In this study, antimicrobial activity of extracts and lupenone from A. inundata (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), were tested. In addition, the multi-element composition of the leaves, bark and stems (heartwood) of A. inundata was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Lupenone was isolated in the petroleum ether extract of leaves, for the first time. Biological assays were conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic) of extracts, their fractions and lupenone. The results showed antimicrobial and antileishmanial activity of these compounds, which may be useful for obtaining a chemical composition and biological activity database on Albizia species. For multi-element composition, we found the mean concentrations (minimum-maximum) of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, V and Zn in the samples ranged between 0.06 and 265.41 µg g-1. Concentration ranges of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn are large, which makes these samples as additional sources of these macronutrients.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution and assess entomological indicators of synanthropic triatomines in Piaui State, Northeastern Brazil. We used surveillance data on the detection, identification and assessment of natural infection with trypanosomatids from triatomines in the State from 2014 to 2017. The State was divided into four macroregions. In relation to the dispersion rates of triatomines, they were much lower in the North, when compared to Southwest, Southeast and Central North macroregions. Infestation rates were higher in the Southwest and Southeast and intradomicile infestation rates varied during the study period, reaching high values in all regions. Insects belonging to the species Triatoma brasiliensis complex, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma sordida, and to the genus Panstrongylus spp. and Rhodnius spp. were collected during this period. T. brasiliensis was collected from all four regions of the State, but more frequently in those located in the Southeast. A similar pattern was observed for T. pseudomaculata. T. sordida was detected in the municipalities in the Southeast and Southwest regions, and less frequently in the Central North municipalities. Rhodnius spp. was detected in the Central North and North regions, and Panstrongylus spp. in the Central North and Southeast regions. The highest trypanosomatid-positivity rate of T. brasiliensis and Panstrongylus spp. was in the Southeast region. A significant proportion of the municipalities of Piaui State presents entomological parameters that indicate a risk of Chagas disease by vector transmission.

ABSTRACT Ferrimagnetic Fe-oxides are important soil components, which are present in most of the agricultural soils of Brazil. Distinction, origin, and assessment of the influence of these minerals on magnetism and geochemistry is a challenge for mineralogists. This study aimed to characterize mineralogically Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols ( Latossolos Vermelhos ) originating from several mafic rocks in Brazil, and assess the implications on their magnetic and geochemical properties. We present results on magnetic measurements, chemical dissolutions, X-ray diffractometry, Rietveld refinement, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopies of Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols originating from several mafic rocks. They show that magnetite is inherited from the parent material, and its oxidation leads to the formation of maghemite. In the coarse fractions (sand and silt), magnetite and maghemite coexist and are interstratified with hematite, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. This limited the distinction between magnetite and maghemite by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Maghemite represents the only ferrimagnetic Fe oxide in the clay fraction. The influence of both ferrimagnetic minerals, magnetite and maghemite, on magnetic susceptibility and total content of trace elements is determined by the pedogenic development, even among highly weathered soils. In general, the coarse fractions contribute with most of the total trace element contents, while the clay fraction contributes to trace elements availability and magnetic susceptibility of soils.

Abstract The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), is one of the main pests of the coconut crop by attacking the fruits. Colonies can reach 10,000 mites/fruit at high infestation. A diagrammatic scale (Galvão scale) has been developed and tested by Brazilian researchers to estimate the number of mites/fruit by determining the percentage of necrotic area of the fruit surface. Our objective was to develop and validate a new diagrammatic scale based on the percentage of the damaged perimeter of the fruit at the base of the perianth, in order to facilitate and improve the quantification of A. guerreronis per fruit. Fruits were collected in an urban coconut plantation in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. For the development of the new diagrammatic scale, it was calculated the percentage of the damaged perimeter on 50 fruits with different damage levels. To analyze the relationship between the damage and population levels of A. guerreronis on the fruits, we compared the two scales by testing them both on 470 fruits. The new diagrammatic scale recorded nine damage levels, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 70 and 100%. To validate our new diagrammatic scale, the damage level in each fruit was estimated by 10 inexperienced evaluators, with and without the aid of the scale. The accuracy and precision of each evaluator were determined through linear regression between observed and estimated damage. With or without or the use of the scale, 5 of 10 evaluators overestimated or underestimated the damage level and were imprecise and inaccurate. This showed that the scale did not provide improvements in the levels of accuracy and precision of the evaluators. The relationship between infestation and damage levels showed high accuracy for both scales in the regression analysis (R²= 96% and R²= 98%). The population peak of A. guerreronis by the new diagrammatic scale occurred at 32% of damage level and for the Galvão scale it occurred at 8% of damage level. Although the new diagrammatic scale has not promoted improvements in damage estimates, it presented high precision in the relationship between infestation and damage levels.

Resumo O ácaro-da-necrose-coqueiro, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), é considerado uma das principais pragas da cultura, por atacar os frutos. Em altas infestações, as colônias podem chegar a 10.000 ácaros/fruto. Uma escala diagramática (escala de Galvão) já foi desenvolvida e testada por pesquisadores brasileiros para estimar o número de ácaros/fruto através da determinação da porcentagem da área necrosada da superfície do fruto. Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver e validar uma nova escala diagramática, baseada na porcentagem do perímetro do fruto danificado na base do perianto, para facilitar e melhorar a quantificação do número de A. guerreronis por fruto. Os frutos foram coletados em um plantio urbano de coqueiros em Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento da nova escala diagramática, foi calculada a porcentagem do perímetro danificado em 50 frutos com diferentes níveis de dano. Para analisar a relação entre os danos e os níveis populacionais de A. guerreronis nos frutos, as duas escalas foram comparadas, aplicando-se ambas em 470 frutos. A nova escala diagramática registrou nove percentuais de dano, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, 70 e 100%. Para validar nossa nova escala diagramática, o nível de dano em cada fruto foi estimado por 10 avaliadores inexperientes, sem e com o auxílio da escala. A acurácia e a precisão de cada avaliador foram determinadas por regressão linear entre o dano observado e estimado. Sem e com a utilização da escala, 5 dos 10 avaliadores superestimaram ou subestimaram o nível de dano e ainda foram pouco precisos e inexatos, demonstrando que a escala não propiciou melhorias nos níveis de acurácia e precisão dos avaliadores. A relação entre infestação e níveis de dano apresentou elevada precisão para as duas escalas nas análises de regressão (R²= 96% e R²= 98%). O pico populacional de A. guerreronis pela nova escala diagramática ocorreu no nível de dano de 32% e pela escala de Galvão ocorreu no nível de dano de 8%. Embora a nova escala diagramática não tenha promovido uma melhoria nas estimativas de dano por avaliadores inexperientes, a mesma apresentou elevada precisão na relação entre infestação e níveis de dano.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Malaria is not considered endemic in State of Piauí. METHODS Malaria epidemiology was examined using surveillance data. RESULTS: During 2002-2013, of the 484 cases of malaria, 217 were classified as probably acquired in Piauí, most frequently in the Campo Largo, Buriti dos Lopes, and Luzilândia municipalities, and 267 were considered probably imported, from the States of Pará, Maranhão, Amazonas, Roraima, and Rondônia. Probably-imported cases occurred throughout the year, while 80.2% of the probably-acquired cases occurred in April-August, peaking at the end of the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS Malaria surveillance should be intensified. Further ecoepidemiological and entomological studies are needed.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) liver injury and in the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in a rat model. METHODS: Thirty-six male rats were divided in three groups: Sham; I/R injury, a 45 minutes lobar liver ischemia and reperfusion; and RIPC, six cycles of four minutes of ischemia and four minutes of reperfusion on the right hindlimb followed by a 45 minutes lobar liver ischemia and reperfusion. Tissue and blood samples were collected after 1h and 3h of reperfusion for histopathological study, plasma cytokines and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurement. RESULTS: The histopathological study demonstrated a significant reduction in liver necrosis in the RIPC group (p<0,001). The ALT levels were also significant lower in the RIPC group (p<0.01). The cytokines assessment showed that IL-6 levels were increased in the RIPC group after 1h of reperfusion, in comparison to the I/R group (p<0.05). Interleukin-10 levels in RIPC groups did not differ significantly from I/R group. CONCLUSIONS: Remote ischemic preconditioning is effective in decreasing liver necrosis in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. The IL-6 expression is up-regulated and peaked at 60 min of reperfusion. There was no difference in IL-10 expression between the groups.

Sob uma perspectiva ética, este trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma breve análise das recomendações terapêuticas que, no Brasil, são atualmente propostas para o diagnóstico de intersexualidade em crianças. A vertente explorada é a da “genitália ambígua”, considerada como uma das “anomalias da diferenciação sexual” (ADS). Salvo situações em que, de fato, existe risco de vida para os bebês diagnosticados como intersexo, não se verifica, na literatura internacional, consenso médico e institucional quanto à própria definição do que se denomina intersexo, nem tampouco quanto às recomendações terapêuticas propostas para o caso em questão. Cabe aos pais do incapaz, ou a seus responsáveis legais, a autorização para a realização de tais procedimentos. Dada a irreversibilidade que caracteriza alguns dos citados procedimentos, merecem atenção os relatos de pessoas intersexo que, em sua vida adulta, não reconhecem os benefícios físicos e psicossexuais que justificariam as intervenções sofridas em sua infância e adolescência.

This article takes an ethical approach to briefly analyze current therapeutic guidelines in Brazil for cases diagnosed as “ambiguous genitalia” (one of the “disorders of sexual development”, DSD) in intersex children. Except when there is clear risk to the infant’s life, there is no medical or institutional consensus on the definition of intersex, DSD, or recommended treatment. Parents or guardians of these minors have the legal right to provide consent for genital surgical interventions. The irreversibility of some procedures calls attention to reports by some intersex adults who underwent such interventions during their childhood or adolescence and now fail to acknowledge the physical or psychosocial benefits that were originally claimed to justify them.

Con un enfoque ético, este artículo pretende ofrecer un breve análisis de las propuestas terapéuticas que, en la actualidad en Brasil, son recomendadas para niños diagnosticados por sus “genitales ambiguos” (uno de los “trastornos del desarrollo sexual”, TDS). Salvo en los casos cuando existe un claro riesgo para la vida de los bebés, no hay consenso médico o institucional con respecto a la definición de la intersexualidad, TDS o terapéuticas recomendadas. La incapacidad legal y cognitiva de estos niños autoriza a sus padres o responsables legales la tarea de ofrecer consentimiento para estas medidas terapéuticas médicas no reversibles. A pesar de que la promesa médica para justificar las intervenciones quirúrgicas en estos niños es lograr resultados positivos, algunas narrativas de personas intersexuales adultas no las reconocen de esta forma. Para estas personas, el sufrimiento físico y psicosexual que ellos viven en el presente no justificaría las intervenciones quirúrgicas que ellos han sufrido en su niñez y su adolescencia.

Sob uma perspectiva ética, este trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma breve análise das recomendações terapêuticas que, no Brasil, são atualmente propostas para o diagnóstico de intersexualidade em crianças. A vertente explorada é a da “genitália ambígua”, considerada como uma das “anomalias da diferenciação sexual” (ADS). Salvo situações em que, de fato, existe risco de vida para os bebês diagnosticados como intersexo, não se verifica, na literatura internacional, consenso médico e institucional quanto à própria definição do que se denomina intersexo, nem tampouco quanto às recomendações terapêuticas propostas para o caso em questão. Cabe aos pais do incapaz, ou a seus responsáveis legais, a autorização para a realização de tais procedimentos. Dada a irreversibilidade que caracteriza alguns dos citados procedimentos, merecem atenção os relatos de pessoas intersexo que, em sua vida adulta, não reconhecem os benefícios físicos e psicossexuais que justificariam as intervenções sofridas em sua infância e adolescência.

This article takes an ethical approach to briefly analyze current therapeutic guidelines in Brazil for cases diagnosed as “ambiguous genitalia” (one of the “disorders of sexual development”, DSD) in intersex children. Except when there is clear risk to the infant’s life, there is no medical or institutional consensus on the definition of intersex, DSD, or recommended treatment. Parents or guardians of these minors have the legal right to provide consent for genital surgical interventions. The irreversibility of some procedures calls attention to reports by some intersex adults who underwent such interventions during their childhood or adolescence and now fail to acknowledge the physical or psychosocial benefits that were originally claimed to justify them.

Con un enfoque ético, este artículo pretende ofrecer un breve análisis de las propuestas terapéuticas que, en la actualidad en Brasil, son recomendadas para niños diagnosticados por sus “genitales ambiguos” (uno de los “trastornos del desarrollo sexual”, TDS). Salvo en los casos cuando existe un claro riesgo para la vida de los bebés, no hay consenso médico o institucional con respecto a la definición de la intersexualidad, TDS o terapéuticas recomendadas. La incapacidad legal y cognitiva de estos niños autoriza a sus padres o responsables legales la tarea de ofrecer consentimiento para estas medidas terapéuticas médicas no reversibles. A pesar de que la promesa médica para justificar las intervenciones quirúrgicas en estos niños es lograr resultados positivos, algunas narrativas de personas intersexuales adultas no las reconocen de esta forma. Para estas personas, el sufrimiento físico y psicosexual que ellos viven en el presente no justificaría las intervenciones quirúrgicas que ellos han sufrido en su niñez y su adolescencia.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a S(+) cetamina em relação à morfina associada à ropivacaína por via peridural torácica em operações de mastectomia. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 26 pacientes com idade entre 18 e 70 anos submetidas à mastectomia, divididas em dois grupos de igual tamanho. As pacientes do Grupo M (morfina) receberam 12 mL de ropivacaína a 0,75% associadas a 2 mg de morfina sem conservantes, e as pacientes do Grupo C (cetamina) receberam 12 mL de ropivacaína a 0,75% associadas a 50 mg de S(+) cetamina sem conservantes. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, a necessidade de vasopressores, os fármacos para sedação, a escala analógica visual de dor nas primeiras 24 horas, consumo de analgésicos e de antieméticos e a incidência de náuseas e vômitos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a dados demográficos, níveis de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, quantidade de anestésico local utilizado ou necessidade de vasopressores. O GC demandou maior uso de midazolam para controle da sedação (p = 0,0005). Este grupo apresentou menores escores de dor ao serem avaliados na alta da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (p = 0,0018), após 12 horas do procedimento (p = 0,0001) e após 24 horas (p = 0,0094). O grupo morfina apresentou maiores escores de dor na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, após 12 e 24 horas, demandando maior uso de analgésicos no pós-operatório (dipirona, p = 0,0009) assim como antieméticos (metoclopramida, p = 0,0032). CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que a S(+) cetamina na dose avaliada foi segura e eficaz do ponto de vista hemodinâmico, apresentando melhor desempenho no controle de dor pós-operatória, gerando menor consumo de analgésicos, assim como menor incidência de náuseas e vômitos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at comparing epidural thoracic S(+) ketamine and morphine, both associated to ropivacaine, for mastectomy procedures. METHODS: This is a prospective study with 26 patients aged between 18 and 70 years, submitted to mastectomy, who were divided into two equal groups. Group M (morphine) patients have received 12 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine associated to 2 mg preservative-free morphine; Group K (ketamine) patients have received 12 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine associated to 50 mg of preservative-free S(+) ketamine. We have evaluated hemodynamic parameters, need for vasopressors, drugs for sedation, pain visual analog scale in the first 24 hours, analgesic and antiemetic consumption, and incidence of nausea and vomiting. RESULTS: There has been no statistical difference between groups in demographics, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, amount of local anesthetics or need for vasopressors. The ketamine group has demanded more midazolam to control sedation (p = 0.0005). This group had lower pain scores at post-anesthetic care unit discharge (p = 0.0018), 12 hours after procedure (p = 0.0001) and 24 hours later (p = 0.0094). The morphine group had higher pain scores at post-anesthetic care unit, 12 and 24 postoperative hours, and has demanded more postoperative analgesics (dipirone, p = 0.0009) and antiemetics (metoclopramide, p = 0.0032). CONCLUSION: It has been observed that S(+) ketamine in the evaluated dose was hemodynamically safe and effective, with better performance to control postoperative pain, generating less analgesic consumption as well as lower incidence of nausea and vomiting.

Residual stresses in a welded joint of ASTM A131 grade AH32 steel was measured either by the X-ray diffraction or by displacements of referenced points measured on a coordinate measuring machine before and after heat treatment. For all tests, the welding was performed with Shielded Metal Arc Welding, vertical-up position, by a certified welder. After welding, some specimens were subjected to marking, made through small holes evenly spaced and mapped on a coordinate measuring machine. After labeling, the samples were subjected to heat treatment at temperatures nearby recrystallization. After heat treatment, the samples were subjected to new measurements by coordinate measuring machine to evaluate the displacements of the points produced by the recrystallization. In parallel, residual stress measurements were made by XRD for validation of this new methodology. The results obtained either by X-ray or by coordinate measuring machine showed a good correlation between the two measurement methodologies employed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rentabilidade do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), em comparação ao cultivo de cereais de inverno e de plantas de cobertura para o plantio direto de soja e milho no verão. Foram comparados dados simulados de sistema agrícola tradicional com produção de grãos de milho e soja, no verão, e cultivo de trigo e plantas de cobertura do solo, no inverno; e dados de um trabalho publicado em que foram avaliadas combinações de pastagens (diversificadas ou puras) e categorias de animais (leves ou pesados), com produção de grãos de milho e soja, no verão, e pastejo no inverno. A análise econômica foi realizada com base nos resultados experimentais e simulada para uma propriedade de 100 ha. A ILP com recria de novilhas leiteiras em pastagens anuais de inverno, em substituição ao sistema convencional com cultivo de cereais de inverno e plantas de cobertura de solo para o plantio direto, é a alternativa mais rentável aos produtores.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the profitability of the integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system in comparison to the cultivation of winter cereals and cover crops for soybean and maize cropped under no-tillage in the summer. The following were compared: simulated data from a conventional agricultural system with production of maize and soybean grains in the summer and cultivation of wheat and ground cover plants in the winter; and data from a published work in which combinations of pastures (diversified or pure) and animal categories (light or heavy) were evaluated in a system with the production of maize and soybean in the summer and grazing during the winter. Economic analysis was carried out based on previous experimental results and simulated for a 100-ha property. ICL with rearing of dairy heifers in winter annual grazing, as a replacement to winter cereal crops and ground cover crops for no-tillage, is the most profitable alternative for producers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de grãos da cultivar de trigo de duplo propósito BRS 176 e o ganho de peso de bovinos, em função de períodos de pastejo, tendo-se considerado a intensidade de pastejo. O experimento foi realizado em Castro, PR, em Cambissolo Háplico, de maio a novembro de 2004. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro períodos de pastejo: T-0, zero dia; T-15, 15 dias; T-30, 30 dias; e T-45, 45 dias. Foram utilizados novilhos com 260 kg de peso vivo, em pastoreio contínuo, com lotação variável e oferta diária de forragem de 8% do peso vivo animal. A produtividade de grãos foi de 3.999, 4.154, 3.210 e 1.588 kg ha-1 para T-0, T-15, T-30 e T-45, respectivamente, e o ganho em peso vivo de 0, 181, 351 e 459 kg ha-1. A cultivar BRS 176 apresenta alto potencial de produção de grãos sob pastejo e suporta bem a desfolha. O pastejo da cultivar BRS 176 proporciona elevado ganho de peso vivo médio diário de bovinos, e o ganho de peso por hectare aumenta linearmente com o aumento no período de pastejo.

The objective of this work was to assess yield of double purpose wheat cultivar BRS 176 and cattle weight gain according to grazing periods, taking into account grazing intensity. The experiment was carried out in Castro, Paraná State, Brazil, in an Inceptisol, from May to November 2004. A completely randomized block design, with three replicates, was used. The treatments consisted of four grazing periods: T-0, zero day; T-15, 15 days; T-30, 30 days; and T-45, 45 days. Steers with 260 kg live weight were evaluated under continuous grazing, with variable stocking and daily forage allowance of 8% animal live weight. Grain yield was 3,999, 4,154, 3,210, and 1,588 kg ha-1 for T-0, T-15, T-30, and T-45, respectively, and animal weight gain was 0, 181, 351, and 459 kg ha-1. Cultivar BRS 176 has high grain yield potential under grazing and copes well with defoliation. Grazing on cultivar BRS 176 increases cattle average daily weight gain, and weight gain per hectare increases linearly with the increase in the grazing period.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a rentabilidade da produção de leite no sistema de produção integração lavoura-pecuária, foi conduzido um experimento, no período de julho de 2004 a abril de 2005, em Castro, Paraná. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e três repetições, com os tratamentos correspondendo a diferentes níveis de suplementação. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1 - pastagem + 20% de suplementação, com Dieta Total Misturada (DTM), suficiente para mantença e produção de 28 litros vaca-1dia-1; 2 - pastagem + 45% de suplementação; 3 - pastagem + 65% de suplementação; e 4 - pastagem + 100% de suplementação. A área experimental utilizada foi de 32,40ha, com 22,4ha no inverno, implantada com o consórcio azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) e aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.), dividida em 12 piquetes. No verão foi utilizada área de 10,0ha, com Quicuio (Pennisetum clandestinum), dividida também em 12 piquetes. Em cada repetição, foram utilizados quatro animais "testers", sendo três vacas da raça HPB e uma da raça Jérsei. O sistema de pastejo adotado foi o de lotação contínua, com carga variável. Foram utilizados animais reguladores para controlar a altura do pasto, mantida em torno de 20cm. Foram avaliadas, duas vezes por semana, a produção individual de leite das vacas, e a cada duas semanas a percentagem de gordura, a percentagem de proteína e a contagem de células somáticas no leite. A análise econômica foi realizada utilizando a metodologia proposta pelo Sistema de Acompanhamento do Custo de Produção de Leite no Paraná - FAEP. O tratamento 1, com 20% de suplementação, apresentou o melhor resultado econômico, com custo operacional total de R$ 0,4635 litro-1, e margem líquida de R$ 0,13 litro-1.

Aiming to evaluate the profitability of milk production under an integrated dairy-crop system, on experiment was carried out at a commercial farm, of Paraná State, from July 2004 up to April 2005. A completely randomized block design, with four treatments, corresponding to different supplementation levels, with three replicates was applied. Treatments were pastures supplemented with 20%, 45%, 65% and 100% of supplementation (total diet calculated to give maintenance and milk production of 28kg/cow per day). The experimental area contained 32.4 hectares, being 22.4 hectares used during winter, composed of a mixture of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), divided into twelve paddocks. During summer an area of 10 hectares was used, with Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) also divided in 12 paddocks. Three Holstein and one Jersey cows were used in each experimental unit as testers animals. The grazing system was continuous, with variable stocking. Put-and-take animals were used to control ward height, maintained around 20cm. Individual milk production was evaluated twice a week and percentage of fat, protein and somatic cell count were evaluated weekly. The economic analysis was proceeded using the methodology proposed by the Milk Cost Follow Up System of Paraná State. During the evaluation period, treatment 1 with 20% of supplementation showed the best results, with a total operational cost of R$ 0.4635 liter-1 and net income of R$ 0.13 liter-1.