RESUMEN El presente trabajo abordó niveles de ayuda para la gestión ambiental. El objetivo es ofrecer niveles de ayuda para la gestión ambiental en la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos que permitieron la obtención de la información sobre el tema investigado y sirvieron de sustento a los niveles de ayuda para la gestión ambiental en la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física. Los resultados alcanzados demostraron su validez como una vía didáctica, que coadyuva la gestión ambiental en la Licenciatura en Cultura Física.

ABSTRACT The present work addressed levels of support for environmental management. The objective is to offer levels of support for environmental management in the Physical Culture degree program. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to obtain information on the investigated topic and served as support for the levels of assistance for environmental management in the Physical Culture Degree program. The results achieved demonstrated its validity as a didactic way, which helps environmental management in the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture.

ABSTRACT The Guatemalan Caribbean has a deepwater fishing area close to the shore around the Cayman Trench. This study reports the first record of the bluntnose sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) from this fishing area. Fishery-independent surveys using longlines at ~430-465 m depth, ~11 km northeast of El Quetzalito fishing village, were conducted in 2022 and 2023. Two bluntnose sixgill sharks were captured during these surveys. The sharks were females with total lengths of 300 and 310 cm, with morphological characteristics consistent with this species. These are the first confirmed records of bluntnose sixgill sharks in the western Caribbean Sea. Expanding coastal fisheries to deeper waters presents an emerging threat to deep-sea chondrichthyans in the region. Therefore, periodic fisheries monitoring is needed to estimate their vulnerability to fishing pressure.

ABSTRACT The effect of a partial substitute of fish meal by biofloc meal on the growth and survival of fry Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was evaluated over nine weeks. Two biofloc meals were obtained by drying them in two processes: A) sun exposure and B) convection oven. A randomized design of eight isonitrogenous (40%) and isoenergetic (17 kJ g-1) diets was used, where 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the fish meal was substituted for the two biofloc meals. The nutritional study was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system with Nile tilapia fry (initial weight: 0.64 ± 0.16 g). The survival range was similar in all treatments and higher than 97%. Tilapia fed with the treatments A5, A10, B5, and B10 of substitution of biofloc meal showed similar and significantly better final weight, individual weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor than A15, A20, B15, and B20 treatments; as well as efficiency of use of the feed: protein efficiency ratio, carcass nitrogen deposition, apparent nitrogen utilization, and apparent digestibility. Therefore, these results suggest that biofloc meal is possible in diets for tilapia, thus reducing the need for fishmeal as the main source of protein in the diet.

ABSTRACT Deepwater fishing operations occur close to the shore of the Guatemalan Caribbean. In a study to characterize the deepwater species present in the fishing area, the incidental catch of a kitefin shark, Dalatias licha, was recorded at a depth of ~284-334 m, ca. 11 km northeast of El Quetzalito fishing village. The adult female with a total length of 1420 mm had morphological characteristics consistent with D. licha, which was confirmed by molecular methods. First record of D. licha in the western Caribbean region, a species cataloged at risk by the IUCN red list. With this record, the number of shark species known in the Guatemalan Caribbean increases to 25.

Abstract Among the skills to be developed in the study of reactive power compensation control devices in electrical power systems is the analysis of the control models of static reactive compensators. Python is free software that allows data analysis, control and simulation of electrical power systems. The objective of the article is to propose an application that allows the study of reactive power compensation that helps improve the teaching-learning process of the subject of Power Electronics. The study was based on a qualitative - descriptive methodology in which analytical - synthetic and inductive - deductive methods were used and the survey was used as empirical methods. For the processing and analysis of the information collected, the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies was used as a statistical method. The results corroborate the importance of using the proposed method to improve the teaching-learning process.

Resumen Dentro de las habilidades a desarrollar en el estudio de los dispositivos de control de compensación de la potencia reactiva en los sistemas eléctrico de potencia se encuentra el análisis de los modelos de control de los compensadores estáticos de reactivo. Python es un software libre que permite realizar análisis de datos, control y simulación de sistemas eléctricos de potencia. El objetivo del artículo es proponer una aplicación que permita el estudio de la compensación de la potencia reactiva que ayude a mejorar el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de la asignatura de Electrónica de Potencia. El estudio se basó en una metodología cualitativa - descriptiva en la que se utilizaron los métodos analíticos - sintético e inductivo-deductivo y como métodos empíricos se empleó la encuesta. Para el procesamiento y análisis de la información recopilada se utilizó como método estadístico el cálculo de las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los resultados corroboran la importancia de utilizar el método propuesto para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje.

RESUMEN Este estudio examina los predictores cognitivos, sociopolíticos y sociodemográficos de la evaluación y disposición para difundir desinformación sobre COVID-19 a través de WhatsApp. Utilizando una encuesta en línea, una muestra conveniente de 553 adultos costarricenses fue expuesta a desinformación sobre vacunas y la respuesta estatal a la pandemia. Los resultados muestran que las personas que respaldan ideologías autoritarias, conservadoras y proestatales, y aquellas con un pensamiento reflexivo bajo, eran más propensas a creer y compartir desinformación. Además, entre las personas con bajo pensamiento reflexivo, los adultos mayores eran más propensos a detectar desinformación. Además, los individuos altamente religiosos y los jóvenes conservadores con menor educación expresaron una mayor disposición para compartir desinformación.

ABSTRACT This study examines cognitive, socio-political, and socio-demographic predictors of the evaluation and willingness to share disinformation about COVID-19 via WhatsApp. Using an online survey, a convenience sample of 553 Costa Rican adults were exposed to disinformation about vaccines and the state’s response to the pandemic. Results show that people who support authoritarian, conservative and pro-state ideologies, and those with low reflective thinking, were more likely to believe and share disinformation. Moreover, among people with low reflective thinking, older people were more likely to detect disinformation. Finally, highly religious individuals and younger conservatives with lower education expressed more willingness to share disinformation.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body weight (BW) and different biometric measurements in llamas (Lama glama) from the Bolivian highlands and to generate prediction models of BW. A total of 515 individual records of BW and biometric measurements were used. The measurements were taken on 202 males and 313 females aged between 0.5 and 5 years, and included: neck length (NL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), abdomen circumference (AC), rib depth (RD), hip width (HW), pin bone width (PBW), thoracic width (TW), and back length (BKL). The relationships between BW and biometric measurements were developed using simple linear and multiple regression. For the evaluation, the relationship between the observed and predicted values of BW was determined by linear regression, the mean squared error of prediction (MSEP) and root MSEP (RMSEP); concordance correlation coefficient analysis was also used. The BW ranged from 22 to 122 kg. Regression equations between BW, HG and RD had an r2 of 0.94 and 0.92, respectively (RMSEP= 6.06 and 6.70 kg, respectively). The equations were highly precise (r2 >0.86) and accurate (Cb>0.98), with a reproducibility index > 0.92. The model efficiency (MEF) indicated a higher efficiency of prediction (MEF > 0.86). Using a single predictor, HG and RD accounted for more than 92% of the variation in BW. Overall, HG may be used as a single predictor to predict BW in llamas maintained under the conditions of the Bolivian highlands.

Abstract Background: Climate change is becoming more evident, and distribution models are useful tools to predict the effect it might cause on biodiversity. Hypotheses: Under climate change scenarios, temperate forests species of the genus Pinus and Quercus will undergo reductions in their distribution area and changes in their spatial pattern. Studied species: Arbutus xalapensis, Clethra mexicana, Pinus devoniana, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus teocote, Quercus acutifolia, Quercus castanea, Quercus crassifolia, Quercus elliptica, Quercus magnoliifolia and Quercus rugosa. Study site: Oaxaca Methods: Two scenarios were constructed, an optimistic one (SSP-1 and RCP 2-6) and a pessimistic one (SSP-5 and RCP 8.5) for the years 2030 and 2090. A total of 1,383 records and eight bioclimatic variables were used, along with seven learning algorithms, evaluated using ROC and TSS metrics. Results: An ensemble model was obtained, in which the most important contributing variables were precipitation of the wettest quarter, mean annual temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month and annual temperature range. The species that showed the highest ROC values were Clethra mexicana (0.91) and Arbutus xalapensis (0.89) with TSS values of 0.68 and 0.60, respectively. Conclusions: Regardless of the scenario, by the year 2090 all species of Pinus and Quercus will reduce their potential distribution. Therefore, it is urgent to establish conservation policies.

Resumen: Antecedentes: El cambio climático es cada vez más evidente y los modelos de distribución son herramientas que permiten predecir el efecto que este podría causar en la biodiversidad. Hipótesis: Ante escenarios de cambio climático, las especies de bosques templados de los géneros Pinus y Quercus presentarán reducciones en su área de distribución y cambios en su patrón espacial. Especies de estudio: Arbutus xalapensis, Clethra mexicana, Pinus devoniana, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus teocote, Quercus acutifolia, Quercus castanea, Quercus crassifolia, Quercus elliptica, Quercus magnoliifolia y Quercus rugosa. Sitio de estudio: Oaxaca. Métodos: Se construyeron dos escenarios, optimista (SSP-1 y RCP 2-6) y pesimista (SSP-5 y RCP 8.5) a los años 2030 y 2090. Se utilizaron 1,383 registros y ocho variables bioclimáticas en conjunto con siete algoritmos de aprendizaje evaluados mediante las métricas ROC y TSS. Resultados: Se obtuvo un modelo de conjunto en el cual las variables que más contribuyeron fueron la precipitación del trimestre más húmedo, la temperatura media anual, la temperatura mínima del mes más frío y el rango de temperatura anual. Las especies que mostraron mayor valor de ROC fueron Clethra mexicana (0.91) y Arbutus xalapensis (0.89) con los valores de TSS de 0.68 y 0.60, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Sin importar el escenario, para el año 2090 todas las especies de Pinus y Quercus reducirán su distribución potencial, por lo que es urgente establecer políticas de conservación.

ABSTRACT Confronting economic crime takes on special importance in the Cuban context, because it damages the Cuban economy and puts the national social project at risk, by defrauding the trust of citizens in the institutions and in the personnel who work in them, which is why Preventive work is vital. The objective of the article was aimed at socializing the results of the initial diagnosis of the training on economic crime content for the staff of the Pinar del Río Provincial Passenger Transport and Cargo Company. The use of theoretical level methods, such as: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, and empirical level methods such as: observation, interview, survey and document review allowed us to verify that the diagnosis of needs training of the contents of economic crime and its planning are insufficient. There are few spaces for scientific exchange, limited use of Information and Communications Technologies in training, imbalance between theoretical and practical content in training activities and low motivation of staff and specialists.

RESUMEN El enfrentamiento a la delincuencia económica toma especial importancia en el contexto cubano, porque daña la economía cubana y pone en riesgo el proyecto social nacional, al defraudar la confianza de la ciudadanía en las instituciones y en el personal que labora en ellas, por lo que la labor preventiva es vital. El objetivo del artículo se dirigió a socializar los resultados del diagnóstico inicial de la capacitación sobre contenidos de delincuencia económica de los cuadros de la Empresa Provincial de Transporte y Carga de Pasajeros de Pinar del Río. El empleo de métodos de nivel teórico, tales como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, y de nivel empírico como: la observación, la entrevista, la encuesta y la revisión de documentos permitieron constatar que el diagnóstico de las necesidades de capacitación de los contenidos de la delincuencia económica y su planificación son insuficientes. Existen pocos espacios de intercambio científico, limitada utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en la capacitación, desbalance entre los contenidos teóricos y prácticos en las actividades de capacitación y escasa motivación de los cuadros y especialistas.

RESUMO O enfrentamento do crime económico assume especial importância no contexto cubano, porque prejudica a economia cubana e põe em risco o projecto social nacional, ao defraudar a confiança dos cidadãos nas instituições e no pessoal que nelas trabalha, razão pela qual o trabalho preventivo é vital. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar os resultados do diagnóstico inicial da formação sobre conteúdos de criminalidade econômica para o pessoal da Empresa Provincial de Transporte de Passageiros e Cargas de Pinar del Río. A utilização de métodos de nível teórico, tais como: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, e métodos de nível empírico, tais como: observação, entrevista, levantamento e revisão documental permitiram-nos verificar que o diagnóstico das necessidades de formação dos conteúdos da criminalidade económica e o seu planeamento são insuficientes. Existem poucos espaços para intercâmbio científico, uso limitado de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na formação, desequilíbrio entre conteúdos teóricos e práticos nas atividades de formação e baixa motivação de funcionários e especialistas.

RESUMEN La mecanización es de gran relevancia en el desarrollo del sector agrícola, como una herramienta que facilita las actividades agrícolas con calidad y rapidez y un incremento significativo de la productividad y competitividad de este sector, en el caso de la provincia de Manabí en Ecuador este aspecto se hace más relevante por tener este sector un peso sustancial en su vida económica y social. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un diagnóstico de las competencias de mecanización agrícola en los cantones de la zona central de Manabí. La metodología utilizada consta de varias etapas, las que permitieron evaluar los factores que caracterizan las competencias de la mecanización agrícola en la zona objeto de estudio: factor humano, maquinaria, condiciones de operación e infraestructura y financiamiento. Para la recolección de la información se elaboraron y aplicaron encuestas basada en los factores objetos de análisis dirigidas a los productores agrícolas y a los propietarios/empresarios prestadores de servicios de mecanización de la zona central de Manabí. Los resultados del diagnóstico en la muestra seleccionada muestran que solo el 41 % de las actividades agrícolas se están realizando con el uso de la maquinaria agrícola y que un 20 % de los productores tienen medios propios para realizar las actividades agrícolas, entre otros aspectos relevantes. En su conjunto, los resultados permitieron concluir que las competencias de mecanización agrícola en la zona central de la provincia de Manabí presentan niveles bajos no deseados que limitan su productividad.

ABSTRACT Mechanization is of great relevance in the development of the agricultural sector, as a tool that facilitates agricultural activities with quality and speed and a significant increase in the productivity and competitiveness of this sector, in the case of the province of Manabí in Ecuador this aspect becomes more relevant because this sector has a substantial weight in its economic and social life. The objective of the research was to carry out a diagnosis of agricultural mechanization competencies in the cantons of the central zone of Manabí. The methodology used consisted of several stages, which made it possible to evaluate the factors that characterize the competencies of agricultural mechanization in the area under study: human factor, machinery, operating conditions and infrastructure and financing. For the collection of information, surveys based on the factors under analysis were prepared and applied to agricultural producers and owners/entrepreneurs who provide mechanization services in the central zone of Manabí. The results of the diagnosis in the selected sample show that only 41% of the agricultural activities are being carried out with the use of agricultural machinery and that 20% of the producers have their own means to carry out agricultural activities, among other relevant aspects. As a whole, the results allowed concluding that the agricultural mechanization skills in the central zone of the province of Manabí present undesirable low levels that limit its productivity.

Resumo A investigação sobre a reflexão na formação inicial de professores é um desafio alinhado aos Objetivos Educacionais de 2030. Isso reflete o seu posicionamento como eixo epistêmico de construção do conhecimento nas Ciências da Educação. No entanto, evidências empíricas corroboram a presença de insuficiências no tratamento didático da reflexão. O objetivo do artigo consiste em: demonstrar o tratamento das situações de aprendizagem apoiadas no modelo de prática reflexiva individual especificado no método R4 de Domingo (2013) e as suas respectivas fases através dos conteúdos da disciplina de Didática da Língua Espanhola no curso de licenciatura em Ensino Primário. A aplicação do registo anedótico e a análise documental permitiram obter evidências sobre a exequibilidade e pertinência da aplicação de situações de aprendizagem. Concluiu-se que a formação de professores em reflexão é prioritária e requer o trabalho metodológico sistemático e intencional de grupos de professores.

Resumo La investigación sobre la reflexión en la formación inicial docente es un desafío congruente con las Metas Educativas 2030. Esto visualiza su posicionamiento como eje epistémico de construcción de conocimientos en las Ciencias de la Educación; sin embargo, la evidencia empírica corrobora la presencia de insuficiencias en el abordaje didáctico de la reflexión. El objetivo del artículo radica en: demostrar el tratamiento de situaciones de aprendizaje sustentadas en el modelo de práctica reflexiva individual concretado en el método R4 de Domingo (2013) y sus respectivas fases mediante contenidos de la asignatura Didáctica de la Lengua Española en la carrera Licenciatura en Educación Primaria. La aplicación del registro anecdótico y el análisis de documentos permitió obtener evidencias sobre la factibilidad y pertinencia de aplicación de situaciones de aprendizaje. Se concluyó que la formación de docentes en reflexión es prioridad y requiere del trabajo metodológico sistémico e intencionado de colectivos de profesores.

Abstract Research on reflection in initial teacher training is a challenge consistent with the 2030 Educational Goals. This visualizes its position as an epistemic axis of knowledge construction in Educational Sciences; however, empirical evidence corroborates the presence of insufficiencies in the didactic approach of reflection. The objective of the article lies in: demonstrating the approach of learning situations based on the model of individual reflective practice specified in the R4 method of Domingo (2013) and its corresponding stages through the contents of the subject Didactics of the Spanish Language in the Bachelor's Degree in Elementary Education. The application of the anecdotal record and the review of documents allowed obtaining evidence on the feasibility and relevance of the application of learning situations. It was concluded that the training of teachers in reflection is a priority and requires the systematic and intentional methodological work of all teachers.

Abstract We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort with the aim of studying the association between illicit drug use and congenital syphilis (CS). Cases were diagnosed based on treponemal and non-treponemal tests conducted both in the mother and the newborn (NB). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed. A total of 6171 births with a mean gestational age of 37.8 weeks were recorded and 62 CS events were diagnosed (incidence 10.5 events/1000 NB). Associated maternal factors were illicit drug use (OR 14.08, 95% CI 1.19-166.6), <5 prenatal visits (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.12-7.53), more than two sexual partners (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.62-8.71) and professional education level (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.005-0.85). Among the mothers of the cases presented, the prevalence of illicit drug use was 22.6% and the most frequent drugs were methamphetamines and cannabis.

Resumen Realizamos un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte con el objetivo de estudiar la asociación del consumo de drogas ilícitas y sífilis congénita (SC). Los casos se diagnosticaron mediante pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas en la madre y el recién nacido (RN). Se realizó un análisis multivariado con regresión logística. Se registraron 6.171 nacimientos con edad gestacional promedio 37,8 semanas y se diagnosticaron 62 eventos de SC (incidencia: 10,5 eventos/1.000 RN). Los factores maternos asociados fueron el uso de drogas ilícitas (OR = 14,08; IC 95% = 1,19-166,6), menos de cinco consultas en el control prenatal (OR = 2,9; IC 95% = 1,12-7,53), más de dos parejas sexuales (OR = 3,76; IC 95% = 1,62-8,71) y estudios universitarios (OR = 0,06; IC 95% = 0,005-0,85). Entre las madres de los casos, la prevalencia del consumo de drogas ilícitas fue de 22,6% y las más frecuentes fueron las metanfetaminas y la marihuana.

Abstract This paper presents an updated and expanded overview of the characteristics of the late colonial and early republican occupations in Santo Domingo locality and its surroundings (Rinconada Department, Jujuy Province, Argentina), mainly involved in gold and silver mining and metallurgical activities. Until now, the focus has been on analyzing the evidence of silver ore processing in the area, specifically in the complexes Fundiciones 1 and 2. At this time, the settlements of the mentioned period are analyzed, integrating and articulating different lines of evidence: those related to mining and ore processing practices, architecture and spatiality associated with dwellings and other types of facilities, movable material remains, and written documentation. It is proposed that the most intense occupation of Santo Domingo occurred in the last quarter of the 18th century when several mining ventures were launched, and the place became a vice-parish. Nevertheless, most of the settlements did not develop a high occupational density. Regarding construction and habitation, the facilities analyzed share characteristics with contemporary mining settlements, such as Antiguyoc, Quebrada del Maray, and Ajedrez.

Resumen Presentamos un panorama actualizado y ampliado de las características que asumieron las ocupaciones tardo-coloniales y republicanas tempranas en la localidad de Santo Domingo y sus alrededores (Departamento Rinconada, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina), vinculadas principalmente a actividades minero-metalúrgicas del oro y la plata. Hasta el momento nos habíamos enfocado en el análisis de las evidencias del procesamiento de minerales de plata en el área, específicamente en los complejos Fundiciones 1 y 2. En esta oportunidad analizamos los asentamientos del lapso mencionado, integrando y articulando distintas líneas de evidencia: aquellas vinculadas a prácticas extractivas y de procesamiento de minerales, la arquitectura y la espacialidad asociada a las viviendas y otro tipo de instalaciones, restos materiales muebles y documentación escrita. Planteamos que la ocupación más intensa de la localidad de Santo Domingo se habría producido en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII, cuando se pusieron en marcha varios emprendimientos mineros y el lugar se convirtió en viceparroquia. A pesar de ello, la mayoría de los asentamientos no desarrollaron una gran densidad ocupacional. Desde el punto de vista de los modos de construir y habitar, las instalaciones analizadas comparten características con asientos mineros contemporáneos, como Antiguyoc, Quebrada del Maray y Ajedrez.

Abstract Migraine is one of the most common types of headaches, affecting almost all group ages and both sexes. Nevertheless, it is known that migraine can modify its characteristics during pregnancy and that nearly 60-80% of pregnant women with migraine will suffer attacks, especially during the first trimester. In this narrative review, we describe critical aspects of this frequent neurological pathology during pregnancy and provide a reference hallmark to guide diagnosis and treatment.

Resumen La migraña es uno de los tipos de dolores de cabeza más comunes y afecta a casi todos los grupos de edades y a ambos sexos. Sin embargo, se sabe que la migraña puede modificar sus características durante el embarazo y que cerca del 60-80% de las mujeres embarazadas con migraña sufrirán ataques, especialmente durante el primer trimestre. En esta revisión narrativa, describimos aspectos críticos de esta patología neurológica frecuente durante el embarazo y proporcionamos referencias para guiar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento.

RESUMEN El trabajo refiere aspectos concernientes al encargo de la universidad contemporánea desde su gestión, a partir de la propia formación del profesional, encaminada al compromiso y responsabilidad social de docentes, estudiantes y egresados, en lo relativo a la inclusión social de personas en situación de discapacidad. La metodología empleada parte de un estudio de diversas fuentes de información, desde un enfoque exploratorio, donde se revelan determinadas reflexiones en el tema y a la par se ofrece un programa de asignatura, con sus correspondientes temas y actividades, como parte del currículo optativo, de la Carrera Agronomía, en la Universidad “Carlos Rafael Rodríguez” de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Es importante destacar como se demuestra el rol del docente como instructor y guía, que permite el crecimiento del estudiantado universitario, desde una visión humanista integral, y en particular en su formación axiológica y ética, para que se faciliten y promuevan los derechos de las personas en situación de discapacidad, que incluye su inclusión en actividades sociolaborales.

ABSTRACT The work refers to aspects concerning the task of the contemporary university from its management, based on the professional's own training, aimed at the commitment and social responsibility of teachers, students and graduates, in relation to the social inclusion of people with disabilities. The methodology used is based on a study of various sources of information, from an exploratory approach, where certain reflections on the topic are revealed and at the same time a subject program is offered, with its corresponding topics and activities, as part of the optional curriculum. of the Agronomy Engineering Degree, at the “Carlos Rafael Rodríguez” University of Cienfuegos, Cuba. It is important to highlight how the role of the teacher as an instructor and guide is demonstrated, which allows the growth of university students, from a comprehensive humanistic vision, and particularly in their axiological and ethical training, so that the rights of people are facilitated and promoted. in a situation of disability, which includes their inclusion in socio-labor activities.