ABSTRACT During seed production, nutrients (nitrogen) and climatic conditions (water) can affect their physiological quality. Therefore, the influence of common bean cultivation with the use of more sustainable techniques such as co-inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the reduction of the irrigation depth on the quality of the seed produced should be analyzed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds coming from the common bean cultivation submitted to inoculation and co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense under two irrigation depths. The experiment conducted in the field consisted of randomized blocks with a split-plot design with two irrigation depths as plots (recommended and 75% of the recommended) and five forms of nitrogen supply as subplots (control non-inoculated with 40 kg ha- 1 of nitrogen in topdressing; control non-inoculated with 80 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing; A. brasilense inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing; R. tropici inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing; and co-inoculation of A. brasilense and R. tropici with 40 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing). Common bean cultivation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing without inoculation provides satisfactory physiological quality of seeds, and there is no need to apply higher doses of nitrogen and inoculation. Bean seeds can be produced with the recommended 75% depth, without decrease their quality.

RESUMO Durante a produção de sementes, os nutrientes (nitrogênio) e condições climáticas (água) podem afetar a sua qualidade fisiológica. A influência do cultivo do feijoeiro com a utilização de técnicas mais sustentáveis como a co-inoculação com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e a redução da lâmina de irrigação sobre a qualidade da semente produzida deve ser analisada. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes oriundas do cultivo de feijão submetido à inoculação e co-inoculação com Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense sob duas lâminas de irrigação. O delineamento experimental em campo foi em blocos casualizados com tratamentos dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as duas lâminas de irrigação (recomendada para o feijão e 75% da recomendada) e nas subparcelas foram alocadas as cinco formas de fornecimento de nitrogênio (testemunha sem inoculação com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; 80 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura sem inoculação; inoculação de A. brasilense com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; inoculação de R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura; e co-inoculação de A. brasilense e R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura), com quatro repetições. O cultivo do feijoeiro com aplicação de 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura sem inoculação proporciona qualidade fisiológica de sementes satisfatória, não havendo a necessidade de aplicação de maiores doses de nitrogênio e inoculação. As sementes de feijoeiro podem ser produzidas com a lâmina de 75% da recomenda, sem diminuição da sua qualidade.

RESUMO A região do Cerrado tem grande capacidade para expansão da cultura do arroz de terras altas. No entanto, são necessários estudos envolvendo práticas que melhorem o desempenho da cultura, principalmente em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se verificar o efeito de coberturas vegetais em consórcio com milho no desenvolvimento e produtividade de arroz cultivado em rotação e adubado com nitrogênio em cobertura. O experimento foi irrigado por aspersão e desenvolvido nas safras 2014/2015 e 2016/2017. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação do efeito de restos culturais de milho exclusivo, milho + Crotalaria spectabilis, milho + guandu, milho + feijão de porco e milho + Urochloa ruziziensis, bem como doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no arroz (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1 e 120 kg ha-1). O cultivo do arroz de terras altas em rotação com milho + guandu foi favorecido pela maior cobertura do solo e oferta de nitrogênio, via ciclagem, em relação à rotação com milho exclusivo. O cultivo de milho + guandu no verão anterior propiciou incremento de 15 % na produtividade de grãos de arroz, semeado na rotação, em relação ao milho exclusivo. A aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura influenciou positivamente na produtividade de grãos com as doses máximas estimadas de 46 kg ha-1 e 105 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, respectivamente nas safras 2014/2015 e 2016/2017.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Savannah region presents a great potential for the expansion of upland rice crops. However, studies are necessary to identify practices that can improve the crop performance, especially in no-tillage systems. This study aimed to assess the effect of cover crops in association with corn on the development and yield of rice cultivated in rotation and cover fertilized with nitrogen doses. The sprinkler irrigation system was used and the experiment was developed in the 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 harvest years, using a randomized block design, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the crop remains combinations of single corn crop, corn + Crotalaria spectabilis, corn + pigeon pea, corn + jack bean and corn + Urochloa ruziziensis, as well as cover nitrogen doses (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) in the rice. The cultivation of upland rice in rotation with corn + pigeon pea was favored by the greater soil cover and nitrogen supply via cycling, if compared to the rotation with single corn crop. The intercropped corn + pigeon pea cultivation in the previous summer resulted in a 15 % increase in the yield of rice grains seeded in the rotation, when compared to the single corn crop. The cover nitrogen application positively influenced the grain yield with the maximum estimated doses of 46 kg ha-1 and 105 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, respectively in the 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 harvest years.

Abstract Strains of Bacillus subtilis increase plant growth and yield. Consequently, the application of Mexican native strains of B. subtilis on greenhouse-grown melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants should induced a significant improvement on plant development and fruit quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of LAL-36, BEB-23, BEB-22 and BEB-13 B. subtilis strains, native to Mexico, on melon plant development and fruit quality. The strains were placed separately into the rhizosphere of melon plants under greenhouse conditions. Plants were grown in clinoptilolite type zeolite. Five treatments were evaluated: four inoculated with one of the four B. subtilis strains and one control without bacterial inoculum. A completely randomized design with nine repetitions was used in the experiment. The data were statistically analyzed with a one way-ANOVA and a mean comparison using the Tukey’s test. The root wet and dry weight depicted a sustained tendency with the greatest values and with significant statistical differences with LAL-36 and BEB-22 strains. The greatest values for shoot dry weight were 164.76 g for the LAL-36 and 162.14 g for BEB-22. The highest value for root dry weight was 64.55 g with the LAL-36 strain. The greatest values in height and foliar area (482.22 cm2 and 398.41 cm2) were observed in the plants treated with BEB-23 strain. Utmost fruit yield (97.76 t ha-1) was observed in the plants inoculated with LAL-36 strain; this strain also induced exceptional fruit quality, although the differences were lower compared to the other. The inoculation of B. subtilis LAL-36 strain on melon plants caused the most outstanding effects during the production of greenhouse-grown melon fruits, increasing the yield in 20 %. Therefore, using Mexican native strains of B. subtilis is possible to obtain high quality melon fruits with increased profits.

Resumen Las cepas de Bacillus subtilis aumentan el crecimiento y el rendimiento de las plantas. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de cepas nativas mexicanas de B. subtilis en melón cultivado en invernadero (Cucumis melo L.) debería inducir una mejora significativa en el desarrollo de la planta y la calidad del fruto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de las cepas nativas de México de B. subtilis, LAL-36, BEB-23, BEB-22 y BEB-13, en el desarrollo de la planta de melón y en la calidad del fruto. Las cepas se colocaron por separado en la rizósfera de las plantas de melón en condiciones de invernadero. Las plantas se cultivaron en zeolita tipo clinoptilolita. Los tratamientos fueron cinco: cuatro inoculados con una de las cuatro cepas de B. subtilis y un testigo sin inóculo bacteriano. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con nueve repeticiones. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente con ANDEVA de una vía y prueba Tukey para comparar las medias. Con las cepas LAL-36 y BEB-22, los pesos fresco y seco de la raíz mostraron tendencia constante de los valores mayores y diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los valores mayores de peso seco del vástago fueron 164.76 g con LAL-36 y 162.14 g con BEB-22. El valor mayor de peso seco de la raíz fue 64.55 g con la cepa LAL-36. Los valores mayores en altura y área foliar (482.22 cm y 398.41 cm2) se observaron en las plantas tratadas con la cepa BEB-23. El rendimiento máximo del fruto (97.76 t ha-1) se observó en las plantas inoculadas con la cepa LAL-36; esta cepa también propició calidad excepcional del fruto, aunque las diferencias fueron menores comparadas con los otros tratamientos. La inoculación de la cepa B. subtilis LAL-36 en plantas de melón causó los efectos más destacados durante la producción de frutos con el cultivo en invernadero, aumentando el rendimiento en un 20 %. Por lo tanto, al usar cepas nativas mexicanas de B. subtilis se pueden obtener frutos de melón de alta calidad con mayores ganancias.

Abstract The Peña Colorada mineralized area contains several iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits around the arguably richest known iron resource in Mexico. The Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary host rock sequence has been subjected to several episodes of hydrothermal alteration, each accompanied by a distinct episode of faulting and intrusion (calc-alkaline to tholeiitic). Faulting is partly associated with the reactivation of cryptic structural corridors in basement rocks. High-resolution 40Ar/39Ar and apatite fission track (AFT) dating of this deposit and the adjacent Arrayanes prospect reveal the following sequence of events that range from the latest Cretaceous to the earliest Eocene: (1) intrusion of a 67.6 ± 3.5 Ma magnetite-bearing diorite with associated skarn/skarnoid metamorphism that was coeval or predated N-S to NNW-SSE faulting; (2) approximately 63.26 Ma syenite-like potassic alteration with disseminated magnetite, predated by N-S to NNW-SSE faulting and postdated by WNW-ESE faulting; (3) intrusion of 62.0 ± 2.5 Ma diorite and 59.39 ± 0.21 Ma andesite dikes that predate the main mineralization event at 55.72 to 54.84 Ma of large semi-stratabound massive and disseminated bodies; (4) intrusion of a 53.3 ± 3.0 Ma magnetite-bearing gabbro and 53 ± 2 Ma pegmatoid magnetite + fluorapatite veins at the Arrayanes prospect, which overlap the WNW-ESE faulting; (5) 50.70 to 48.18 Ma polymictic magnetite breccia as the last stage of mineralization in the area, predated by E-W faulting; and (6) reactivation of WNW-ESE faults and later NE-SW faults. Therefore, the total age span of the Peña Colorada deposit ranges between approximately 19 and 23 million years. The closeness in age between intrusions and mineralization in the Arrayanes prospect, their confinement between the WNW-ESE and E-W structural domains, and mingling or mixing structures between gabbro and diorite with an associated magmatic magnetite enrichment support the idea of a close genetic link between such intrusives and IOA hydrothermal mineralization. All mineralization events at Peña Colorada are associated with pervasive potassic to propylitic alteration, whereas at Arrayanes they are associated with dominant sodic alteration instead. Alteration features are suggestive of relatively shallow and deep formation of these deposits, respectively. Event 3 thermally reset fluorapatite in fragments of pegmatoid magnetite + fluorapatite + diopside associations (dated at 59 ± 2 Ma, AFT) within the polymictic breccia, which were sampled from a deep orebody (still to be found) and that would be likely associated with event 1 or 2. Consequently, exploration endeavors at depth at Peña Colorada may be considered promising. In this study, we use numerous geological and geochemical proxies to constrain the likeliest genetic model for the Peña Colorada and neighboring deposits: (a) the nearness in time and space between hydrothermal mineralization and magnetite-rich, tholeiitic, relatively oxidized intrusive rocks; (b) the occurrence of key mineral associations (i.e. magnetite + fluorapatite ± diopside veins); (c) the exclusive occurrence of fluorapatite in lieu of other apatites; (d) the composition in key major cations (Ca, Fe, Na, Mn) in fluorapatite; (e) the correlations between Ni/Cr vs. Ti values, between Ti+V vs. Ni/(Cr+Mn) values, between Ti+V vs. Al+Mn values, and Mg contents in magnetite; (f) pyroxene thermometry; (g) log f(O2) values calculated from Mn contents in fluorapatite; and (h) normalized REE patterns, and ΣLREE and ΣHREE contents in fluorapatite. These proxies indicate that IOA deposits in the Peña Colorada area have a hydrothermal origin with a strong magmatic influence (magmatic-hydrothermal iron oxide, or MHIO, deposits) that formed under high oxygen fugacities and “moderate” temperatures, and with a high geochemical affinity with IOCG and Kiruna-type deposits or the general IOCG “clan” (for both hydrothermal minerals and associated hypabyssal rocks). Relatively high Ti contents in magnetite, and high Ce and low Eu contents in fluorapatite in these deposits (with respect to typical compositions in IOCG “clan” deposits) are geochemical features still in need of further explanation. The correlation between regional and local structural domains and the geochronologic study in this paper constrain the possible ages of such domains as follows: (1) the N-S to NNW-SSE domain can be bracketed between 67.6 and 63.26 Ma, (2) the WNW-ESE domain between 63.26 and 59.39 Ma, (3) the E-W domain between 54.84 and 50.70 Ma, (4) the WNW-ESE to NW-SE domain is younger than 48.18 Ma, and (5) the NE-SW domain is still active. The structural analysis also shows that the massive orebody at Peña Colorada is partially stratabound but its emplacement was also controlled by low-angle Laramide faults, and that hydrothermal fluids were preferentially driven through volcano-sedimentary rocks. The latter characteristic is not only a matter of the stratigraphic distribution of relatively pervasive versus impervious rocks but also of the lateral distribution of such rocks due to N-S strike-slip faults. As additional results of this study, we determined that the conglomerates atop the host volcano-sedimentary sequence that were initially attributed to the Cerro de la Vieja Formation cannot be older than 67.6 Ma, and that the IOA deposits at Peña Colorada would be formed at depths of only a few hundred meters.

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RESUMO Técnicas sustentáveis de manejo na cultura do milho são necessárias, visando aumento de produtividade, minimizando custos e impactos ambientais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar diferentes coberturas vegetais (milheto, crotalária, guandu, milheto + crotalária, milheto + guandu e pousio), doses de N (0; 40; 80 e 120 kg ha-1) com e sem a inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense na cultura do milho, na região do Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6x4x2, constituindo 48 tratamentos, com 4 repetições. O estudo foi realizado no município de Selvíria-MS. As coberturas vegetais, exceto o guandu no primeiro ano e pousio no segundo, produziram quantidade adequada de resíduo (6 t ha-1) para manter o sistema plantio direto na região de Cerrado, com destaque ao tratamento com milheto + crotalária. As produtividades de milho em sucessão à guandu e milheto + crotalária foram superiores. Em área de sistema plantio direto estabilizada, o fornecimento de nitrogênio via fertilizante, possibilita aumento de produtividade até a dose de 114 kg ha-1 de N. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense via semente, propiciou menor população final de plantas, altura de plantas e a massa de mil grãos.

ABSTRACT With the aim of increasing productivity, and minimising costs and environmental impact, sustainable management techniques are necessary when growing maize. The aim of this study was to evaluate different cover crops (millet, crotalaria, pigeon pea, millet + crotalaria, millet + pigeon pea and fallow) and doses of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1), both with and without seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense of the maize crop, in the Cerrado region of Brazil. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, in a 6 x 4 x 2 factorial scheme, comprising 48 treatments with 4 replications. The study was carried out in the town of Selvíria, in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Plant cover, except for the pigeon pea in the first year and the fallow in the second year, produced enough residue (6 t ha-1) to maintain the no-tillage system in the Cerrado region, especially the treatment with millet + crotalaria. Maize production in succession to the pigeon pea and the millet + crotalaria was higher. In an area with a stabilised no-tillage system, the supply of nitrogen using fertiliser, gives an increase in productivity up to a dose of 114 kg N ha-1. Inoculating the seeds with Azospirillum brasilense gave a smaller final plant population, less plant height and lower 100-grain weight.

RESUMO Este trabalho, desenvolvido no município de Selvíria, MS, nos anos agrícolas de 2011/12 e 2012/13 teve, como objetivo, avaliar a eficiência de Azospirillum brasilense na fixação de nitrogênio em arroz de terras altas, em função de doses e modos de aplicação do inoculante contendo a bactéria diazotrófica. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso disposto em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 sendo 4 doses de inoculante (testemunha sem inoculação, 100, 200 e 300 mL do produto comercial ha-1) x 4 modos de aplicação (inoculação das sementes, aplicação no sulco de semeadura, pulverização do solo logo após a semeadura e pulverização foliar no início do perfilhamento das plantas) com 4 repetições. Durante a condução do experimento foram avaliados as características agronômicas, os componentes de produção e a produtividade da cultura do arroz. Conclui-se que o inoculante contendo Azospirillum brasilense promove acréscimo (19%) na produtividade de arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão, quando usado na dose de 200 mL ha-1, independentemente do modo de aplicação.

ABSTRACT The study was carried out in Selvíria-MS, in the 2011/12 and 2012/13 agricultural years, aiming to evaluate the efficiency of Azospirillum brasilense in nitrogen fixation in upland rice, as a function of doses and application methods of the inoculant containing this diazotrophic bacterium. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with 4 doses of inoculant (control without inoculation, 100, 200 and 300 mL of the commercial product ha-1) and 4 application methods (seed inoculation, application in the sowing furrow, soil spraying after sowing, and foliar spraying at the beginning of plant tillering), with 4 replicates. During the experiment, the agronomic characteristics, production components and yield of the rice crop were evaluated. It was concluded that the inoculant containing Azospirillum brasilense promotes increase (19%) in the yield of upland rice under sprinkler irrigation when used at the dose of 200 mL ha-1, regardless of the application methods.

RESUMO A técnica alternativa de co-inoculação ou também denominada de inoculação mista com bactérias simbióticas e assimbióticas tem sido estudada em leguminosas, no entanto, existem poucos estudos em campo com feijoeiro e sobre a influência da quantidade de água irrigada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar a eficiência da inoculação e co-inoculação de feijão com Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense sob duas lâminas de irrigação. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de outono/inverno dos anos de 2012 e 2013, no município de Selvíria (MS). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, correspondente a duas lâminas de irrigação nas parcelas (recomendada para o feijão e 75% da recomendada) e cinco formas de fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) nas subparcelas (testemunha sem inoculação com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura, 80 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura sem inoculação, inoculação de A. brasilense com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura, inoculação de R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura, e co-inoculação de A. brasilense e R. tropici com 40 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura), com quatro repetições. A co-inoculação proporcionou aumento da nodulação no segundo ano de cultivo. Nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados aumentou a produtividade em relação à testemunha não inoculada com 40 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio em cobertura, que apresentou produtividade média de 2.200 kg ha-1. A utilização de 75% da lâmina recomendada proporciona produtividade de grãos semelhante a lâmina recomendada em feijoeiro de inverno.

ABSTRACT The alternative technique of co-inoculation or mixed inoculation with symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria has been studied in leguminous plants. However, there are few field studies with common beans and under the influence of the amount of irrigated water. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of inoculation and co-inoculation of common beans with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense under two irrigation depths. The experiment was carried out in the winter of 2012 and 2013, in Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks in split-plot scheme with two irrigation depths in the plots (recommended for common beans and 75% of the recommended) and five forms of nitrogen (N) supply in the split-plots (control non-inoculated with 40 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing, 80 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing, A. brasilense inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing, R. tropici inoculation with 40 kg ha-1 of N in topdressing, and co-inoculation of A. brasilense and R. tropici with 40 kg ha- 1 of N in topdressing) with four repetitions. Co-inoculation increased nodulation in the second year of cultivation. None of the evaluated treatments increased the grain yield in relation to non-inoculated control with 40 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in topdressing, which presented average yield of 2,200 kg ha-1. The use of 75% of the recommended irrigation depth provides similar grain yield to the recommended irrigation depth in common beans cropped in winter.

This study shows the effect of some inoculants of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the initial development Cedrela odorata L; for this, a bioassay was conducted with different inoculum sources of two tropical forests where this species is distributed in Veracruz state. Four treatments were applied: T1, direct inoculation with a spore consortium; T2: inoculation with mycorrhizal roots from field; T3: without inoculation; T4: native soil not sterile. (T1, T2 and T3 in native sterilized soil). The analyzed variables were dry aerial and root biomass, height, diameter, leaflets number, spores number, and colonization percentage. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between inoculants from medium tropical forest (MTF), where T4 was the best results followed by T2, while T3 observed the lowest values. Although the inoculants of high tropical forest (HTF), do not have statistical significance, the results were similar to those in the MTF. These results showed a good micorrhizal relationship between these fungi and C. odorata; for this reason, it is recommended to reproduce this fungus to use in plants production in order to obtain plants best adapted to natural conditions.

El presente estudio muestra el efecto de algunos inoculantes de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) sobre el desarrollo inicial de Cedrela odorata L.; para ello, se realizó un bioensayo con diferentes fuentes de inóculo procedentes de dos ecosistemas tropicales donde se distribuye esta especie en el estado de Veracruz. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos: T1, inoculación directa con un consorcio de esporas; T2, inoculación con raíces colonizadas de campo; T3, sin inoculación (testigo); T4, suelo nativo no estéril (T1, T2 y T3 en suelo nativo esterilizado). Las variables evaluadas fueron: biomasa seca aérea y radicular, altura, diámetro, número de foliolos, número de esporas y porcentaje de colonización. Los resultados mostraron diferencia estadística en las variables de crecimiento de los inoculantes provenientes de la selva mediana subperennifolia (SMS), donde T4 arrojó los mejores resultados, seguido por T2, mientras que T3 presentó los valores más bajos. Aunque los inoculantes de selva alta perennifolia (SAP) no mostraron diferencias estadísticas, su comportamiento fue similar a aquellos de la SMS. Lo anterior muestra la fuerte relación micorrízica entre los HMA y C. odorata; ante ello, se sugiere reproducir y utilizarlos en la producción de plántulas a fin de lograr una mejor adaptación al establecerlas en condiciones naturales.

A qualidade fisiológica de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de feijão são influenciados pelo ambiente de produção e por práticas de manejo, como a dessecação química, em pré-colheita. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de feijão, após aplicações de paraquat, em diferentes épocas e doses, em pré-colheita. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x4 (épocas de aplicação x doses do herbicida), com quatro repetições. O paraquat foi aplicado aos 30, 35, 40 e 45 dias após o florescimento da cultura (DAF), nas doses de 0 g ha-1, 200 g ha-1, 400 g ha-1 e 600 g ha-1. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância, sendo as épocas comparadas pelo teste Tukey e as doses por regressão. A germinação, o envelhecimento acelerado de sementes e o comprimento total de plântula não foram prejudicados, após as aplicações de paraquat em pré-colheita. Porém, a germinação, após o teste de frio, e o comprimento da parte aérea de plântula foram afetados pelas épocas de aplicações de paraquat, obtendo-se melhores resultados quando o dessecante foi aplicado aos 30 DAF. A condutividade elétrica de sementes diminuiu linearmente, à medida em que as doses de paraquat aumentaram, e resultado similar foi constatado, também, para o comprimento de raiz primária de plântula, com aplicação aos 30 DAF, e primeira contagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação, com aplicação aos 45 DAF. A qualidade fisiológica de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas foram afetados pela aplicação de paraquat em pré-colheita.

The physiological quality of seeds and the growth of bean seedlings are influenced by the production environment and handling practices, such as the pre-harvest chemical desiccation. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds and growth of bean seedlings, after pre-harvest paraquat applications in different times and rates. A randomized blocks design, in a 4x4 (application time x herbicide rates) factorial scheme, was used, with four replications. The paraquat was applied at 30, 35, 40, and 45 days after flowering (DAF), in rates of 0 g ha-1, 200 g ha-1, 400 g ha-1, and 600 g ha-1. The results were submitted to variance analysis, the times compared by using the Tukey test and the rates by regression. The germination, accelerated aging of seeds, and total seedling length were not affected after the pre-harvest paraquat applications. However, the germination, after the cold test, and the seedling shoot length were affected by paraquat application times, presenting better results when the desiccant was applied at 30 DAF. The electrical conductivity of seeds decreased linearly in proportion to the increase of paraquat rates, and similar results were also observed for primary root length of seedling, with application at 30 DAF, and for first germination counting and germination speed index, with application at 45 DAF. The physiological quality of seeds and growth of seedlings were affected by pre-harvest paraquat application.

O conhecimento da época e da dose de aplicação de dessecante, em pré-colheita do feijoeiro, é de extrema importância para se evitarem perdas na produtividade da cultura. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de feijoeiro de inverno, após aplicação do dessecante paraquat em diferentes épocas (30; 35; 40 e 45 dias após o início do florescimento - DAF) e das doses (0; 200; 400 e 600 g ha-1), em pré-colheita. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outono/inverno de 2010, em Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (épocas de aplicação x doses do herbicida), com quatro repetições. O aumento das doses de paraquat, até os 35 DAF, aumentou de forma linear o percentual de sementes defeituosas, enquanto as sementes tiveram sua massa reduzida linearmente, até os 40 DAF. A produtividade do feijoeiro não foi afetada pela aplicação de paraquat a partir dos 35 DAF, ao contrário do incremento da dose, que provocou redução linear desse parâmetro.

Knowledge on time and rate of desiccant application in pre-harvest of common bean is important to prevent yield losses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of the winter common bean after application of paraquat as desiccant at different times (30; 35; 40 and 45 days after the beginning of flowering - DAF) and rates (0; 200; 400 e 600 g ha-1) in pre-harvest. The experiment was conducted in the fall/winter growing season of 2010, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 4 x 4 factorial (application times x herbicide rates), with four replications. The increase in rates of paraquat up to 35 DAF increased linearly the percentage of defective seeds, whereas the seed mass was reduced linearly up to 40 DAF. The yield of the common bean was not affected by paraquat application from the 35 DAF, but the increase in the rate caused linear reduction in this parameter.

RESUMEN Este estudio describe la evaluación de las actividades citotóxica y el efecto inmunomodulador del ácido úsnico (AU), metabolito secundario obtenido de un liquen, Usnea sp., con un alto potencial leishmanicida in vitro (CI50 10,3 µg/mL) según investigaciones del I.I.F.B., especie colectada en la localidad de Pazña (Oruro, Bolivia), a la que se le atribuye una variedad de usos en la medicina tradicional como ser antibacteriano y antifúngico. La actividad citotóxica se evaluó contra células humanas de sangre periférica (monocitos y polimorfonucleares), a concentraciones menores o iguales que 250 µg/ml, teniendo que la CC50 de los monocitos a las 24 horas fue de 63,5 |ig/l y a las 48 horas fue de 58,9 µg/ml, con relación al Glucantime fue de 45,3 µg/ml a las 24 horas y 38,6 µg/ml a las 48 horas, para las células polimorfonucleares a las 6 horas de exposición mostró una CC50 de 58,9 µg/ml y a las 12 horas un CC50 de 54,3 µg/ml, el Glucantime en el mismo periodo de incubación mostró una CC50 de 43,5 y 36,5 µg/ml. Por otra parte, el efecto inmunomodulador del AU específicamente sobre la quimiotaxis, adherencia, fagocitosis y la actividad hemolítica total del complemento favorece la quimiotaxis de los monocitos a las concentraciones de 31,2 y 15,6 µg/ml, incrementa la capacidad de adherencia celular de los monocitos y células polimorfonucleares a concentraciones mayores a 125 µg/ml, en general disminuye el porcentaje de células con capacidad de fagocitar a concentraciones mayores a 15,6 µg/ml y tiene efecto sobre la actividad hemolítica total del sistema del complemento ya que en el rango de concentraciones comprendidas entre 125 y 15,6 µg/ml produjo una disminución del 50% de la actividad hemolítica total del sistema del complemento. Estos resultados aportan bases para sugerir que el AU tiene potencial para el desarrollo de medicamentos contra Leishmania, el cual debe ser validado en estudios futuros en modelos animales

ABSTRACT This study describes the evaluation of activities cytotoxic and immunomodulating effect of the acid úsnico, secondary metabolite obtained from a lichen, Usnea sp., with a high potential leishmanicidal in vitro (IC50 10.3 ug/mL) according to research of the I. I. F. B. collected in the locality of: Pazña (Oruro, Bolivia), which is attributed to him a variety of uses in traditional medicine as be antibacterial and antifungal. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against human cells from peripheral blood (monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes), at concentrations less than or equal to 250 µg/mL, taking that the CC50 of monocytes exposed to acid úsnico per 24 hours was 63.5 µg/mL and at 48 hours was 58.9 µg/ml in relation to the Glucantime that at the same incubation time was 45.3 µg/ml and 38.6 µg/ml for polymorphonuclear cells at 6 hours of exposure showed a CC50 of 58.9 µg/ml and 12 hours a CC50 of 54.3 µg/ml, the Glucantime in the same incubation period showed a CC50 of 43.5 µg/ml and 36.5 µg/ml. On the other hand, the effect inmunomodulador of the sour úsnico specifically on the quimiotaxis, adherence, fagocitosis and the activity total hemolítica of the complement, having that the sour úsnico favors the quimiotaxis from the monocitos to the concentrations of 31,2 and 15,6 µg / mL, it increases the capacity of cellular adherence of the monocitos and polymorphonuclear cells at concentrations greater than 125 µg/ml in general reduces the percentage of cells with capacity to phagocytose at concentrations greater than 15.6 µg/ml and has an effect on the hemolytic activity of the complement system in the range of concentrations ranging between 125 and 15.6 µg/ml was a decrease of 50 % of the hemolytic activity of the complement system. These results provide a basis to suggest that the Acid Úsnico has potential for the development of drugs against Leishmania, which must be validated in future studies in vivo in animal models.

In Brazil the challenge of meeting the needs of those living in deprived areas has generated discussions on replacing the existing approach to epidemiological surveillance with an integrated public health surveillance system. This new approach would supplant the traditional focus on high-risk individuals with a method for identifying high-risk populations and the areas where these persons live. Given the magnitude of the problem that tuberculosis (TB) poses for Brazil, we chose that disease as an example of how such a new, integrated public health surveillance system could be constructed. We integrated data from several sources with geographic information to create an indicator of tuberculosis risk for Olinda, a city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. In order to stratify the urban space in Olinda and to check for an association between the resulting TB risk gradient and the mean incidence of the disease between 1991 and 1996, we applied two different methods: 1) a "social deprivation index" and 2) principal component analysis followed by cluster analysis. Our results showed an association between social deprivation and the occurrence of TB. The results also highlighted priority groups and areas requiring intervention. We recommend follow-up that would include treating acid-fast bacilli smear-positive pulmonary TB cases, tracing of these persons' contacts, and monitoring of multidrug-resistant cases, all in coordination with local health services.

En Brasil, el reto de satisfacer las necesidades de los residentes en zonas pobres ha generado discusiones sobre la sustitución del actual abordaje de la vigilancia epidemiológica por un sistema integrado de vigilancia de la salud pública. Este nuevo abordaje debería sustituir el tradicional enfoque en los individuos de alto riesgo por un método destinado a identificar las poblaciones de alto riesgo y las zonas en las que viven. Dada la magnitud del problema de la tuberculosis en Brasil, elegimos esta enfermedad como un ejemplo de cómo se podría concebir este nuevo sistema integrado de vigilancia de la salud pública. Se reunieron los datos de varias fuentes y la información geográfica para crear un indicador del riesgo de tuberculosis en Olinda, ciudad del estado de Pernambuco. Con el fin de estratificar el espacio urbano de Olinda y de buscar una asociación entre el gradiente del riesgo de tuberculosis y la incidencia media de la enfermedad entre 1991 y 1996, se aplicaron dos métodos diferentes: 1) un "índice social de pobreza", y 2) un análisis de componentes principales seguido de un análisis por grupos. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron una asociación entre la pobreza y la aparición de la tuberculosis y también señalaron grupos y zonas prioritarias que requerían intervención. Se recomienda un seguimiento que debería incluir el tratamiento de los casos de tuberculosis pulmonar con baciloscopia positiva, la identificación de los contactos de estos individuos y el control de los casos resistentes a múltiples fármacos, todo ello en coordinación con los servicios de salud locales.