RESUMO Objetivo Sintetizar as melhores evidências científicas internacionais disponíveis sobre a efetividade das intervenções para reduzir os acidentes de trânsito e suas consequências na população geral e na população ativa. Métodos Foi realizada uma ampla revisão sistemática da literatura em bases de dados biomédicas e da literatura cinzenta. A extração e a síntese dos dados e a análise de risco de viés foram conduzidas em paralelo por, pelo menos, dois pesquisadores. Resultados Foram selecionados para análise 41 estudos com risco de viés baixo a moderado. Destes, 18 possuíam design ecológico (série temporal), 10 eram estudos quase-experimentais, um estudo era um levantamento populacional, um era um estudo clínico randomizado e 11 eram revisões sistemáticas. Conclusões As intervenções que sistematicamente demonstraram um efeito positivo na incidência, morbidade e mortalidade de acidentes de trânsito são as políticas ou programas nacionais para regulamentar, cumprir as leis e aplicar sanções aos condutores que dirigem sob influência de álcool, melhorar a segurança e condições para condução de veículos, melhorar a infraestrutura viária visando evitar acidentes e educar e multar os condutores com histórico de infrações.

ABSTRACT Objective To summarize the best available international scientific evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce motor vehicle collisions and their consequences among the working and general populations. Methods A broad and systematic review was conducted of the literature available in biomedical databases and grey literature. At least two investigators working in parallel performed data extraction, synthesis, and risk of bias analysis. Results Forty-one studies with low to moderate risk of bias were included. Of these, 18 had an ecological design (time series), 10 were quasi-experimental, one was a population survey, one was a randomized clinical trial, and 11 were systematic reviews. Conclusions The interventions that most consistently show a positive effect on incidence, morbidity, and mortality due to motor vehicle collisions are national policies or programs that: regulate, enforce, and penalize driving under the influence of alcohol; improve driving safety and driver conditions; improve road infrastructure with the purpose of preventing collisions; and educate and penalize drivers with a history of road violations.

RESUMEN Objetivo Resumir la mejor evidencia disponible a nivel internacional sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones para reducir el número de colisiones de vehículos de motor y sus consecuencias en la población general y la población económicamente activa. Métodos Revisión amplia y sistemática de la bibliografía contenida en las bases de datos biomédicas y la literatura gris. Al menos dos investigadores trabajando en paralelo realizaron la extracción de datos, la síntesis y el análisis del riesgo de sesgo. Resultados Se incluyeron 41 estudios con un riesgo de sesgo bajo o moderado. De ellos, 18 tenían un diseño ecológico (series de tiempo), 10 eran cuasiexperimentales, 1 era una encuesta poblacional, 1 era un ensayo clínico aleatorizado y 11 eran revisiones sistemáticas. Conclusiones Las intervenciones que muestran más sistemáticamente un efecto positivo sobre la incidencia, la morbilidad y la mortalidad por colisiones de vehículos de motor son las políticas o programas nacionales que reglamentan, hacen cumplir los reglamentos y sancionan a quienes conducen bajo los efectos del alcohol; mejoran la seguridad al conducir y con respecto a los conductores; mejoran la infraestructura vial a fin de prevenir las colisiones; y educan y sancionan a los conductores con antecedentes de infracciones de las leyes de tránsito.

Exposure to psychosocial risk factors present in the workplace is a priority topic for occupational health. The aim of the study is to estimate the association between psychosocial risk factors present at work, and self-rated health and occupational accidents in drivers of passenger and freight transport, urban and intercity, of companies affiliated with the Chilean Safety Association. Four questionnaires were applied to a sample of 356 drivers from 4 Transport companies, in which 100% were male with a average age of 45,4 ± 9,7 years; 70,8% carry passengers, with working days of 11,4 hours / day. All dimensions of ISTAS-21 resulted with lower averages to the reference except for "active job and skill development." 93,8% was reported as "no mental health disorders". Statistically significant associations between dimensions of ISTAS 21, GHQ-12 and involvement in traffic accidents (just compensation), even after adjusting for confounding variables were demonstrated. This allowed the design of interventions, agreed with the companies, in order to control/eliminate these exposures to improve the health and quality of life of workers and reduce occupational diseases and work-related accidents.

La exposición a factores de riesgo psicosociales presentes en el lugar de trabajo constituye un tema prioritario para la salud ocupacional. El objetivo del estudio es estimar la asociación entre factores de riesgo psicosocial presentes en el trabajo, y autopercepción de salud y siniestralidad laboral, en conductores de vehículos de transporte de carga y pasajeros, urbanos e interurbanos, de empresas afiliadas a la Asociación Chilena de Seguridad. Se aplicaron 4 cuestionarios a una muestra de 356 conductores de 4 empresas de transporte, en que 100% fue hombre con una edad promedio de 45,4 ± 9,7 años; el 70,8% transporta pasajeros, con jornadas de 11,4 horas/día. Todas las dimensiones de ISTAS-21 resultaron con promedios inferiores a la referencia salvo "trabajo activo y desarrollo de habilidades". El 93,8% se reportó como "sin alteraciones de salud mental". Se demostraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre dimensiones del ISTAS 21 con, GHQ-12 y participación en accidentes de tránsito (sólo compensaciones), aun después de ajustar por variables de confusión. Esto permitió el diseño de intervenciones, consensuadas con las empresas, a fin de controlar/eliminar estas exposiciones para mejorar la salud y calidad de vida de los trabajadores y reducir las enfermedades profesionales y accidentes del trabajo relacionados.

OBJECTIVE: Synthesize and assess the available scientific evidence from the period 2008-2012 on interventions of demonstrated efficacy in the treatment and rehabilitation of adolescents and adults engaged in the problematic use of alcohol and other substances. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken with search and analysis of national and international literature on the subject in Spanish and English in the main international databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, PsycINFO, SciELO, the databases of the York University Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, ETS Database), the Cochrane Library, and other sources of gray literature. The search criteria included randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews but excluded observational studies, qualitative studies, and articles of poor methodological quality. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 69 studies. The psychosocial interventions shown to be effective were cognitive behavioral therapy, family interventions, self-help interventions using the Internet, couples behavioral therapy, community strengthening and family training, telephone monitoring and support, and integrated therapy for substance abuse disorder with anxiety and depression comorbidity. Pharmacological interventions of demonstrated effectiveness were acamprosate, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and benzodiazepines in problematic alcohol use, as well as maintenance therapy with high-dose opioids. CONCLUSIONS: The demonstrated effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions is slight but significant. However, strongly multidisciplinary interventions that use a cognitive behavioral approach and the involvement of people close to the consumer, as well as some of the specific pharmacological interventions, have been shown to yield the best results in terms of indicators of abstinence and prevention of relapses.

OBJETIVO: Sintetizar y valorar la evidencia científica disponible durante el período 2008-2012, respecto de las intervenciones con eficacia demostrada en el tratamiento y rehabilitación de personas adolescentes y adultas con consumo problemático de alcohol y otras sustancias. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática con búsqueda y análisis de la literatura nacional e internacional, en español e inglés, consultando las principales bases de datos internacionales, incluyendo PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, PsycINFO, SciELO, bases de datos del Centro para Revisión y Diseminación de la Universidad de York (DARE, HTA Database), Cochrane Library y otras fuentes de literatura gris. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas, y se excluyeron estudios observacionales, estudios cualitativos y artículos de baja calidad metodológica. RESULTADOS: La muestra final consistió en 69 estudios. Las intervenciones psicosociales con eficacia demostrada fueron terapia cognitivo conductual; intervenciones de tipo familiar; intervenciones de autoayuda vía Internet; terapia conductual de pareja; refuerzo comunitario y entrenamiento familiar; seguimiento y apoyo telefónico, y terapia integrada del trastorno por abuso de sustancia con comorbilidad ansiosa y depresiva. Las intervenciones farmacológicas con eficacia demostrada fueron acamprosato, dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) y benzodiacepinas en el consumo problemático de alcohol, y la terapia de mantención con opioides en altas dosis. CONCLUSIONES: La eficacia demostrada de las intervenciones psicosociales y farmacológicas es pequeña, pero significativa. Son las intervenciones marcadamente multidisciplinarias, con enfoque cognitivo conductual e involucramiento de personas significativas allegadas al consumidor, las que han demostrado tener mejores resultados en indicadores de abstinencia y prevención de recaídas, así como también algunas intervenciones farmacológicas específicas.

Background: Amphotericin B is efficacious for the treatment of systemic candidiasis, however it has potentially serious toxic effects. Administration as lipid emulsions has been advocated to decrease its toxicity. Aim: To compare the safety and tolerance of amphotericin B administered as lipid emulsion or dissolved in dextrose in water. Patients and methods: Forty five patients with confirmed or highly suspected systemic candidiasis were studied. Between January 1996 and June 1997 amphotericin B was administered in dextrose in water to 17 patients (group 1). Between July 1997 and December 1998, the drug was delivered in lipid emulsions (Intralipid, group 2). Clinical and laboratory parameters (serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and potassium), were assessed daily. Results: Both treatment groups were clinically comparable and had the same survival. Accumulative amphotericin B dose administered was 343.2 ± 197 and 414.6 ± 518 mg respectively. Hypokalemia was more frequent in group 2 (52 and 25 % respectively, p < 0.05). There were no differences in the outcome of renal function or other adverse reactions. Conclusions: Administration of amphotericin B as lipid emulsions did not reduce its toxicity in critical patients (Rev Méd Chile 2000; 128: 1101-07)