Abstract Objectives: to analyze the consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with body image, physical activity, nutritional status and self-assessment on food of pregnant women enrolled in the Primary Health Care. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study carried out with pregnant women enrolled in the Family Health Strategy in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The dependent variable was the consumption of ultra-processed food, and the independent ones addressed body appearance, physical activity, nutritional status, self-assessment on food and food consumption. Descriptive analysis was carried out and for association of analysis, the linear regression model was used with crude and adjusted associations. Results: 1,185 pregnant women participated in the study. Caloric intake from ultra-processed food represented 32.0% of these women’s daily diet. There was an association between consumption of ultra-processed food and physical activity (β=-0.08; p<0.01), pre-gestional nutritional status (β=-0,12; p<0.01) and body image (β =0.08; p=0.01). Conclusion: the pregnant women presented high consumption of ultra-processed food. Having a negative body image, the lowest level of physical activity, and high pre-gestational nutritional status are conditions that influenced the consumption of these food.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua associação com imagem corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional e autoavaliação alimentar de gestantes cadastradas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com gestantes cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário. A variável dependente foi consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, e as independentes abordaram aspecto corporal, atividade física, estado nutricional, autoavaliação alimentar e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se análise descritiva e para análise de associação, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear com associações brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 1.185 gestantes. O consumo calórico proveniente dos ultraprocessados representou 32,0% da dieta diária dessas mulheres. Verificou-se associação entre consumo de ultraprocessados com atividade física (β=-0,08; p<0,01), estado nutricional pré-gestacional (β=-0,12; p<0,01) e imagem corporal (β=0,08; p=0,01). Conclusão: as gestantes apresentaram alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Ter imagem corporal negativa, menor nível de atividade física, estado nutricional pré-gestacional elevado são condições que influenciaram o consumo desses alimentos.

Abstract Background: Gut microbiota is a complex organized collection of microorganisms that confers multiple metabolic advantages to the host. The reduced diversity and proportion of specific gut microbial species have been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. Multidimensional interventions, including modifications in dietary and physical activity habits, are associated with favorable changes in microbiota composition. This pilot study aimed to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota composition of Mexican children with obesity before and after a 6-week multidimensional intervention. Methods: Blood and stool samples were collected, and anthropometric measurements were obtained from six children with obesity before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of modeling a hypo energetic diet and giving nutritional and physical activation recommendations. DNA from stool samples was used to characterize gut microbial composition by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The decrease in waist circumference was associated with increased Odoribacter relative abundance. However, gut microbiota composition and diversity remained unchanged. Conclusions: Although no modifications in the body mass index, body fat, composition, or diversity of the gut microbiota were observed with the intervention, it was possible to associate the reduction in waist circumference with the presence of Odoribacter after a multidimensional intervention in Mexican children with obesity.

Resumen Introducción: La microbiota intestinal es un conjunto de microorganismos organizados de forma compleja que confieren múltiples ventajas metabólicas al hospedero. La reducida diversidad y la proporción de ciertas especies sobre otras se ha asociado con obesidad y enfermedades metabólicas. Las intervenciones multidimensionales, que incluyen modificaciones en los hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física, se asocian con cambios favorables en la composición de la microbiota. El objetivo de este estudio piloto fue evaluar la composición de la microbiota intestinal de niños mexicanos con obesidad, antes y después de una intervención multidimensional de seis semanas de duración. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de sangre y de heces y se realizaron las mediciones antropométricas de seis niños con obesidad, antes y después de la intervención. La intervención consistió en modelar una dieta hipoenergética y dar recomendaciones nutricias y de actividad física. A partir del DNA de las muestras de heces se realizó la caracterización de la microbiota intestinal por secuenciación del gen 16S del RNAr. Resultados: La disminución de la circunferencia de cintura se asoció con un aumento en la abundancia del género Odoribacter. Sin embargo, no se encontraron cambios en la composición de la microbiota intestinal. Conclusiones: A pesar de que la intervención no modificó el índice de masa corporal, masa grasa, composición ni diversidad de la microbiota intestinal, sí se logró asociar la reducción de la circunferencia de cintura con la abundancia de Odoribacter en el presente estudio piloto en niños mexicanos con obesidad.

ABSTRACT: The most widely used method to classify prognostic factors in cancers today is TNM. However, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) often demonstrates different behaviors in relation to aggressiveness and therapeutic response at the same TNM stage. So, in such cases biomarkers can be used to identify the biological diversity of these tumors more reliably, leading to better therapeutic strategies and disease management. The presence of inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment can have pro or antitumor effects and the investigation of the expression of inflammatory markers in OSSC can be usefulto design immunotherapeutic interventions. The Transforming Growth Factor alpha is a potent stimulator of cell migration that acts on cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer, as well as immune suppression and angiogenesis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as Interferon-gamma, mediate macrophage differentiation. Macrophages are an important component of the OSCC microenvironment. The greater amount of tumor-associated macrophages, especially the M2 phenotype, may be associated with a more aggressive biological behavior of the OSCC and, consequently, with reduced survival.

RESUMEN: El método más utilizado para clasificar los factores de pronóstico en los cánceres en la actualidad es TNM. Sin embargo, el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) a menudo muestra diferentes comportamientos en relación con la agresividad y la respuesta terapéutica en la misma etapa TNM. Entonces, en tales casos, los biomarcadores pueden usarse para identificar la diversidad biológica de estos tumores de manera más confiable, lo que lleva a mejores estrategias terapéuticas y manejo de la enfermedad. La presencia de células inmunes inflamatorias en el microambiente tumoral puede tener efectos pro o antitumorales y la investigación de la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios en COCE puede ser útil para diseñar intervenciones inmunoterapéuticas. El factor de crecimiento transformante α es un potente estimulador de la migración celular que actúa sobre la proliferación celular, la invasión y metástasis del cáncer, así como la inmunosupresión y la angiogénesis. Las citocinas inflamatorias, como el IFN-γ, median en la diferenciación de macrófagos. Los macrófagos son un componente importante del microambiente COCE. La mayor cantidad de macrófagos asociados a tumores, especialmente el fenotipo M2, puede estar asociada a un comportamiento biológico más agresivo del COCE y, en consecuencia, a una menor supervivencia.

Abstract Objective To describe the public funding of research on LGTBIQ+ health in Spain. Method We conducted an observational and descriptive study. We sought research projects dealing with LGTBIQ+ health funded by the research projects grant from the Instituto Carlos III from 2013 to 2019. We consulted the webpage and the FIS portal and we identified projects that included LGTB community, totally or partially. We estimated the absolute and relative frequencies of LGTBIQ+ projects in relation to total funded projects; and we described the LGTBIQ+ funded projects by year of funding, topics, LGTBIQ+ subpopulation, or funding. Results Only 0,4% (n=16) of 4404 funded projects included -totally or partially- LGTBIQ+ community, which represents only 0,3% of the funding. LGTBIQ+ projects mainly focused on men who have sex with men (n=14) and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) (n=11). The number of funded LGTBIQ+ projects decreased from 2013 (n=6) to 2019 (n=0). Conclusions Research projects on LGTBIQ+ health are scarce in Spain. Current funding for research on LGTBIQ+ health is insufficient to care for population other than HIV and men within LGTBIQ+ . There is a compelling necessity to promote the LGTBIQ+ health research to mitigate health disparities, to offer inclusive health services, and to improve healthcare of about 3 million LGTBIQ+ people living in Spain.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la financiación pública a proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ en España. Método Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo observacional de alcance descriptivo. Se revisaron los proyectos concedidos en la convocatoria pública de Proyectos de Investigación en Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III entre 2013 y 2019. Se consultó el portal del Fondo de Investigación en Salud para identificar los proyectos de salud financiados que incluían, total o parcialmente, al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de los proyectos LGTBIQ+ sobre el total de los proyectos financiados, así como los porcentajes por año de concesión, tema, población específica LGTBIQ+ y financiación recibida. Resultados Solo el 0,4% (n=16) de los 4404 proyectos financiados y el 0,3% del presupuesto otorgado en la convocatoria incluyeron total o parcialmente al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Los proyectos LGTBIQ+ se centraban mayoritariamente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (n=14) y en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (n=11). El número de proyectos LGTBIQ+ financiados disminuyó entre 2013 (n=6) y 2019 (n=0). Conclusiones En España, los proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ financiados con fondos públicos son escasos. Los pocos estudios financiados se centran en hombres y en el VIH, por lo que no se genera suficiente conocimiento sobre otros temas o poblaciones específicas. Es necesario fomentar la investigación en salud de las personas LGTBIQ+ para mitigar las inequidades en salud, ofrecer servicios de salud inclusivos y mejorar la salud de tres millones de personas LGTBIQ+ residentes en España.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la financiación pública a proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ en España. Método Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo observacional de alcance descriptivo. Se revisaron los proyectos concedidos en la convocatoria pública de Proyectos de Investigación en Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III entre 2013 y 2019. Se consultó el portal del Fondo de Investigación en Salud para identificar los proyectos de salud financiados que incluían, total o parcialmente, al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de los proyectos LGTBIQ+ sobre el total de los proyectos financiados, así como los porcentajes por año de concesión, tema, población específica LGTBIQ+ y financiación recibida. Resultados Solo el 0,4% (n=16) de los 4404 proyectos financiados y el 0,3% del presupuesto otorgado en la convocatoria incluyeron total o parcialmente al colectivo LGTBIQ+ . Los proyectos LGTBIQ+ se centraban mayoritariamente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (n=14) y en el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (n=11). El número de proyectos LGTBIQ+ financiados disminuyó entre 2013 (n=6) y 2019 (n=0). Conclusiones En España, los proyectos de investigación sobre salud LGTBIQ+ financiados con fondos públicos son escasos. Los pocos estudios financiados se centran en hombres y en el VIH, por lo que no se genera suficiente conocimiento sobre otros temas o poblaciones específicas. Es necesario fomentar la investigación en salud de las personas LGTBIQ+ para mitigar las inequidades en salud, ofrecer servicios de salud inclusivos y mejorar la salud de tres millones de personas LGTBIQ+ residentes en España.

Abstract Objective To describe the public funding of research on LGTBIQ+ health in Spain. Method We conducted an observational and descriptive study. We sought research projects dealing with LGTBIQ+ health funded by the research projects grant from the Instituto Carlos III from 2013 to 2019. We consulted the webpage and the FIS portal and we identified projects that included LGTB community, totally or partially. We estimated the absolute and relative frequencies of LGTBIQ+ projects in relation to total funded projects; and we described the LGTBIQ+ funded projects by year of funding, topics, LGTBIQ+ subpopulation, or funding. Results Only 0,4% (n=16) of 4404 funded projects included -totally or partially- LGTBIQ+ community, which represents only 0,3% of the funding. LGTBIQ+ projects mainly focused on men who have sex with men (n=14) and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) (n=11). The number of funded LGTBIQ+ projects decreased from 2013 (n=6) to 2019 (n=0). Conclusions Research projects on LGTBIQ+ health are scarce in Spain. Current funding for research on LGTBIQ+ health is insufficient to care for population other than HIV and men within LGTBIQ+ . There is a compelling necessity to promote the LGTBIQ+ health research to mitigate health disparities, to offer inclusive health services, and to improve healthcare of about 3 million LGTBIQ+ people living in Spain.

Abstract Objective: There is limited scientific evidence on the cetuximab exposure- response relationship and no concentration threshold has been associated with optimal disease control. The aims were to assess, in a real-life setting, the relationship between steady state cetuximab concentrations (Ctrough, SS) and disease control. Method: A prospective observational study in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or head and neck cancer treated with cetuximab. Steady state trough concentrations were compared with the results of radiological assessment of response (progression or clinical benefit). Generalized estimating equations analysis was performed. To test the association between steady state concentrations and overall survival and progression-free survival, Cox proportional hazard models were developed. An optimal cut-off point was searched using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: A total of 30 steady state cetuximab concentrations from 16 patients were analysed. Median Ctrough, SS was 26.86 mg/L and there was marked inter- and intraindividual variability (standard deviation 32.4 mg/L and 16.9 mg/L, respectively). A positive association was found between cetuximab Ctrough, SS and clinical benefit (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 0.95-1.63, . = 0.113), although without reaching statistical significance. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (. = 30) had moderate discrimination power (0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.49‑0.93), and the empirical optimal cutoff point was 19.12 mg/L. However, no association was observed between cetuximab Ctrough, SS and survival in metastatic colorectal cancer or neck cancer patients. Conclusions: We cannot confirm a relationship between cetuximab Ctrough, SS and disease control despite a positive association. This study was conducted with a small sample, which reduces the power analysis. Further controlled randomised studies with a sufficient number of patients are needed.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar, en condiciones de vida real, la relación entre las concentraciones valle en estado estacionario de cetuximab y el control de la enfermedad, así como buscar la relación entre estas concentraciones y la supervivencia. Además, estudiar si existe una concentración límite que se pueda asociar con la probabilidad de beneficio clínico. Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo llevado a cabo en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal metastásico o cáncer de cabeza y cuello en tratamiento con cetuximab. Se realizó un análisis de regresión de ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas para evaluar la asociación entre la concentración valle en estado estacionario de cetuximab y la respuesta al tratamiento (progresión o beneficio clínico). Mediante modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, se evaluó la asociación entre la mediana de concentraciones valle en estado estacionario de cetuximab en cada paciente o la última medida con la supervivencia global y la supervivencia libre de progresión, en cada una de las patologías. Asimismo, se buscó un punto de corte óptimo a través del área bajo la curva de características operativas del receptor. Resultados: Se analizaron 30 muestras de 16 pacientes. La concentración valle en estado estacionario mediana fue 26,86 mg/l y se encontró una gran variabilidad inter e intraindividual (desviación estándar de 32,4 y 16,9 mg/l, respectivamente). Se observó una asociación positiva entre la concentración valle en estado estacionario y el beneficio clínico (odds ratio 1,24; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0,95-1,63; p = 0,113), aunque no alcanzó significación estadística debido a la baja potencia. El área bajo la curva de características operativas del receptor de las concentraciones (n = 30) tuvo una moderada capacidad discriminatoria (área bajo la curva de características operativas del receptor 0,710; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0,49-0,93) y el punto de corte estimado fue de 19,12 mg/l. Sin embargo, no se observó relación entre la supervivencia y las concentraciones valle en estado estacionario en ninguna de las patologías. Conclusiones: No se ha podido confirmar una relación entre exposición a cetuximab y eficacia, a pesar de encontrar una tendencia positiva en el control de la enfermedad con el aumento de la concentración valle en estado estacionario. El nivel de evidencia se vio reducido por la pequeña muestra de pacientes en cada grupo, por lo que se necesitan estudios aleatorizados y controlados, con un número suficiente de pacientes, para evaluar adecuadamente esta relación.

ABSTRACT In Caracas, Venezuela, the water reservoirs that provide services to the city do not have a monitoring plan, and the concentrations of possible pollutants are unknown. This is of interest, considering that these areas have had uncontrolled growth and suffer from urban discharges, which are potential sources of contaminants such as heavy metals. Under this scenario, the study’s objective was to assess the potential of the aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna minor as bioindicators for metal contamination by accumulation. Plants, water, and sediment samples were collected in La Mariposa, Camatagua, and La Pereza reservoirs, at two sampling points per reservoir, three transects per point, and three samples per transect. The concentrations of Pb, Al, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Hg in the mentioned compartments and the bioavailable fraction of sediments were determined with inductively coupled plasma in optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analizer. The metal content of the analyzed samples was different between the reservoirs (pperm ˂ 0.05). Metal concentrations in E. crassipes and L. minor were also different between water reservoirs (pperm ˂ 0.05 and MC at 0.05, respectively). The plants’ metal content had a similar pattern to the concentrations of metals in water, sediments, and bioavailable fraction (p ˂ 0.05). The results suggest that both species are potential bioindicators for metal contamination by accumulation, especially E. crassipes since it is a perennial plant that could reflect environmental quality over a longer period than L. minor.

RESUMEN En Caracas, Venezuela, los embalses de agua que brindan servicios a la ciudad no tienen un plan de monitoreo y se desconocen las concentraciones de posibles contaminantes. Esto es interesante, teniendo en cuenta el crecimiento incontrolado en estas áreas y las descargas urbanas que son entradas potenciales de contaminantes, como los metales pesados, a los embalses. Bajo este escenario, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el potencial de las macrófitas acuáticas Eichhornia crassipes y Lemna minor, como bioindicadores de contaminación por acumulación de metales pesados. Se recolectaron muestras de las plantas, agua y sedimentos en los embalses La Mariposa, Camatagua y La Pereza, en dos puntos de muestreo por embalse, tres transectos por punto y 3 muestras por transecto. Las concentraciones de Pb, Al, Zn, Ni, Cu y Hg en los compartimentos mencionados y la fracción biodisponible de los sedimentos se determinaron con espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente y análisis directo de mercurio. El contenido de metales de todos los compartimentos fue diferente entre los embalses (pperm ˂ 0.05). Las concentraciones de metales en E. crassipes y L. minor también fueron diferente entre embalses (pperm ˂ 0.05 y MC a 0.05, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, el contenido metálico de las plantas tuvo un patrón similar a las concentraciones de metales en agua, sedimentos y fracción biodisponible (p ˂ 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que ambas especies son potenciales bioindicadoras de contaminación de metales pesados por acumulación. Especialmente E. crassipes, que al ser una planta perenne podría reflejar la calidad ambiental durante un período de tiempo más largo que L. minor.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Abstract The fortification of dairy beverages is a widely developed strategy using non-heme or heme iron. Heme iron has a higher bioavailability. The investigation aimed to elaborate pasteurized milk with fortified chocolate flavor with heme iron that has good sensory acceptability. The preparation of the flavored milk was carried out based on the regulations and heme iron, obtained from a commercial source of whole blood of porcine origin, was added before the pasteurization process to achieve its complete dilution. The concentration of iron and chocolate flavoring was established as variables in order to evaluate the optimal formulation based on Sensory Acceptability (SA). The experimental design was a 32 factorial design in which eight formulations were established, which were sensory acceptability evaluated by a total of 35 school-age children, aged between 8 and 11 years using a five-point facial hedonic scale. The results of the analysis of variance and optimization of the response showed that SA was 4.71 (on a scale of 1 to 5) for a fortification of 6.76 mg Fe kg-1 sample and a chocolate concentration of 2.0 g kg-1 sample. The physicochemical characterization indicated a higher percentage of carbohydrates, a higher concentration of iron (9.3 mg Fe kg-1 sample) and vitamin C (349.0 mg kg-1 sample) with respect to fresh milk. According to the physicochemical and microbiological results, the approximate life time of the beverage was 5 days, which is in accordance with Peruvian regulations. These results showed a method of fortification of flavored milk that allowed the use of heme iron, whose content could contribute to the daily requirement of this mineral in children aged between 8 and 11 years old (8 mg of iron per day).

Resumo A fortificação de bebidas lácteas é uma estratégia amplamente desenvolvida, usando ferro não heme ou heme. O ferro heme tem maior biodisponibilidade. O objetivo da presente investigação foi elaborar um leite pasteurizado com sabor chocolate e fortificado com ferro heme que tenha boa aceitabilidade sensorial. O preparo do leite aromatizado foi realizado com base nas normas regulamentares do Peru e o ferro heme, obtido de fonte comercial de sangue de origem suína, foi adicionado antes do processo de pasteurização, para obtenção de sua diluição completa. As concentrações de ferro e sabor de chocolate foram estabelecidas como variáveis para avaliar a formulação ideal, com base na aceitabilidade sensorial. O delineamento experimental foi um esquema fatorial de 32, em que foram estabelecidas oito formulações, cuja aceitabilidade sensorial foi avaliada por um total de 35 crianças em idade escolar, com idades entre 8 e 11 anos, utilizando uma escala hedônica facial de cinco pontos. Os resultados da análise de variância e otimização da resposta mostraram que aceitabilidade senorial foi de 4,71 (em uma escala de 1 a 5) para uma amostra de fortificação de 6,76 mg Fe kg-1 e uma concentração de chocolate de 2,0 g kg-1 de amostra. A caracterização físico-química indicou maior percentual de carboidratos, maior concentração de ferro (amostra 9,3 mg Fe kg-1) e vitamina C (349,0 mg kg-1 amostra), em relação ao leite in natura. De acordo com os resultados físico-químicos e microbiológicos, a vida útil aproximada da bebida láctea fortificada foi de cinco dias, o que está de acordo com a regulamentação peruana. Estes resultados mostraram um método de fortificação do leite aromatizado que permite a utilização de ferro heme, cujo teor poderia contribuir para suprir a necessidade diária desse mineral em crianças de 8 a 11 anos (8 mg de ferro por dia).

Summary: Compost is the main degradation channel for organic waste, however, the whole process requires long maturation times, which is why the search for quick ways to decompose and transform these wastes into by-products with high agronomic value is essential. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sugary substances on the degradation of organic substrates to elaborate compost. The substances investigated were sugar, molasse and cane juice (Saccharum officinarum), mixed with an organic substrate composed of 30% manure, 50% corn pancake, 10% legume remains, 9% soil and 1% ash. The experimental design was completely random, with 16 experimental units, one absolute control and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were the following: days for decomposition, temperature, humidity, substrate weight and nutriment content. Molasses mixed with organic waste decreased the decomposition period by 6 days (9.68%), relative to the control (62 days). The treatment added with molasses showed the greatest temperature decline (8.7 °C), although no significant differences were found between treatments, at the beginning and end of the trial. The moisture content among treatments ranged from 56.5 to 59.0%, however, differences were not significant. The molasses treatment showed the greatest weight loss (10.8 kg) during the organic substrate degradation; however, there were no differences in pH and nutrient content (B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, P, S, Zn, and MO). The treatment with the highest concentration of nutrients was the conformed by organic substances and molasses, thus, its use or integration is recommended to accelerate the degradation process in compost.

Resumen: El compost es una forma principal para degradar desechos de origen orgánicos; no obstante, todo el procedimiento requiere de largos tiempo de maduración por lo cual, es indispensable la búsqueda de formas rápidas para descomponer y transformar estos desechos en subproductos con alto valor agronómico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de sustancias azucaradas en la descomposición de sustratos orgánicos para elaborar compost. Las sustancias investigadas fueron azúcar, melaza y jugo de caña (Saccharum officinarum), mezclados con un sustrato orgánico compuesto por 30% estiércol, 50% panca de maíz, 10% de restos de leguminosa, 9% de tierra y 1% de ceniza. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 16 unidades experimentales, un testigo absoluto y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron días para la descomposición, temperatura, humedad, peso del sustrato y contenido de nutrimentos. La melaza mezclada con residuos orgánicos disminuyó 6 días (9.68%) el período de descomposición, con relación al testigo (62 días). El tratamiento con melaza añadida presentó el mayor descenso de temperatura (8.7 ºC), aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, al inicio y al final del ensayo. El contenido de humedad entre los tratamientos osciló entre 56.5 y 59.0%, sin embargo, las diferencias no fueron significativas. El tratamiento con melaza fue el que presentó la mayor pérdida de peso (10.8 kg) durante la descomposición del sustrato orgánico; no obstante, no hubo diferencias en el pH y contenido de nutrimentos (B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, P, S, Zn, M.O.). El tratamiento con mayor concentración de nutrimientos fue el conformado por sustancias orgánicas y melaza, por lo cual, se recomienda su uso o integración para acelerar el proceso de descomposición en el compost.

Resumen Introducción: las células madre de la pulpa dental humana presentan una capacidad osteogénica muy significativa, lo que permite la formación de hueso nuevo que se adapta muy bien al existente. El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia de la regeneración ósea a partir de células madre de la pulpa dental, analizando estudios in vivo realizados en ratones NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J (NOD SCID) inmunocompetentes. Métodos: se analizaron estudios entre el 2016 al 2020, encontrados en Pubmed, ScienceDirect y Lilacs. Para realizar la revisión sistemática se siguió las directrices PRISMA, la evaluación de la calidad y del riesgo de sesgo se realizó considerando los criterios expuestos en la herramienta National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - NHLBI. Resultados: aplicando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 6 investigaciones las cuales se evaluaron, eligiéndose solo 2 de ellas para su revisión (n=1859). Los datos de los estudios se extrajeron y ordenaron obedeciendo los detalles del estudio, metodología del análisis y resultados. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe una regeneración ósea por parte de las células madre derivadas de la pulpa dental, debido a que promueven la osteogénesis y el hueso nuevo se une satisfactoriamente al hueso existente. El análisis in vitro indica que es una excelente fuente osteogénica y los estudios in vivo corroboran que los medios de cultivo interfieren en la formación de hueso. Se requieren de más estudios para afianzar la formación de hueso por parte de las Células Madre de la Pulpa Dental - DPSC.

Abstract Introduction: human dental pulp stem cells show a very significant osteogenic capacity, allowing the formation of new bone that is very well adapted to existing bone. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of bone regeneration from dental pulp stem cells, analyzing in vivo studies carried out in immunocompetent NOD. CB17-Prkdcscid/J (NOD SCID) mice. Methods: we analysed studies from 2016 to 2020, found in Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Lilacs. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines, the quality and risk of bias assessment was performed considering the criteria set out in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - NHLBI tool. Results: applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 studies were selected and evaluated, and only 2 of them were selected for review (n=1859). Data from the studies were extracted and sorted according to study details, analysis methodology and results. Conclusion: the results obtained show that there is bone regeneration by stem cells derived from dental pulp, because they promote osteogenesis and the new bone successfully joins the existing bone. In vitro analysis indicates that it is an excellent osteogenic source and in vivo studies confirm that culture media interfere with bone formation. Further studies are required to confirm bone formation by Dental Pulp Stem Cell - DPSC.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres edades de rebrote y tres niveles de inclusión de harina de pisonay (Erythrina edulis) sobre el consumo y conversión alimenticia; la ganancia de peso, y el rendimiento de carcasa en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus). Se utilizó las hojas y los peciolos secados bajo sombra de árboles cosechados, y procesados mecánicamente a 2 mm de tamaño de partícula. Se utilizaron 120 cuyes machos mejorados, distribuidos en 10 tratamientos (3 edades de rebrote, tres niveles de inclusión de la harina y un grupo control con harina de alfalfa) durante 56 días. La ganancia de peso total y diaria, además de la conversión alimenticia tuvieron un comportamiento similar entre los tratamientos; el consumo del alimento fue menor con el tratamiento 8M30% (54.0 g/día) con respecto al CA20% (59.3 g/día) (p<0.05) y el rendimiento de carcasa fue mayor en 4M20% (73.5%) en comparación con la dieta control (71.1%) (p<0.05). El consumo del alimento (60.3 g/día) como la conversión alimenticia (5.3) fue mayor a los 12 meses de edad de rebrote (p<0.05) con respecto a los 4 y 8 meses que fueron similares entre sí. El rendimiento de carcasa fue similar (72%) con la inclusión de 10 y 20% y disminuyó (70.6%) con el 30% de harina de pisonay (p<0.05),. La harina de pisonay utilizado como insumo alimenticio para la elaboración de concentrado no afecta las características productivas en cuyes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three regrowth ages and three levels of inclusion of pisonay (Erythrina edulis) meal on feed consumption and conversion; body weight gain, and carcass rate in guinea pig fattening (Cavia porcellus). Shade-dried leaves and petioles of harvested trees were used and mechanically processed to 2 mm particle size. In total, 120 improved male guinea pigs were used, distributed in 10 treatments (3 regrowth ages, three levels of meal inclusion and a control group with alfalfa meal) for 56 days. The total and daily weight gain, in addition to the feed conversion had a similar response between treatments; feed consumption was lower with the 8M30% treatment (54.0 g/day) with respect to CA20% (59.3 g/day) (p<0.05) and the carcass yield was higher in 4M20% (73.5%) compared to the control diet (71.1%) (p<0.05). Feed consumption (60.3 g/day) as feed conversion (5.3) was higher at 12 months of regrowth age (p<0.05) with respect to 4 and 8 months, which were similar to each other. Carcass yield was similar (72%) with the inclusion of 10 and 20% and decreased (70.6%) with 30% pisonay meal (p<0.05). The pisonay meal used as a feed input for the production of concentrate does not affect the productive characteristics of guinea pigs.