Objective Considering that intestinal protozoans and helminths infect more than half of the world population, with high prevalence in the poorest regions, the objective of this study was to conduct parasitological research among indigenous Terena people established in the state of MatoGrosso do Sul. An inquiry was performed to find the incidence of parasitism in these communities. Methodology 134 aliquots of feces from individuals of the indigenous community were examined. Samples were conserved in Merthiolate-iodine-formol solution (MIF). The laboratory exams were carried out using the techniques of Hoffman, Pons and Janer; Willis and Kinyoun. Results We identified infections of nematode helminths of the species Ascarislumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobiusvermicularis, Strongyloidesstercoralis, and Trichuristrichiura; and cestodes of the species Hymenolepis nana and Taenia spp. Also found were the protozoan species: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoebahistolytica. 23.1 % of the samples studied were negative. Of the 76.9 % of samples with parasites, there were non-statistically significant differences in parasitism between men and women examined between 1 and 33 years-of-age. There were also no significant differences between monospecific parasitism and with concurrent species. In terms of parasitic diversity, seven species of nematode and cestodeshelminths were found along with five species of Archamoebae protozoa: flagellates and enterozoans. Conclusions These results were the basis for orientation and appropriate drug intervention and reveal the need for the implementation governmental, social and educational measures to improve the living conditions of that community.

Objetivo Considerando que más de la mitad de la población mundial está infectada por protozoarios y helmintos intestinales, con alta prevalencia en las zonas más pobres, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de los parasitismos entre indígenas de la etnia Terena, establecidos en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Metodología Se examinaron 134 muestras de heces de individuos de la comunidad indígena. Estas se conservaron en solución de Merthiolate-iodo-formol (MIF). Los exámenes de laboratorio fueron realizados por las técnicas de Hoffman, Pons y Janer; Willis y Kinyoun. Resultados Se identificaron infecciones por helmintos nematodos de las especies Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, y Trichuris trichiura; cestodos de la especie Hymenolepis nana, y Taeniaspp. También por protozoarios de las especies Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, y Entamoeba histolytica. De las muestras investigadas, 23,1% fueron negativas; de los 76,9 % parasitados hubo diferencia estadísticamente no significativa para el parasitismo en hombres y mujeres examinados, de unoa 33 años de edad, y sobre parasitismo mono específico, o con simultaneidad de especies. Como diversidad parasitaria fueron encontradas siete especies de helmintos nematodos y cestodos, y cinco de protozoarios Archamoebae, flagelados y enterozoários. Conclusiones Los resultados fueron la base para la orientación e intervención adecuada, revelando la necesidad de la implantación de medidas gubernamentales y socioeducativas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de esta comunidad.

Objetivo Considerando que más de la mitad de la población mundial está infectada por protozoarios y helmintos intestinales, con alta prevalencia en las zonas más pobres, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de los parasitismos entre indígenas de la etnia Terena, establecidos en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Metodología Se examinaron 134 muestras de heces de individuos de la comunidad indígena. Estas se conservaron en solución de Merthiolate-iodo-formol (MIF). Los exámenes de laboratorio fueron realizados por las técnicas de Hoffman, Pons y Janer; Willis y Kinyoun. Resultados Se identificaron infecciones por helmintos nematodos de las especies Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, y Trichuris trichiura; cestodos de la especie Hymenolepis nana, y Taeniaspp. También por protozoarios de las especies Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, y Entamoeba histolytica. De las muestras investigadas, 23,1% fueron negativas; de los 76,9 % parasitados hubo diferencia estadísticamente no significativa para el parasitismo en hombres y mujeres examinados, de unoa 33 años de edad, y sobre parasitismo mono específico, o con simultaneidad de especies. Como diversidad parasitaria fueron encontradas siete especies de helmintos nematodos y cestodos, y cinco de protozoarios Archamoebae, flagelados y enterozoários. Conclusiones Los resultados fueron la base para la orientación e intervención adecuada, revelando la necesidad de la implantación de medidas gubernamentales y socioeducativas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de esta comunidad.

Objective Considering that intestinal protozoans and helminths infect more than half of the world population, with high prevalence in the poorest regions, the objective of this study was to conduct parasitological research among indigenous Terena people established in the state of MatoGrosso do Sul. An inquiry was performed to find the incidence of parasitism in these communities. Methodology 134 aliquots of feces from individuals of the indigenous community were examined. Samples were conserved in Merthiolate-iodine-formol solution (MIF). The laboratory exams were carried out using the techniques of Hoffman, Pons and Janer; Willis and Kinyoun. Results We identified infections of nematode helminths of the species Ascarislumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobiusvermicularis, Strongyloidesstercoralis, and Trichuristrichiura; and cestodes of the species Hymenolepis nana and Taenia spp. Also found were the protozoan species: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoebahistolytica. 23.1 % of the samples studied were negative. Of the 76.9 % of samples with parasites, there were non-statistically significant differences in parasitism between men and women examined between 1 and 33 years-of-age. There were also no significant differences between monospecific parasitism and with concurrent species. In terms of parasitic diversity, seven species of nematode and cestodeshelminths were found along with five species of Archamoebae protozoa: flagellates and enterozoans. Conclusions These results were the basis for orientation and appropriate drug intervention and reveal the need for the implementation governmental, social and educational measures to improve the living conditions of that community.

Objetivo: avaliar por meio de inquérito soroepidemiológico a presença de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii na população indígena da etnia Terena, bem como reconhecer os prováveis mecanismos de transmissão do Toxoplasma gondii naquela comunidade. Métodos: para realização da pesquisa, coletou-se sangue venoso de 256 indígenas assintomáticos. O soro obtido do sangue foi congelado a - 20 °C até a realização dos exames. Realizou-se a sorologia por imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e confirmação dos soros positivos por Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Resultados: entre os 256 indígenas estudados, 67 (26,17 %) apresentaram anticorpos de classe IgG anti-T gondii, com títulos iguais ou superiores a 1:16. Não foi encontrada positividade para IgM em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Conclusões: a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii entre os indígenas da etnia Terena indica que essa população teve um contato anterior com o parasito. O fator de risco identificado como provável responsável pela transmissão foi coabitação entre pessoas e gatos. A prevalência de soropositividade foi maior na faixa etária entre 21 e 25 anos.

Objective: by means of seroepidemiological interviews, determine the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among the native Terena population, and identify the probable transmission mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii in that community. Methods: venous blood was collected from 256 asymptomatic community members. The blood serum obtained was frozen to -20 °C until the tests were carried out. Indirect immunofluorescence serology was performed and positive sera were confirmed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: of the 256 subjects studied, 67 (26.17 %) had anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies, with titers equal to of greater than 1:16. No positive results were obtained for IgM in the samples analyzed. Conclusions: the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among members of the Terena ethnic group indicates that this population had a previous contact with the parasite. The risk factor identified as the probable cause of transmission was the presence of cats in households. Seropositivity was highest in the 21-25 age group.

Objetivo: evaluar por medio de interrogatorio seroepidemiológico la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en la población indígena de la etnia Terena, así como reconocer los probables mecanismos de transmisión del Toxoplasma gondii en esa comunidad. Métodos: se recolectó sangre venosa de 256 indígenas asintomáticos. El suero obtenido de la sangre se congeló a - 20 °C hasta la realización de los exámenes. Se hizo la serología por inmunofluorescencia indirecta y la confirmación de los sueros positivos por ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Resultados: entre los 256 indígenas estudiados, 67 (26,17 %) presentaron anticuerpos de clase IgG anti- Toxoplasma gondii, con títulos iguales o superiores a 1:16. No se encontró positividad para IgM en las muestras analizadas. Conclusiones: la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii entre los indígenas de la etnia Terena indica que esa población tuvo un contacto anterior con el parásito. El factor de riesgo identificado como probable responsable por la transmisión resultó la cohabitación entre personas y gatos. La prevalencia de seropositividad fue mayor en la franja etaria entre 21 y 25 años.

La listeriosis es una infección bacteriana causada por la Listeria monocytogenes, capaz de infectar seres humanos y otras especies de animales entre mamíferos y aves. Durante el embarazo podría ocurrir transmisión vertical y causar la infección, muerte del feto u originar lesiones irreversibles que los sobrevivientes llevarán para el resto de su vida. El objetivo es: determinar la prevalencia de la listeriosis en embarazadas de la región de la Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. El presente trabajo es de tipo descriptivo transversal, los datos fueron recolectados a través muestras de sangre venosa de 2 215 embarazadas para detectar anticuerpos anti- Listeria monocytogenes. El suero obtenido fue congelado a -20ºC hasta la realización de los exámenes. La técnica utilizada fue la seroaglutinación. Los resultados fueron: 0,50% de las embarazadas presentaron títulos de anticuerpos anti-L. monocytogenes pertenecientes al serotipo 4b iguales o superiores a 1:320. Conclusión: La ocurrencia de listeriosis es de 1 en cada 200 embarazadas en la Baixada Fluminense con probable riesgo de infección de los concebidos.

Listeriosis is a bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes with the ability to infect humans and several other species of animals as mammals and birds. It may betide vertical transmission during pregnancy and may cause infection, death of the embryo or cause irreversible damages that the survivors will carry for the rest of their life.The aim is to determinate the prevalence of listeriosis in pregnant women from Baixada Fluminense region, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. This is a descriptive transversal study, the data were collected through venous blood samples from 2 215 pregnant women to detect anti-Listeria monocytogenes antibodies. The serum was frozen at -20ºC until it be examined.The used technique was the serum agglutination. The results were: 0.49% of pregnant women had titers of anti-Listeria monocytogenes antibodies of 4b serotype equal or higher to 1:320. Conclusion: There is occurrence of listeriosis in one every 200 pregnant women in Baixada Fluminense with a probable risk of infection of the conceptus.

Após a implantação do Plano Real, o Sistema Financeiro Nacional (SFN) passou a experimentar grandes e significativas transformações. A elevação da taxa de juros e o fim das receitas inflacionárias trouxeram o risco de falência para algumas instituições financeiras. Nesse contexto, o governo lançou uma série de medidas com o objetivo de sanear o SFN, destacando-se a Resolução n. 2.682 do Conselho Monetário Nacional (CMN), que visava aperfeiçoar a regulamentação de provisionamento das carteiras de crédito das instituições financeiras. O presente trabalho procura responder à seguinte questão: qual o impacto da Resolução n. 2.682 e dos Programas de Reestruturação do SFN no nível de Provisão para Créditos de Liquidação Duvidosa (PCLD) das instituições financeiras? Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, analisando-se o comportamento da carteira de crédito dos bancos integrantes do SFN. Após os programas saneadores implementados pelo governo e a regulamentação de provisionamento, editada pelo CMN através da Resolução n. 2.682, verificou-se uma mudança do patamar de provisionamento da carteira de crédito, que passou dos 2,2% verificados em dezembro de 1995 para os 6,8% registrados em dezembro de 2005.

After the implantation of the Plano Real, the Sistema Financeiro Nacional - SFN (National Financial System) started going through great and significant changes. The rising of interest rates and the end of the inflationary revenues brought along the risk of bankruptcy for some financial institutions. In this context, the government launched a series of measures in order to reorganize the national financial system, particularly Resolution No. 2.682 of the Conselho Monetario Nacional - CMN (National Monetary Council), aiming at improving regulations on financial institutions' provisioning of credit portfolios. This study intends to answer the following question: what is the impact of resolution No. 2.682 and the Restructuring Programs of the National Financial System on the financial institutions' level of Provisão para Creditos de Liquidação Duvidosa - PCLD (Doubtful Liquidation Credit Provision)? A documental and bibliographical research was carried out, as well as a behavioral analysis of the credit portfolio of the National Financial System. The study reveals that, after the reorganization programs implanted by the government and the provisioning regulation edited by the CMN, there was a change in the provisioning status of credit portfolios, which rose from 2.2% in December 1995 to 8.8% registered in December 2005.