Introduction: A Body Shape Index (ABSI) is a new obesity index based on body volume; this has been associated with chronic non-communicable diseases and mortality, independent of the values of the body mass index (BMI); however, its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Chilean adult population is unknown. Objective: To determine the association between ABSI, glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAc1), and self-reported T2DM in the Chilean adult population. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 4,874 participants were included (mean age 43.3 years, 50.9% women) from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. ABSI was calculated according to the proposed formula (based on waist circumference, BMI, and height). The Poisson regression was used to investigate the association between ABSI and T2DM, and linear regression was used to investigate the association between ABSI, glycemia, and HbAc1. Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and BMI adjusted the analyses. Results: ABSI was positively associated with glycemia (p < 0.001), HbA1c (p < 0.001), and DMT2 (p < 0.001). In the most adjusted model, for every 0.025 unit increase in ABSI, glycemia increased by 1.78 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.21, 2.35) and HbAc1 by 0.92% (95% CI: 0.49, 1.35). Regarding T2DM, the prevalence ratio was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.20), independent of sociodemographic factors, lifestyles, and BMI. Conclusions: ABSI was linearly associated with a higher probability of suffering from T2DM and higher levels of glycemia and HbA1c in Chilean adults. In this context, ABSI could be a complementary index, independent of BMI, to assess the risk of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.

RESUMEN Introducción: El nuevo índice de obesidad basado en el volumen corporal (ABSI) ha sido asociado con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y mortalidad, independientemente de los valores del índice de masa corporal (IMC); sin embargo, se desconoce su asociación con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) en población chilena. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre ABSI con glicemia, hemoglobina glicosilada (HbAc1) y DMT2 en población adulta chilena. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal, incluyó a 4.874 participantes (edad media 43,3 años, 50,9% mujeres) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. ABSI fue calculado según la fórmula propuesta (basado en circunferencia de cintura, IMC y estatura. La Regresión de Poisson fue utilizada para investigar la asociación entre ABSI con DMT2 y regresión lineal para glicemia y HbAc1. Los análisis se ajustaron según factores sociodemográficos, de estilos de vida e IMC. Resultados: ABSI fue positivamente asociado con glicemia (p < 0,001), HbA1c (p < 0,001) y DMT2 (p < 0,001). En el modelo más ajustado, por cada 0.025 unidad de aumento de ABSI, la glicemia aumentó en 1,78 mg/dL (95% IC: 1,21; 2,35) y la HbAc1en un 0,92% (95% IC: 0,49; 1,35). En cuanto a DMT2, la razón de prevalencia fue de 1,14 (95% IC: 1,09; 1,20), independiente de factores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida e IMC. Conclusiones: ABSI se asoció de forma lineal con una mayor probabilidad de padecer DMT2, mayores niveles de glicemia y HbA1c en adultos chilenos. En este contexto, ABSI podría ser un índice complementario, independiente del IMC, para evaluar el riesgo de alteraciones metabólicas asociadas a obesidad.

Resumen: El cumplimento de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) vigentes en Chile, asegura una alimentación suficiente y equilibrada. Objetivo: Determinar el cumplimiento de 5 recomenda ciones de las GABA y su asociación con variables antropométricas, de estilo de vida y metabólicas, en adolescentes que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Sujetos y Método: Estu dio transversal que incluyó 355 adolescentes entre 15 a 19 años. Los participantes se dividieron en 4 grupos (cumple ninguna, 1, 2 o ≥ 3 recomendaciones) utilizando 5 mensajes de las GABA (consumo de leguminosas, pescado, lácteos, frutas y verduras y agua). Las asociaciones entre GABA y las varia bles de salida: peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, perímetro de cintura, actividad física, horas de sueño, variables metabólicas, fueron investigados utilizando análisis de regresión lineal ajustado por variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 5,6% de adolescentes cumplían con tres o más reco mendaciones GABA. De las recomendaciones medidas, presentaron un mayor cumplimiento el con sumo de agua (85%) y legumbres (78,7%), reconociendo diferencias entre mujeres y hombres para el consumo de legumbres (58,6% vs. 86,4%), agua (69,6% vs. 91%) y lácteos (92,9% vs. 39,1%). Los adolescentes con mayor cumplimiento de las GABA, presentaban una menor glicemia (p = 0,025). No se identificaron otras asociaciones significativas en estilos de vida y mediciones antropométricas. Conclusiones: Los adolescentes participantes en este estudio presentaron dificultades en la adhesión a recomendaciones de las GABA.

Abstract: In Chile, compliance with the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (GABA) ensures an adequate and balanced diet. Objective: To determine compliance with five GABA recommendations and their associations with anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic variables, in adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years who participated in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study including 355 adolescents. Participants were divided into four groups (fulfilled 0, 1, 2, or ≥ 3 recommendations) using five messages from the GABA (consumption of legumes, fish, dairy products, water, and fruits and vegetables). Associations between GABA and outcome variables (weight, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, sleep, and metabolic variables) were investigated using linear regression analyses adjusted by sociodemographic confounders. Results: 5.6% of the adolescents met three or more GABA recommendations. Of the recommendations measured, the consumption of water (85%) and legumes (78.7%) presented greater compliance, showing differences between women and men regarding the consumption of legumes (58.6% vs. 86.4%), water (69.6% vs. 91%), and dairy products (92.9% vs. 39.1%). Adolescents with higher compliance with GABA had a better concentration of lower glycemia (p = 0.025). There were no other significant associations between lifestyle and anthropometric measurements. Conclusions: Adolescents who participated in this study presented difficulties in adhering to GABA recommendations, thus compromising the maintenance of healthy lifestyles.

Background: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. Aim: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. Material and Methods: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. Results: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. Conclusions: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.

ABSTRACT Background: Confinement is an effective measure to control COVID-19, but it can have repercussions on lifestyle-related behaviors, especially among adolescents. Poor quality diet and low physical activity could trigger weight gain and the appearance of chronic non-communicable diseases at an early age. Aim: To investigate the changes in eating and physical activity patterns before and during the first COVID-19 confinement in Chilean adolescents. Material and Methods: Chilean adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years were invited to answer an online survey with 47 questions about dietary habits and physical activity. Results: The survey was answered by 420 participants and only four adolescents declined to answer it. Changes in eating patterns were evidenced, such as an increase in lunch consumption from 54.1 to 83%, and a decrease in the consumption of both healthy and unhealthy foods. Also, significant changes were observed in physical activity patterns, and an increase in the time spent sitting, from 4.7 to 5.8 hours during confinement. Conclusions: The first confinement for COVID-19 modified eating and physical activity patterns in Chilean adolescents towards unhealthy habits, which if maintained, could negatively affect their health and quality of life.

ABSTRACT Chile is one of the Latin American countries that exhibits the greatest increase in the aging population, thus it is necessary to visualize different tools that guide healthy lifestyles at this stage of life. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (abbreviated as GABA, for initials in Spanish) provide recommendations that allow improving the quality of life in older people. This study aimed to determine the level of compliance with GABA recommendations and their association with anthropometric, metabolic and lifestyles factors in 1,789 people over 60 years who participated in the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in which participants were subdivided into four groups according to compliance with GABA: does not comply, complies with 1, 2 or at least 3 recommendations for consumption of legumes, fruits, vegetables, dairy, water and fish. As a result, 43.8% of older participants did not meet any of the GABA recommendations evaluated. These participants also performed less physical activity and had a longer sitting time (P-trend: <0.001). In conclusion, we highlight that close to 50% of elderly Chileans do not adhere to GABA recommendations, which could have implications for the health and well-being.

RESUMEN Chile es uno de los países de Latinoamérica que exhibe un mayor envejecimiento poblacional, por lo que es necesario visualizar distintas herramientas que direccionen estilos de vida saludables en esta etapa de la trayectoria vital. Las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) entregan recomendaciones que permiten mejorar la calidad de vida de personas mayores. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de cumplimiento de recomendaciones de las GABA y su asociación con variables antropométricas, metabólicas y de estilos de vida en 1.789 personas mayores de 60 años que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en donde los participantes se subdividieron en cuatro grupos según cumplimiento de las GABA: no cumple, cumple con 1, 2 o a lo menos 3 recomendaciones de consumo de legumbres, frutas y verduras, lácteos, agua y pescado. Como resultado, el 43,8% de las personas mayores que participaron no cumplieron ninguna de las recomendaciones GABA evaluadas; estos últimos, realizaban menos actividad física y presentaban, además, una mayor probabilidad de pasar más tiempo sentados (p-tendencia: <0,001). Como conclusión, se destaca que cerca del 50% de las personas mayores en Chile no adhieren a las recomendaciones de las GABA, lo que podría repercutir en implicaciones en la salud y bienestar de la población mayor.

Resumen Los modelos de proyección estructurados (MPE) son una herramienta poderosa para investigar la dinámica de las poblaciones estructuradas, lo que los hace ideales para estudiar las especies vegetales, abarcando su variedad de formas de vida, tamaños, longevidad y complejidad del ciclo de vida. Los MPE son una de las herramientas más versátiles de la ecología vegetal, con cientos de especies estudiadas y una gran variedad de formulaciones alternativas para diferentes preguntas y objetivos. Revisamos algunas consideraciones conceptuales y metodológicas sobresalientes sobre la construcción y uso de los MPE, incluyendo los modelos matriciales de proyección, que son discretos, y los modelos integrales de proyección, que son continuos. Discutimos la selección de la variable de estado y la estimación de parámetros, especialmente aquellos que involucran transiciones difíciles de observar, tales como la cuantificación de la reproducción y la mortalidad de los individuos hacia el final de su ciclo de vida. Debido a la creciente importancia de investigar las tendencias poblacionales en un mundo que cambia rápidamente, destacamos el uso de los MPE tanto en un contexto ambiental como cuando las poblaciones se alejan de su equilibrio. El papel de la densodependencia recibe especial atención debido a que suele correlacionarse con el ambiente, potencialmente confundiendo ambos efectos. De igual modo, desentrañar los diferentes efectos ambientales plantea complicaciones propias, dificultando la comprobación de las relaciones de causalidad. Las alternativas disponibles se ilustran considerando la selección de variables, muestreo y tipos de modelos adecuados para diferentes propósitos.

Abstract Structured projection models (SPMs) are a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of structured populations, which makes them ideal for the study of plant species spanning their range of life forms, sizes, longevity, and life cycle complexity. They are one of the most versatile tools in plant ecology, with hundreds of species studied so far and a wide variety of alternative formulations for different questions and purposes. We revise some of the most salient conceptual and methodological issues in the construction and use of SPMs including both discrete matrix projection models and continuous integral projection models. Consideration is given to the selection of the state variable and the estimation of parameters, especially those involving transitions difficult to observe in the field, such as the quantification of offspring production and the rarely observed mortality of individuals towards the end of the life cycle. Due to the growing importance of investigating population trends in a rapidly changing world, we highlight the use of SPMs for populations under a variety of environmental influences and/or away from their expected equilibrium. The presumed role of population density receives special attention because it often correlates with features of the environment, thus potentially confounding the two effects. Similarly, disentangling the various environmental effects poses challenges of its own, making it difficult to prove causality. The alternatives available are illustrated considering the selection of variables, samples, and model type suitable for specific purposes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La lactancia materna (LM) es un factor protector contra la obesidad infantil; sin embargo, los mecanismos a través de los cuales ejerce este efecto aún no están claros. El objetivo fue describir los mecanismos asociados al efecto protector que ejerce la lactancia materna contra la obesidad infantil. Métodos: Se utilizaron los buscadores PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library y Scielo para desarrollar una revisión descriptiva de la evidencia científica. Las palabras clave fueron: lactancia materna, obesidad, mecanismo y dieta. Se revisaron artículos en español e inglés, desde 1977 hasta el 2020. Resultados: El efecto protector de la LM contra la obesidad infantil está dado por una combinación de varios mecanismos, se destaca su composición nutricional y el aporte de sustancias bioactivas, algunas de ellas reguladoras de la ingesta energética. Los lactantes que reciben LM por más tiempo seleccionan alimentos más saludables en etapa preescolar, independiente de factores sociodemográficos. También han sido descritos efectos en la adiposidad, el control del peso corporal y la ingesta energética mediante regulación de la programación epigenética y de la microbiota intestinal. Conclusión: La LM es un proceso único, que interacciona de forma compleja con factores del crecimiento y desarrollo de los lactantes y preescolares. Su rol protector contra la obesidad ha sido asociado a diversos mecanismos. Sin embargo, se requiere de nuevas investigaciones para comprender los alcances que puede presentar la LM en la etapa pediátrica y su rol en la prevención de la obesidad.

ABSTRACT Background and aim: Breastfeeding (BF) is a protective factor against childhood obesity; however, the mechanisms associated with this effect have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to describe the mechanisms related to the protective effect of breastfeeding against childhood obesity. Methods: A search on PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and SCIELO databases was carried out to develop a descriptive review of the scientific evidence. The key words were breastfeeding; obesity; mechanism and diet. Articles were reviewed in Spanish and English from 1977 to 2020. Results: The protective effect of BF against childhood obesity is given by a combination of several mechanism. Its nutritional composition and the contribution of bioactive substances stand out, some of them regulated by the energy intake. Infants who are breastfed choose healthier foods in preschool, regardless of sociodemographic factors. Effects on adiposity, control of body weight and energy intake have also been described by epigenetic regulation programming and the intestinal microbiota. Conclusion: BF is a unique process that interacts in a complex way with infants and preschoolers’ growth and developmental factors Its protective role against childhood obesity has been associated with various mechanisms. New research is still required to understand the implications of BF in pediatric age and its role in preventing obesity.

Background: Depression is a highly prevalent disease in Chilean adults. Aim: To identify sociodemographic, biomedical, and psychosocial factors related with depression in a representative sample of the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the National Health Survey 2016-2017 which included 5,291 participants aged > 15 years. Depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF). Association between sociodemographic data, health and psychosocial variables and depression was analyzed using Poisson regression with robust error. Results: The probability of depression was higher in women than in men (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.13 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.65, 2.75]). In both genders, the probability was higher in people with frailty (women: PR = 10.0 [95% CI: 1.86, 18.1] and men: PR = 3.38 [95% CI: 2.72; 4.20]), severe chronic pain (women: PR = 2.84 [95% CI: 1.93, 4.18 and men: PR = 6.41 [95% CI: 3.59, 9.40]), presence of two or more diseases (women: PR = 4.15 [95% CI: 2.78, 6.20 and men: PR = 2.60 [95% CI: 1.39, 3.81]), perception of permanent stress (women: PR = 11.0 [95% CI: 6.13, 16.0], men: PR = 21.0 [95% CI: 10.2, 31.7]), financial stress (women: PR = 2.57 [95% CI: 1.87, 3.27] men: PR = 4.27 [95% CI: 2.48, 6.06] and poor or very poor perception of health (women: PR = 5.02 [95% CI: 1.92, 8.12], men: 2.09 [95% CI: 0.49, 3.69]). In men, the probability of depression was higher for widowers than married man (PR = 5.58 [95% CI: 2.5, 8.25]), presence of goiter (PR = 4.03 [95% CI: 1.99, 6.07]) and low social support (PR = 1.95 [95% CI: 1.18; 2.72]). Conclusions: The factors associated with a higher probability of depression are diverse in nature. Among these being women, frailty, chronic pain, multimorbidity and high perception of stress are important factors.

Background: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. Aim: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. Results: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

Abstract Introduction The average life expectancy, as well as the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), is increasing worldwide. Population-based studies have demonstrated that the duration of T2D has been associated with cognitive impairment. However, despite the high prevalence of T2D and cognitive impairment in Chile, the association between years with T2D and suspicion of cognitive impairment has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between duration of T2D and suspicion of cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods 1,040 older adults aged ≥60 years from the Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010) were included. Suspicion of cognitive impairment was assessed by the abbreviated Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The number of years with T2D was self-reported and categorised into four groups. Poisson Regression analysis was used to assess the association between altered MMSE and the number of years with DM2, adjusted by potential confounders including socio-demographic, lifestyle, adiposity and health-related factors. Results When the analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic factors, people who had T2D for 15 to 24 and ≥25 years had 2.2-times (95%CI: 1.07; 3.33) and 5.8-times (95%CI: 3.81; 11.0) higher relative risk (RR) of cognitive impairment, compared to those without T2D. When the analyses were additionally adjusted for lifestyle and health-related covariates, the RR for cognitive impairment was 1.76-times (95%CI: 1.02; 2.50) and 4.54-times (95%CI: 2.70; 6.38) higher for those who had T2D for 14-24 years and ≥25 years, respectively. Conclusions Number of years with T2D was associated with suspicion of cognitive impairment. A longer duration of T2D was associated with a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment in the Chilean older population, independently of confounder factors included in the study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La esperanza de vida está aumentando en todo el mundo, así como la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Estudios poblacionales han demostrado que la duración de la DM2 se ha asociado con el deterioro cognitivo. Sin embargo, a pesar de la alta prevalencia de DM2 y deterioro cognitivo en Chile, aún no se ha investigado la asociación entre años con DM2 y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la duración de la DM2 y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas. Material y Métodos Participaron 1.040 personas ≥60 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile (2009-2010). El deterioro cognitivo se evaluó mediante el Mini Examen del Estado Mental abreviado (MMSE). El número de años con DM2 fue categorizado en cuatro grupos. Para valorar la asociación entre MMSE alterado y el número de años con DM2, se utilizó una regresión de Poisson, ajustados a posibles factores de confusión sociodemograficos, de estilos de vida, adiposidad y salud. Resultados Cuando se ajustaron los análisis por factores sociodemográficos, las personas con 15 a 24 y ≥25 años con DM2 presentaron 2,2 veces (IC95%: 1,07; 3,33) y 5,8 veces (IC95%: 3,81; 11,0) riesgo relativo (RR) de deterioro cognitivo, en comparación con aquellas sin DM2. Luego de ajustar adicionalmente los análisis para las covariables relacionadas con el estilo de vida y la salud, el RR para deterioro cognitivo fue 1,76 veces (IC95%: 1,02; 2,50) y 4,54 veces (IC95%: 2,70; 6,38) más alto para aquellas personas con 14-24 y ≥25 años de DM2. Conclusiones Se asoció el número de años con DM2 con la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. Una mayor duración de la DM2 se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de deterioro cognitivo en la población mayor chilena.

Background: Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. Aim: To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). Results: Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. Conclusions: Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the association of SLC16A11 gene variants with obesity and metabolic markers in nondiabetic Chilean adults. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 263 non-diabetic adults. The genotype of the rs75493593 polymorphism of SLC16A11 gene was performed by real-time PCR. It's association with adiposity markers (body weight, BMI, waist circumference and fat mass percentage), metabolic markers (glucose, insulin, HOMAIR, leptin, total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc, triglycerides, ALT, GGT and hsCRP) and blood pressure was analyzed by linear regression. Results: The minor allele (T) of the SLC16A11 gene (rs75493593) has a frequency of 29.7% among Chileans. Risk genotypes (GT and TT) were associated with a significant 1.49 mU/l increase in plasmatic insulin for each copy of the minor allele (95% CI: 0.12, 2.87, p < 0.05). This association remained significant after adjusting for socio-demographic variables, physical activity and smoking (1.36 mU/l, 95% CI: 0.16, 2.58 p < 0.05), but was lost when BMI was included as a confounding factor. Higher BMI was also significantly associated with polymorphic genotypes in SLC16A11, independent of socio-demographic variables. Conclusion: The minor allele of the SLC16A11 gene (T) is highly prevalent among Chileans and is associated with increased insulin and BMI in nondiabetic individuals. These findings suggest that the genetic variant in SLC16A11 is not only associated with type 2 diabetes as previously shown in Mexicans, but is also related to early metabolic alterations in healthy subjects that may lead to type 2 diabetes.

Background: Legumes are low cost and high-quality nutritional foods. In Chile, a twice per week legume consumption is recommended to promote health and prevent disease. Aim: To characterize the consumption of legumes according to sociodemographic and anthropometric variables in the Chilean adult population. Material and Method: Analysis of data from 5,473 participants of the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. The compliance with legume consumption was studied in population groups, according to sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, through logistic regression analyses. Results: Only 24% of all participants (51.4% of women) fulfilled legume intake recommendations. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, the participants who were less likely to comply with the recommendation were widowers (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.58 [95% confidence intervals (CI): (0.40; 0.85]). On the contrary, people between 70-80 years (OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.11; 2.88]), those who resided in rural areas (OR: 1.62 [95% CI: 1.25; 2.10]) and those who resided in the Maule region (OR: 2.11 [95% CI: 1.37, 3.25]) had a higher likelihood of compliance. Conclusions: One out of four Chileans complied with the recommendations of legume consumption. Even though the results differed when stratified by sex, it is highlighted that living in rural areas increased the probabilities of an adequate legume consumption.

Background: Water is an essential nutrient for cellular homeostasis and life. Drinking ≥ 6 glasses (1.5 L/day) is the recommendation of daily water intake (RIAD). Aim: To characterize water intake, according to sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyles variables, in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from 5,520 participants of the 2016-17 National Health Survey. Compliance with RIAD by population groups according to sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics was studied through logistic regression analyses. Results: Only 27.8% of the national population met the RIAD. Women, people over than 56 years of age, housewives, retired people, widowers, and non-smokers were less likely to meet the RIAD. The likelihood of not complying with RIAD in these segments of the population ranged from 28% to 62%. Conversely, participants who presented a higher likelihood of meeting RIAD were those who co-habiting, had a medium and higher educational level, followed a diet plan, and those who reported a good health and well-being. The likelihood of meeting with the RIAD for these population groups ranged from 47% to 116%. Conclusions: The likelihood of meeting the RIAD varied according to different sociodemographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle variables. Therefore, public policies for promoting water consumption should be focused on all age groups, but especially in those groups with the highest risk of underconsumption.