term socio-ecological research requires comprehensive assessments of biodiversity that overcome historical taxonomic biases, such as the strong focus on the vascular flora. This is particularly relevant at high latitudes where the richness of non-vascular plant species exceeds that of vascular species. Additionally, with respect to geographical regions, there is also a marked bias towards ecological and conservation research in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, few studies have investigated patterns of non-vascular species richness in relation to conservation priorities at sub- Antarctic latitudes, particularly in the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. In this work, we contribute to overcome such taxonomic, geographical and ecoregional biases by moving outside these limits, and therefore “changing the lenses” that are commonly used to assess and conserve biodiversity. We implemented these new “biocultural lenses” by including, for the first time, bryophytes in the floristic inventory of the southernmost island of the American continent: Gonzalo Island (56°31’16.8’’S; 68°42’53.5’’W) in the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, Chile. The first bryological exploration of the Diego Ramírez archipelago, SW of Cape Horn, revealed a bryophyte flora composed of 14 species, eight liverworts and six mosses. This number of non-vascular plant species almost doubles the eight vascular plants present on the island. Consequently, with our study, we aim to fill a critical gap in the knowledge of the flora of the Diego Ramírez archipelago, and establish an integral floristic characterization for the long-term socio-ecological research and conservation of the southernmost archipelago of South America. Based on the field material collected, the new nomenclatural combination Chiloscyphus secundifolius (Hook. f. & Taylor) J.J.Engel is proposed. The moss flora comprises Amblystegium serpens, a widespread moss, yet hitherto unknown for sub-Antarctic Chile. The bryoflora of Diego Ramírez has its greatest affinities with that of the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion and Maritime Antarctica. None of the liverworts present on Gonzalo Island occurs on continental Antarctica; in contrast, four of the six mosses are shared between these two areas.

Resumen: La investigación socio-ecológica a largo plazo requiere evaluaciones exhaustivas de la biodiversidad que eviten sesgos taxonómicos históricos, tales como la restricción del análisis a la flora vascular. Esto es particularmente relevante en latitudes altas donde la riqueza de especies de plantas no-vasculares supera la riqueza de especies vasculares. Otro marcado sesgo en la investigación ecológica y de conservación se refiere a las regiones geográficas, cuyo estudio se ha concentrado en el hemisferio norte. En contraste, existen pocas investigaciones de patrones de riqueza de especies y prioridades de conservación en relación con las latitudes subantárticas, particularmente en la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes en el sur de Sudamérica. En este trabajo contribuimos a superar los sesgos taxonómicos, geográficos y ecorregionales, moviéndonos fuera de estos límites y, por lo tanto, “cambiando los lentes” que se utilizan usualmente para evaluar y conservar la biodiversidad. Implementamos estos nuevos “lentes bioculturales” al incluir por primera vez a las briófitas en el inventario florístico de la isla más austral del continente americano: la isla Gonzalo (56°31’16,8’’S; 68°42’53,5’’O) del archipiélago Diego Ramírez, Chile. La primera exploración briológica del archipiélago Diego Ramírez, al suroeste de Cabo de Hornos, reveló una flora de briófitas compuesta por 14 especies, ocho hepáticas y seis musgos. Este número de especies no vasculares casi duplica las ocho plantas vasculares presentes en la isla. En consecuencia, con el presente estudio, contribuimos a llenar un vacío de conocimiento crítico sobre la flora del archipiélago Diego Ramírez y establecemos una caracterización florística integral para la investigación socio- ecológica a largo plazo y la conservación en el archipiélago más austral de Sudamérica. Sobre la base del material recolectado, se propone la nueva combinación Chiloscyphus secundifolius (Hook. f. & Taylor) J.J.Engel. La flora de musgos incluye Amblystegium serpens, un musgo de distribución amplia, hasta ahora desconocido para Chile subantártico. Las afinidades de la brioflora de Diego Ramírez se concentran principalmente con aquella de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes y la Antártica marítima. Ninguna de las hepáticas presentes en la isla Gonzalo se encuentran en la Antártica continental; en cambio, cuatro de las seis especies de musgos están presentes en ambas áreas.

Abstract: Biosphere reserves have among their functions to support scientific research, education, training and monitoring. In the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (RBCH), created in 2005, this function has been fulfilled with the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park in 2000, and its implementation in 2008 as a co-founder site of the Chilean Network of Studies Long-Term Socio- Ecological (LTSER-Chile). In 2016, this network has been strengthened with the addition of the new Cape Horn Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Network (LTER-Cape Horn). The latter includes the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, and three new sites added to the monitoring of the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. From south to north, the four sites are: (1) Gonzalo Island (56°31’S; 68°43’O), at the southern end of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, with sub- Antarctic vegetation dominated by grasses and cryptogams, devoid of woody species; (2) Horn Island (55°58’S; 67°13’O), at the southern end of the Cape Horn Archipelago, hosting the southernmost forest ecosystems on the planet, which are dominated by the evergreen beech (Nothofagus betuloides); (3) Omora Ethnobotanical Park (54°57’S; 67°40’O), Navarino Island, an ideal site for studies on climate change and its impact on biota and sub-Antarctic ecosystems, since it protects a watershed that includes a representative mosaic of characteristic habitats of the RBCH in an altitudinal gradient with a thermal decrease analogous to that which occurs with increases in latitude; and (4) Caleta 2 de Mayo Site (54°52’S; 68°41’O), Yendegaia Bay, in an ecotonal zone between evergreen and deciduous forests (product of the local climate gradient), at a site that will be central to future connectivity between Continental Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Navarino Island, and the RBCH. In 2015, UNESCO approved the Report of the First Periodic Review of the RBCH that proposed the protection of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago and the creation of the Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park. This goal was achieved with the promulgation of this new park on February 2, 2018, and its entry into force on January 21, 2019 with the publication of the creation decree in the Diario Oficial of Chile. In this context, the new LTER-Cape Horn network acquires great local, national and global relevance. At the local scale, it covers a representative environmental heterogeneity of the great diversity of landscapes and terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems of the RBCH and the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. At the national scale, it incorporates sub-Antarctic sites, located at the southern end of South America, to LTSER-Chile and to the Monitoring Network of the Ministry of the Environment. On a global scale, the terrestrial ecosystems of the LTER-Cape Horn network stands out for two main reasons: (1) these sub-Antarctic ecosystems lack a geographical replicate in other continents of the southern hemisphere, and (2) high latitude ecosystems are especially sensitive to global climate change. Thus, the LTER-Cape Horn network helps to overcome critical geographical gaps in the implementation of the International Network for Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER). In order to articulate these four sites and strengthen the training of technical capacities and knowledge transfer to decision makers in the area of special interest tourism and other sustainable economic activities, the LTER-Cape Horn network will be managed locally from the new Cape Horn Sub-Antarctic Center (Cape Horn Center) that will be inaugurated in Puerto Williams in 2021. The implementation of the LTER-Cape Horn network is based on a close collaboration with various public institutions: Ministry of National Assets, Ministry of the Environment, Subsecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Ministry of Economy Development and Tourism, National Forestry Service, General Water Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works, Navy of Chile, Chilean Police (Carabineros), Municipality of Cape Horn, Provincial Government of Chilean Antarctica, and the Regional Government of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica. In the following phases, the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center aim to strengthen the participation of the local community, especially the Yahgan Indigenous Community of Bahía Mejillones, artisanal fisheries, tour operators, and the educational community, including private actors. Located at the “southern summit” of the Americas, Puerto Williams, capital of the Chilean Antarctic Province emerges as a global hub for transdisciplinary sub-Antarctic research, equipped with a new center and the network of long-term socio-ecological studies. Collaboration with regional, national and international actors will allow the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center to: (i) provide critical data, which will open up new opportunities for monitoring climate change and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems in sub-Antarctic latitudes; (ii) consolidate long-term monitoring, which is an essential component to effectively design mitigation and adaptation actions; (iii) strengthen a local sustainable development model that, associated with the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, contributes from the south of the world, to a biocultural conservation model that meets the needs of socio-economic well-being and environmental sustainability at multiple regional and planetary scales.

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Abstract: The marine ecoregions of Canals and Fjords of Southern Chile and Magellan Sub-Antarctic represent the extreme southern latitude limit for the distribution of numerous organism group. In southern Hemisphere, the most austral distribution site of kelps formation is placed at Diego Ramírez Archipelago, where Lessonia flavicans, L. searlesiana and Macrocystis pyrifera have been registered. Diego Ramírez Archipelago is located in the Drake Passage, 112 km southwest to Cape Horn. Regarding the available information for macroalgae, a total of 79 taxa has been reported, many of which show a sub-Antarctic and Antarctic affinity. Despite the biogeographic interest of the macroalgae from Diego Ramírez Archipelago, there have not been new cadasters to evaluate whether this archipelago could represent the northern boundary of the Antarctic species distribution and/ or the southern boundary of Magellan species. The goal of this study is to update the cadaster of macroalgae from Diego Ramírez Archipelago, in order to find new taxa and contribute to the analysis of the biogeographic relationships of its phycoflora. From the sampling campaign at Gonzalo Island, 19 taxa of macroalgae were identified. In terms of richness by division, Chlorophyta was represented by 3 species (16%), Ochrophyta by 7 taxa (37%), and Rhodophyta by 9 taxa, representing the 47% of the identified flora. Thus, the present study combines our new registers together with the previous findings, providing an updated cadaster of macroalgae of the archipelago, suggesting a total of 86 taxa. Overall, it can be stated that all registered species of the archipelago show a sub- Antarctic affinity.

Resumen: Las ecorregiones marinas de canales y fiordos del sur de Chile subantártica de Magallanes representan el límite extremo de latitud sur para la distribución de numerosos grupos de organismos. En el caso del Hemisferio Sur, el punto de distribución más austral de representantes de las formaciones de “kelps” se encuentra en el archipiélago Diego Ramírez, donde se registran las especies Lessonia flavicans, L. searlesiana y Macrocystis pyrifera. El archipiélago Diego Ramírez se encuentra ubicado en el Paso Drake a 112 km al SO del Cabo de Hornos. Con respecto a la información disponible para macroalgas se ha informado un total de 79 taxa, de los cuales muchos presentan afinidad subantártica-antártica. Pese al interés biogeográfico de las macroalgas del archipiélago Diego Ramírez, no ha habido nuevos catastros que permitan evaluar si este archipiélago podría representar el extremo norte de distribución de especies antárticas y/o el extremo sur de especies magallánicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar el catastro de macroalgas del archipiélago con el fin de detectar nuevos taxa que pudieran estar presentes en estas islas, así como contribuir al análisis de las relaciones biogeográficas de su ficoflora. De la campaña realizada en la isla Gonzalo se identificó un total de 19 taxa de macroalgas. En términos de riqueza por división, Chlorophyta estuvo representada por 3 especies (16%), Ochrophyta por 7 taxa (37%) y Rhodophyta por 9 taxa, representando el 47% de la flora identificada. Con estos nuevos registros y los de trabajos previos, nuestro estudio genera un catastro actualizado de macroalgas para el archipiélago que concluye en la presencia de 86 taxa. En general, se pudo observar que las especies registradas durante este estudio y los trabajos previos analizados presentan afinidad subantártica.