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Abstract: Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in patients with heart failure (HF), regardless of ejection fraction, leading to a greater risk of thromboembolic complications. Anticoagulation is one of the fundamental pillars in the treatment of AF, and prior to this, it is recommended to evaluate the embolic risk using the CHA2DS2-VASc score and the bleeding risk with the HAS-BLED score. There are two pharmacological groups of oral anticoagulants (OACs), vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Both groups have advantages and disadvantages in their use. VKAs require frequent monitoring to achieve INR levels within range, a greater number of drug and dietary interactions, leading to lower adherence, satisfaction, and quality of life. Likewise, scientific evidence supports the non-inferiority of DOACs versus VKAs, being recommended in recent clinical practice guidelines for the prevention of thrombotic events in all patients with AF except in cases where moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical valve replacement coexist. To date, there are no published studies that assess adherence and impact on quality of life with the use of DOACs in HF with AF. Therefore, the objective of this research is to observe changes in adherence and quality of life of patients who were switched from VKA to DOAC, describing the occurrence of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. Methodology: Quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal study. All patients over 18 years of age with AF without mechanical valve prosthesis or moderate/severe mitral stenosis, anticoagulated with warfarin with therapeutic range time (TTR) ≤65% and SAMe-T2R ≥2 were included. The Morisky questionnaire was administered to evaluate adherence, and the Anti-Clot Treatment Scale was used to evaluate satisfaction and quality of life. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk was evaluated by CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED. The questionnaires were applied using warfarin and the same questionnaires were repeated after replacing with DOAC for convenience, specifically apixaban. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cochrane Q test, ANOVA, and STATAv.15.0. Results: 43 patients, 31 of whom were male, 100% had CHA2DS2-VASC >2, 37% had HAS-BLED >3, and 62.8% had SAMe-TT2R2 >2. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in relation to the use of apixaban in quality of life, disease burden, and positive impact. No thrombotic or hemorrhagic events were observed with the use of apixaban. Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was observed in adherence, satisfaction, and quality of life with the use of apixaban, without thrombotic or hemorrhagic events.

Resumo: Introdução: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), independentemente da fração de ejeção, o que leva a um maior risco de complicações tromboembólicas. A anticoagulação é um dos pilares fundamentais no tratamento da FA e, antes disso, é recomendado avaliar o risco embólico usando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e o risco de sangramento com o escore HAS-BLED. Existem dois grupos farmacológicos de anticoagulantes orais (AOs): os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) e os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs). Ambos os grupos têm vantagens e desvantagens em seu uso. Os AVKs exigem monitoramento frequente para alcançar níveis de RNI dentro da faixa, um maior número de interações medicamentosas e alimentares, levando a menor adesão, satisfação e qualidade de vida. Da mesma forma, a evidência científica suporta a não inferioridade dos DOACs em relação aos AVKs, sendo recomendados nas diretrizes recentes de prática clínica para a prevenção de eventos trombóticos em todos os pacientes com FA, exceto nos casos em que coexistem estenose mitral moderada a grave ou substituição valvar mecânica. Até o momento, não há estudos publicados que avaliem a aderência e o impacto na qualidade de vida com o uso de DOACs em IC com FA. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é observar mudanças na adesão e qualidade de vida de pacientes que mudaram de AVK para DOAC, descrevendo a ocorrência de eventos trombóticos ou hemorrágicos. Metodologia: Estudo quase-experimental, prospectivo e longitudinal. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com FA sem prótese valvar mecânica ou estenose mitral moderada/grave, anticoagulados com varfarina com tempo de alcance terapêutico (TTR) ≤65% e SAMe-T2R ≥2. O questionário Morisky foi administrado para avaliar a adesão, e a Escala de Tratamento Anticoagulante foi usada para avaliar a satisfação e qualidade de vida. O risco trombótico e hemorrágico foi avaliado pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc e HAS-BLED. Os questionários foram aplicados usando varfarina e os mesmos questionários foram repetidos após a substituição por DOAC por conveniência, especificamente apixabana. A análise estatística foi realizada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste Q de Cochrane, ANOVA e STATAv.15.0. Resultados: Foram incluídos 43 pacientes, sendo 31 do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes apresentavam CHA2DS2-VASC >2, 37% tinham HAS-BLED >3 e 62,8% tinham SAMe-TT2R2 >2. Foi observada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) no que diz respeito ao uso de apixabana na qualidade de vida, carga da doença e impacto positivo. Não foram observados eventos tromboembólicos ou hemorrágicos com o uso de apixabana. Conclusões: Foi observada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na adesão, satisfação e qualidade de vida em relação ao uso de apixabana, sem eventos tromboembólicos ou hemorrágicos.

Resumen El artículo analiza distintos escenarios para comprender algunos factores que han modelado la híper-vigilancia estatal y el “vigilantismo” de particulares sobre la región fronteriza entre México y los Estados Unidos y el cruce migratorio indocumentado. El objetivo es rescatar algunos acontecimientos y debates habidos en los últimos 30 años para construir un perfil -que no un diagnóstico- de la problemática que encierra el “vigilantismo”, como factor perturbador y modelador del orden fronterizo, con sus acciones desde Estados Unidos, pero también desde México. El artículo se basa en un enfoque cualitativo con perspectiva histórica que, a partir de la experiencia etnográfica en la frontera, realiza un análisis del discurso de fuentes oficiales, académicas y hemerográficas. Se concluye que hay un “vigilantismo” del lado estadounidense constantemente renovado, y otro del lado mexicano.

Abstract The article analyzes different scenarios to understand some factors that have shaped state hyper-surveillance and “vigilantism” of individuals over the border region between Mexico and the United States, and the undocumented migratory crossing. The objective is to rescue some events and debates that have taken place in the last 30 years to build a profile -not a diagnosis- of the problems that “vigilantism” encloses as a disturbing and shaping factor of the border order with its actions from the United States, but also from Mexico. The article is based on a qualitative approach with a historical perspective that, based on the ethnographic experience in the border, carries out an analysis of the discourse of official, academic and newspaper sources. It is concluded that there is a constantly renewed “vigilantism” on the US side, and on the Mexican side.

Abstract This paper synthesizes the micro-history of the border wall, highlighting the Tijuana-San Diego area in the period 1991-2021 in relation to legislation, border surveillance, and deportations. The objective is to analyze its evolution and impact as an axis of border control and as a modeling factor for the surveillance strategy of the border with Mexico. From a qualitative approach and based on ethnographic experience, a discourse analysis oriented by fieldwork information is made. This thematic intersection and intertwining of methods and techniques is unprecedented. After reviewing the main events, former presidents Clinton, Bush Jr., and Obama were more decisive than Trump. Border walls only work in conjunction with the Border Patrol, ICE, and deportations or the Southwest Border Wall System.

Resumen El artículo sintetiza una micro-historia del muro fronterizo, con énfasis en el área Tijuana- San Diego, cubriendo el periodo 1991-2021, en relación con la legislación, la vigilancia de la frontera y las deportaciones. El objetivo es analizar su evolución e impacto como eje del control fronterizo y como factor modelador de la estrategia de vigilancia de la frontera con México. Desde un enfoque cualitativo y basado en experiencia etnográfica, se hace un análisis del discurso orientado con información de campo. Esta intersección temática y entrelazamiento de métodos y técnicas con que se aborda es inédita. Se concluye que los ex presidentes Clinton, Bush junior y Obama fueron más determinantes que Trump. El muro fronterizo solo funciona junto con la Patrulla Fronteriza, el ICE y las deportaciones o el Border Wall System del suroeste.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the intervention to control Aedes aegypti, with intersectoral and population involvement, is a key element in the struggle with dengue and a powerful instrument to reduce arboviruses. Objective: to design a community interventional strategy to reduce dengue in the Community Policlinic Guillermo Tejas Silva, of the municipality Las Tunas. Materials and methods: an interventional strategy was designed to reduce the infestation indexes of Aedes aegypti in the Community Policlinic Guillermo Tejas Silva, in the period from January to December 2019. The universe was formed by 357 blocks from which 47, evaluated as highly risky, were chosen as a sample. In the design of the strategy, the following educational and technical components were combined: surveillance; focal, perifocal and adulticidal treatment. Simultaneously, a community and intersectoral treatment was carried out. Results: with the application of the interventional strategy, 100 % of the health care staff and focal duos, and 97 % of the population were trained. Besides that the infestation index was reduced from 2 % to 0.07 % and the risk in 86.2 %. The 47 blocks that were in the stratus I, were reduced to 7, and dengue occurrence to 0. Conclusions: the application of the strategy led to the community empowerment in the control of dengue, with changes in the environmental management, increment in the level of knowledge, and reduction of the infestation index.

RESUMEN Introducción: la intervención para el control del Aedes aegypti con la participación comunitaria e intersectorialidad, es un elemento clave en la lucha contra el dengue y un poderoso instrumento para la reducción de las arbovirosis. Objetivo: diseñar una estrategia de intervención comunitaria para reducir el dengue, en el Policlínico Comunitario Guillermo Tejas Silva, del municipio Las Tunas. Materiales y métodos: se diseñó una estrategia de intervención para reducir los índices de infestación por Aedes aegypti, en el Policlínico Comunitario Guillermo Tejas Silva, en el período de enero a diciembre de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 357 manzanas, de las que se seleccionó una muestra de 47, evaluadas de alto riesgo. En el diseño de la estrategia se combinaron los siguientes componentes educativos y técnicos: vigilancia, tratamiento focal, perifocal y adulticida. Se realizó de forma simultánea un tratamiento comunitario e intersectorial de los riesgos. Resultados: con la aplicación de la estrategia de intervención se capacitaron el 100 % del personal de salud, los dúos focales y el 97 % de la población. Además, se redujo el índice de infestación del 2 al 0,07 % y los riesgos en un 86,2 %. De 47 manzanas en el estrato I, se redujeron a siete, y la ocurrencia de dengue a 0. Conclusiones: la aplicación de la estrategia logró factibilidad del empoderamiento comunitario en el control del dengue, con cambios en el ordenamiento del medio, aumento del nivel de conocimiento y reducción del índice de infestación.

Abstract The aim of present study was calculate the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of silver nanoparticles and clotrimazole for Candida species and their interaction by the adaptation of standarized methods. The MICs values of clotrimazole were 9 E-04-3 E-03 ug/ml, 0.1-0.6 ug/ml, 3 E-03- 0.1 ug/ml and 3 E-03-0.3 ug/ml for Candida albicans susceptible to fluconazole, Candida albicans resistance to fluconazole, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis respectively. The MICs values of silver nanoparticles were 26.50- 53 ug/ml; 26.50-106 ug/ml; 106-212 ug/ ml and 26.50- 53 ug/ml for Candida albicans susceptible to fluconazole, Candida albicans resistance to fluconazole, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis respectively. Synergism between clotrimazole and silver nanoparticles was measured by checkerboard BMD (broth microdilution) test and shown only for C. albicans susceptible to fluconazole because the fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) values were 0.07 - 0.15 ug/ml. Indifference was shown for the other species tested because the FICs values were between 0.5 - 2- 3.06 ug/ml. The results suggest synergistic activity depending on the fungus species analysed, however we recommend the incorporation of others measurement methodologies to confirm our results. As for measurement methodologies of MICs of silver nanoparticles and clotrimazole international normative were respected to guarantee reproducible and comparable results.

ABSTRACT What has been called the Central american exodus in this 21st century, in fact was made up of several waves concentrated between 2005 and 2019. Sometimes crossing Mexico discreetly and clandestinely and other times in public caravans. The truth is that there have been different episodes starring minors as in 2014 and 2016, families as in 2019, religious caravans and other secular and politicized. This article offers a retrospective and synthetic overview of the main episodes supported by official statistics, hemerographic information and ethnographic material. With a microanalysis of the 2018 caravan that «evaporated» in Tijuana.

RESUMEN Lo que se ha dado en llamar el éxodo centroamericano en el siglo XXI, en realidad está constituido por varias oleadas concentradas entre el 2005 y el 2019. Unas veces atravesando México discreta y clandestinamente y las menos de las veces en caravanas públicas. Lo cierto es que ha habido diferentes episodios protagonizados, entre otros, por menores de edad, como en 2014 y 2016, por familias como en 2019, caravanas religiosas y otras laicas y politizadas. En este artículo se ofrece un panorama retrospectivo y sintético de los principales episodios, apoyado en estadísticas oficiales, información hemerográfica y material etnográfico. Con un microanálisis de la caravana del 2018 que se «evaporó» en Tijuana.

ABSTRACT In the present, study we analyzed the electronic properties of Steviol, the Stevia rebaudiana metabolite, and its interaction with antiapoptotic protein BCL-2. The ionization potential and electrophilicity index values were evaluated in the framework of the DFT, and these values suggest that Steviol may form ligand-receptor interactions. Also, the bond dissociation energy and the electrostatic potential distribution of Steviol reveal its antioxidant behavior. Docking studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of this molecule to interact with antiapoptotic protein BCL-2. However, no hydrogen bonds were found in the pocket site, instead six interactions, including alkyl and π-alkyl type were formed, suggesting that the possible most feasible mechanism for anticancer activity would be through free radicals scavenging.

ABSTRACT Using crop evapotranspiration (ETc) data obtained in lysimeters in rice fields of the western region of Cuba and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated by the Penman-Monteith (FAO PM), Hargreaves (Hag) formulas, the evaporation of the Class A evaporimeter tank modified by the coefficient of the tank (Eo Kp) and evaporation of the tank (Eo), the Kc of Amistad and J-105 rice varieties were determined with cycles of 130 days, sown in the months of March and April during years 1987 to 1989.The average ETc for both varieties and years was 820 mm (6.8 mm day-1) for an average cycle of 133 days, while the ETo was 624 (4.19 mm day-1) , 420 (3.86 mm dia-1), 600 (4.73 mm dia-1) and 814 (5.49 mm dia-1) calculated using the formulas FAO PM, Hag, EoKp and Eo, respectively, with R2 coefficients significant for comparisons with each other of all ETo calculation methods. The ten-year Kc increase from the beginning to obtain a maximum of 1.5 and 1.4 for varieties J-105 and Amistad from 80 to 110 days of growth and then descend to 1.3 and 1.2 for both varieties at the end of the cycle. Given the little difference between varieties, a Kc is proposed for the crop according to its phases of 0.8, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.3 for the initial, vegetative, reproduction and final phases, respectively. The validation of these coefficients for other regions of the country is suggested.

RESUMEN Utilizando datos de evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) obtenidos en lisímetros en campos arroceros de la región occidental de Cuba y la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo) calculada por las formulas Penman-Monteith (FAO P-M), Hargreaves (Hag), la evaporación del tanque evaporímetro clase A modificada por el coeficiente del tanque (EoKp) y la Evaporación del tanque (Eo), se determinaron los Kc de las variedades de arroz Amistad y J-105 con ciclos de 130 días sembradas en los meses de marzo y abril durante los años 1987 a 1989. La ETc promedio para ambas variedades y años fue 820 mm (6.8 mm dia-1) para un ciclo promedio de 133 días, mientras que la ETo fue de 624 (4,19 mm dia-1), 420 (3.86 mm dia-1), 600 (4.73 mm·dia-1) y 814 (5.49 mm dia-1) calculadas mediante las formulas FAO P-M, Hag, EoKp y Eo respectivamente, con coeficientes R2 significativos para las comparaciones entre sí de todos los métodos de cálculo de ETo; los Kc decenales se incrementan desde el inicio hasta obtener un máximo de 1.5 y 1.4 para las variedades J-105 y amistad desde los 80 a los 110 días de crecimiento y luego descender a 1.3 y 1,2 para ambas variedades al final del ciclo; dado la poca diferencia entre variedades se propone un Kc para el cultivo acorde a las fases del mismo de 0.8, 1.2, 1.4 y 1.3 para las fases final, vegetativa, reproducción y final respectivamente. Se sugiere la validación de estos coeficientes para otras regiones del país.

ABSTRACT In this work, a computational chemical study of Etoricoxib was carried out at the X/6311G(d,p) (where X=B3LYP, M06 and ωB97XD) level of theory, at the gas, aqueous and ethanol phases. Through the chemical reactivity descriptors derived from the DFT, it was possible to find that Etoricoxib structure exhibits a major chemical activity in water and ethanol phases in comparison to the gas phase, which suggests this drug would be more active in biological solvents like in blood, tissues and places where the ciclooxigenasa 2 (COX)-2 is found. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was conducted to study the interaction of Etoricoxib with the COX-2 active site. The results suggest that Etoricoxib interacts with 19 amino acid residues inside the COX-2 active site.

Resumen: El artículo revisa algunos momentos históricos de la migración México-Estados Unidos en los últimos 100 años, especialmente casos de deportación y persecución de migrantes irregulares. También se analizan algunos episodios de la construcción de bardas y muros en la frontera entre ambos países desde 1993 y del incremento de las deportaciones desde el 2003. Distintos procesos que culminan con el proyecto del muro fronterizo impulsado por el actual presidente de Estados Unidos Donald Trump. Finalmente, se analizan un conjunto de testimonios de deportados pertenecientes a la base de datos digital «Humanizando la deportación» [de acceso libre en Internet] que nos permiten argumentar que los muros y las deportaciones tienen una dimensión de biopolítica. En este caso está orientada a llevar a cabo una política de facto de limpieza étnica y de extirpación sociocultural al interior de los Estados Unidos.

Abstract: This article looks back at several historic milestones in Mexico-United States migration throughout the last 100 years, particularly the cases of deportation and persecution of irregular migrants. Also, several episodes in building walls and fences on the border between the two countries since 1993, and the increasing rate of deportations since 2003; various processes that reached a climax with the border wall fostered by the United States current president, Donald Trump. Finally, a collection of testimonies from deported people gathered by free-access online database “Humanizando la deportación” [Humanizing deportation] allow us to argue that walls and deportations take on a biopolitical dimension. In this case, it is oriented to carry out a de facto policy of ethnic cleansing and sociocultural removal within the United States.

Resumo: O artigo analisa alguns momentos históricos da migração México-Estados Unidos nos últimos 100 anos, especialmente casos de deportação e perseguição de migrantes irregulares. Também são analisados alguns episódios da construção de cercas e muros na fronteira entre os dois países desde 1993 e o aumento das deportações desde 2003; diferentes processos que culminam no projeto de muro de fronteira promovido pelo atual presidente dos Estados Unidos, Donald Trump. Por fim, é analisado um conjunto de depoimentos de deportados pertencentes ao banco de dados digital "Humanizando a deportação" [acesso gratuito à Internet] que permitem argumentar que os muros e as deportações têm uma dimensão biopolítica. Nesse caso, o objetivo é realizar uma política de fato de limpeza étnica e extirpação sociocultural nos Estados Unidos.

Abstract Differential gene expression analysis and clustering techniques have been current tools to study the relation between a gene and biological processes. Since a group of genes may show co-expression under certain conditions, biclustering techniques have been used to find sets of genes sharing similar expression patterns. We present an analysis of the performance of the BIMAX: Binary Inclusion-MAXimal sequential biclustering algorithm. Its performance is evaluated using synthetic datasets. Finally, we propose a strategy of parallelization for optimizing the performance of the BIMAX using parallel programming techniques.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The congenital valvulopatías is a group of entities in which the main alteration anatomofuncional is in the heart valves. Objective: To characterize the pediatric patients with diagnostic of born congenital valvulopatías. Methods: He/she was carried out a retrospective descriptive investigation starting from the registrations of congenital valvulopatías of the service of Cardiology of the Hospital Pediatric University student "José Luis Miranda" in the period of 2005 at the 2016. The population was conformed by the 147 alive born children with diagnostic of congenital valvulopatías, a sampling was not used intentional probabilístico by approaches, being conformed the sample by 143. The collection of the information was carried out through the documental revision of the clinical histories. Results: The rate of incidence of the congenital valvulopatías was of 1,5 x 1000 born alive, the lung estenosis prevailed containing to 70,6 % of those diagnosed he/she was prevalence of the masculine sex in 50,3 %, it was determined that 45,5 % of the cases was diagnosed before the 29 days where a prenatal diagnosis is included. Conclusions: The development of the prenatal diagnosis of the congenital cardiopatías has facilitated the decrease of the incidence of the most complex malformations. The knowledge of the congenital illnesses of the heart contributes to operate in a sure way and with complete anatomical resolution to many of these children in the prenatal period or when they are small nurslings, to avoid the global deterioration of these when the cardiopatía is not resolved.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las valvulopatías congénitas son un grupo de entidades en las cuales la principal alteración anatomofuncional está en las válvulas cardiacas. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes pediátricos nacidos vivos con diagnósticos de valvulopatías congénitas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva retrospectiva a partir de los registros de valvulopatías congénitas del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario “José Luis Miranda” en Santa Clara, Cuba, en el periodo de 2005 a 2016. La población estuvo conformada por los 147 niños nacidos vivos con diagnóstico de valvulopatías congénitas. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional por criterios y la muestra quedó conformada por 143. La recogida de la información se realizó a través de la revisión documental de las historias clínicas. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de la valvulopatías congénitas fue de 1,5 x 1 000 nacidos vivos, predominó la estenosis pulmonar que agrupó el 70,6 % de los diagnosticados. Se encontró predominio del sexo masculino con 50,3 %, se determinó que 45,5 % de los casos se diagnosticaron antes de los 29 días de nacido, período que incluye un diagnóstico prenatal. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del diagnóstico prenatal de las cardiopatías congénitas ha posibilitado la disminución de la incidencia de las malformaciones más complejas. El conocimiento de las enfermedades congénitas del corazón contribuye a operar de forma segura y con resolución anatómica completa a muchos de estos niños en el período prenatal o cuando son lactantes pequeños, para evitar el deterioro global de estos cuando la cardiopatía no está resuelta.

ABSTRACT Objective Epidemiological evidences have identified both Breast-Self Examination (BSE) and the awareness about risk factors as early detection strategies for breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of BSE and identify self-care knowledge and beliefs about BSE in women from Bogota, Colombia. Methods Cross-sectional study in 628 between 18 and 30 years old from Bogota, Colombia. BSE prevalence, self-care and beliefs were collected by structured survey. We estimated prevalence rates and association measures were calculated through logistic regression models. Results The 11.3% of the participants practiced BSE monthly in the last 12 months. After adjustments for age and socioeconomic status, participants whose received previous advice about early detection OR 2.76 (CI95% 1.29-5.91), had previous knowledge about the disease OR 3.24 (CI95% 1.76-5.97) and that reported to know about mammography OR 2.04 (CI95% 1.13-3.68), were associated with the practice of BSE. Conclusion The practice of BSE was low in the studied population and the levels of knowledge about risk factors were positively associated with the practice of BSE. These data could serve to offer educative intervention programs among young women from Colombia.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estudios epidemiológicos han identificado el autoexamen de mama (AEM) y el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo como estrategias para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de la práctica del AEM e identificar los conocimientos de autocuidado y creencias relacionados al AEM en mujeres de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 628 mujeres universitarias entre 18 y 30 años de edad, de Bogotá, Colombia. La práctica del AEM, el autocuidado y las creencias se recogieron por medio de una encuesta estructurada. Se calcularon prevalencias y se establecieron asociaciones mediante la construcción de modelos de regresión logística binaria. Resultados De la población evaluada, el 11,3% de las mujeres acusaron practicarse el AEM mensualmente en los últimos 12 meses. Tras ajustar por edad y estrato socioeconómico se observó que las participantes que recibieron información previa acerca de la detección temprana del cáncer de seno OR 2,76 (IC95% 1,29-5,91), que tenían conocimientos de la enfermedad OR 3,24 (IC95% 1,76-5,97) y que reportaron conocer el examen de mamografía OR 2,04 (IC95% 1,13-3,68); se asociaron como variables con la realización del AEM. Conclusión La práctica del AEM en la población estudiada fue baja y el conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo del cáncer se asociaron positivamente con la práctica del AEM. Estos datos podrían utilizarse para ofrecer programas de intervención educativa entre las mujeres universitarias de Colombia.

El desarrollo de las TIC e Internet representan un reto para los tradicionales límites del derecho afianzados en la noción de soberanía y la localización espacial de las actividades. Las características del Internet tales como su naturaleza transfronteriza, independencia geográfica, amplia cobertura, anonimato, portabilidad, fácil reproducción, convergencia, conectividad y difícil control, son desafíos para el nuevo derecho. El objetivo es presentar un panorama sobre los aspectos más relevantes que Internet trae para el derecho, así como las áreas o temáticas más críticas o controversiales; mediante un método cualitativo e inductivo, usando fuentes primarias y secundarias y técnicas de revisión documental, estudios de caso y observación directa. Se concluye que es necesario que académicos, jueces y abogados, conozcan más los aspectos tecnológicos de la comunicación virtual, para así entender, manejar y resolver los problemas jurídicos que se presentan en el ambiente de Internet.

The ICT and the Internet development represent a challenge to the traditional law borders, which are strengthened on the notion of sovereignty and the spatial localization of activities. Features of the internet such as its cross-border nature, geographic independence, broad coverage, anonymity, portability, easy reproduction, convergence, connectivity and difficulty to control, are emerging challenges to the new law. The objective is to present a panoramic view over the most relevant aspects brought by the internet to law, as well as the most controversial or critical topics or fields through a qualitative and inductive method, using both primary and secondary sources and techniques for documentary review, case study, and direct observation. It is concluded the need for scholars, judges and attorneys to familiarize themselves with the technological aspects of virtual communication to understand, manage and resolve the legal concerns found within the internet.

O desenvolvimento das TIC's e da Internet representa um desafio para os limites tradicionais do direito já estabelecido na noção de soberania e a localização espacial das atividades. As características da Internet, tais como a sua natureza transfronteiriça, independência geográfica, sua extensa cobertura, seu anonimato, sua portabilidade, fácil reprodução, convergência, conectividade e difícil controle, são desafios para o novo direito. O objetivo é apresentar uma visão geral sobre os aspectos mais importantes que a Internet traz para o direito, bem como as áreas ou temáticas mais críticas ou controversas; através de um método qualitativo e indutivo, usando fontes primárias e secundárias e técnicas de analise documental, estudos de caso e observação direta. Conclui-se que é necessário que acadêmicos, juízes e advogados, conheçam mais os aspectos tecnológicos da comunicação virtual, a fim de compreender, lidar e resolver os problemas jurídicos que possam surgir no ambiente da Internet.