Abstract The intervention analysis concerns time series and the objective was to quantify the impact of each intervention on the percentage variation of the national consumer price index. For the period january 2002-june 2020, the effects were estimated using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using SAS® software. The results indicate changes in the level of the series caused by the economic crisis, increases in energy and gasoline prices during march 2008, january 2010 and january 2017; in addition, a downward additive effect in april 2020 due to the health contingency.

Resumen El análisis de intervención concierne a series de tiempo. El objetivo fue cuantificar el impacto de cada intervención sobre la variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor (VPINPC), para el periodo enero 2002-junio 2020. Los efectos se estimaron mediante un modelo estacional autorregresivo integrado de media móvil (SARIMA), con el software SAS. Los resultados indican cambios en el nivel de la serie provocados por crisis económica, aumentos en precios de energéticos y gasolinas, dándose en periodos marcados, como: marzo 2008, enero 2010 y enero 2017, asimismo, un efecto aditivo descendente en abril 2020, debido a la contingencia sanitaria.

Abstract: Rey Don Felipe promised to be the southernmost city in the world at the end of the 16th century. In the present work, we intend to delve in its history from a perspective that has been little explored to date. Specifically, we aim to analyze the interactions, encounters, and disagreements between the Spanish settlers and the local populations. The presence and actions of these populations have remained invisible due to the overwhelming emphasis on the narrative of the epic deed in the historiography of the settlement. To conduct our research, we rely on published sources, recent editions that have enriched our knowledge about Rey Don Felipe, as well as archaeological and historical studies. Additionally, we utilize unpublished documentation from the General Archive of the Indies. Our focus will be on addressing the invisible presence of the populations of the Strait, with particular attention given to three key moments in the colonization project: the first contact, the preparation of the Armada in Spain, and the frustrated settlement.

Resumen: Rey Don Felipe prometía ser la ciudad más austral del mundo a fines del siglo XVI. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos ahondar en su historia desde una perspectiva poco explorada a la fecha, a entender; el análisis de la interacción, los encuentros y desencuentros que los colonos hispanos tuvieron con las poblaciones locales, cuya presencia y acciones han quedado invisibilizadas por el enorme peso que la narrativa de la gesta épica ha tenido en la historiografía sobre el asentamiento. En nuestro trabajo nos basamos en fuentes ya publicadas, en las nuevas ediciones que en el último tiempo han enriquecido nuestro conocimiento sobre Rey Don Felipe, en recientes estudios arqueológicos e históricos y en documentación inédita del Archivo General de Indias. Abordaremos la presencia invisible de las poblaciones del Estrecho centrándonos en tres momentos claves del proyecto colonizador: el primer contacto, la preparación de la Armada en España y el frustrado poblamiento.

Resumen Introducción. Desarrollar nuevas opciones comerciales puede generar beneficios al mercado de carne de conejo. Objetivo. Evaluar características sensoriales, fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas de dos preparaciones marinadas de carne cunícola en mostaza y vino blanco con especias. Materiales y métodos. La investigación, realizada en Costa Rica en 2016, implicó un estudio de almacenamiento en refrigeración, con dos productos marinados de carne cunícola: con mostaza y con vino con especias. Se evaluó un recuento total de psicrótrofos anaerobios, rendimiento, color, pH, textura y el agrado sensorial con cien consumidores. Resultados. No existieron diferencias (p>0,05) en el rendimiento. Se obtuvieron valores de pH más bajos que los reportados en carne fresca de conejo para la preparación con vino, que tuvo cargas de psicrótrofos anaerobios menores (p>0,05), lo cual le dio mayor estabilidad y permitió almacenarla hasta veintiocho días sin sobrepasar 106 UFC/g. Se obtuvo un L* alto para ambas preparaciones. En todos los parámetros de color existieron diferencias significativas según el método de preparación (p<0,05) y para L*, b* y C, existió una interacción entre los factores tiempo y marinado. La textura no mostró diferencias (p>0,05) según el marinado, pero sí entre este método y el tiempo para la fuerza de corte, dureza, masticabilidad y elasticidad. La preparación no afectó los parámetros de textura con respecto al conejo sin marinar. Ambas preparaciones tuvieron una buena aceptación sensorial. Conclusión. Los procesos de marinado con mostaza y vino con especias, generaron productos con elevada aceptación sensorial y con características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas deseables.

Abstract Introduction. Developing new commercial options can bring benefits to the rabbit meat market. Objective. To evaluate the sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of two marinated rabbit meat preparations in mustard and white wine with spices. Materials and methods. The research, conducted in Costa Rica in 2016, involved a refrigeration storage study with two marinated rabbit meat products: one with mustard and the other with wine and spices. A total count of anaerobic psychotrophs, yield, color, pH, texture, and sensory satisfaction was evaluated with a panel of 100 consumers. Results. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in yield. Lower pH values were obtained than those reported in fresh rabbit meat for the wine preparation, which had lower counts of anaerobic psychotrophs (p>0.05), proving greater stability and allowing storage for up to 28 days without exceeding 106 CFU/g. A high L* value was obtained for both preparations. Significant differences were found in all color parameters according to the preparation method (p<0.05), and for L*, b*, and C, there was an interaction between the factors of time and marination. The texture did not show differences (p>0.05) based on the marination, but there were differences between this method and time for shear force, hardness, chewiness, and elasticity. The preparation did not affect the texture parameters compared to non-marinated rabbit meat. Both preparations had good sensory acceptance. Conclusion. The marinating processes with mustard and wine with spices generated products with high sensory acceptance and desirable physicochemical and microbiological characteristics.

Resumo Objetivo. O estudo investiga a situação atual da pesquisa educacional na Colômbia, com base nas tendências de pesquisa que emergem dos processos desenvolvidos por universidades, grupos e linhas de pesquisa no país. Metodologia. O desenho metodológico responde a uma análise de conteúdo descritiva, assente na abordagem da complementaridade, que constitui uma abordagem qualitativa orientada para a compreensão holística das realidades culturais, baseada na análise de múltiplas fontes de informação. Conclusões . a pesquisa mostra que, apesar da multiplicidade de processos investigativos nas ciências da educação, a Colômbia ainda não consolidou uma estrutura de pesquisa que permita inter-relacionar a geração de conhecimento disciplinar, interdisciplinar ou transdisciplinar para promover a qualidade educacional e a mudança social no território nacional.

Resumen Objetivo. El estudio indaga la situación actual de la investigación educativa en Colombia, a partir de las tendencias investigativas que emergen de los procesos desarrollados por las universidades, los grupos y las líneas de investigación en el país. Metodología. El diseño metodológico responde a un análisis de contenido, orientado desde el enfoque de complementariedad, el cual busca el abordaje holístico de las realidades culturales. Resultados. La investigación muestra que, a pesar de la multiplicidad de procesos investigativos en ciencias de la educación, Colombia aún no ha consolidado una estructura investigativa que permita interrelacionar la generación de saber disciplinar, interdisciplinar o transdisciplinar para promover la calidad educativa y el cambio social en el territorio nacional.

Abstract Purpose. The study investigates the current situation of educational research in Colombia, based on the research trends that emerge from the processes developed by universities, groups and lines of research in the country. Method. The methodological design responds to a descriptive content analysis, based on the complementarity perspective, which constitutes a qualitative approach aimed at the holistic understanding of complex cultural realities, based on the analysis of multiple sources of information. Results. The research shows that, despite the multiplicity of research processes in educational sciences, Colombia has not yet consolidated a research structure that enables the generation of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary knowledge to promote educational quality and social change in the national territory.

Abstract: Objectives: To characterize the COVID-19 disease profile in Chilean children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and to evaluate risk factors associated with severe COVID-19. Patients and Method: A multicenter prospective cohort study with patients 0-18 years of age with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in PICU. Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and therapeutic variables were recorded. We compared ”mild/moderate COVID-19” with ’’severe COVID-19” using median with interquartile range (IQR), Mann-Whitney U test, two-tailed Fisher’s test, and forward binary multivariate analysis to adjust variables for “severe COVID-19”. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 16 PICUs, 219 patients were recruited, 55.3% were male, with a median age of 86 months (IQR: 13.5-156). The most frequent comorbidities were obesity and respiratory diseases. Overall mortality was 3.6%. “Severe COVID-19” (26.5%) showed more leukopenia, lymphopenia, increased inflammatory parameters, and altered organ function (p < 0.05). It also developed more sepsis/shock, ARDS, and organ dysfunction, requiring more hemodynamic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, and antibiotic therapy, with a longer stay in the PICU/hospital (p < 0.05), and 13.8% of mortality. Risk factors associated with “severe COVID-19” were shock on admission to the PICU [aOR 28.44 (95%CI 10.45-77.4)], obesity [aOR 3.55 (95%CI 1.3-9.6)], consolidation [aOR 3.1 (95%CI 1.1 -8.7)], atelectasis [aOR: 8.7 (95%CI 1.17-64.3)], stress dose of corticosteroids [aOR 7.7 (95%CI 1.9-30.6)], early antibiotic therapy [aOR: 12.02 (95%CI 1.11-130.02)], acquired/congenital immunodeficiency [aOR: 19.2 (95%CI: 1.19-321)], and oncological pathology [aOR 10.7 (95%CI 2.14-47.8)]. Conclusion: In this Chilean pediatric cohort, most patients with COVID-19 admitted to de PICU were male, of school age, with associated comorbidity. Risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 were the presence of comorbidities such as acquired/congenital immunodeficiency, oncological pathology, and obesity, in addition to shock on admission and consolidations on X-rays.

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de COVID-19 en niños chilenos hospitalizados en unidades de paciente crítico pediátrico (UPCP) y evaluar factores de riesgo para COVID-19 severo. Pacientes y Método: Estudio multicéntrico cohorte prospectivo, pacientes 0-18 años con SARS-CoV-2 confirmado hospitalizados en UPCP. Se registraron variables clínicas, laboratorio, imagenológicas y terapéuticas. Se comparó “COVID-19 leve/moderado” versus “COVID-19 severo” utilizando mediana con rango intercuartil (RIC), test U Mann-Whitney, Test Fisher de dos colas y análisis multivariado binario forward para ajuste de variables para “COVID-19 severo”. Significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 219 pacientes, 55,3% hombres, mediana edad 86 meses (RIC: 13,5-156). Comorbilidades principales: obesidad, enfermedades respiratorias. Mortalidad global: 3,6%. “COVID-19 severo” (26,5%) mostró más leucopenia, linfopenia, más inflamación y alteración de órganos (p < 0,05). También desarrolló más Sepsis/shock, SDRA y disfunción de órganos, requirió más terapia hemodinámica, antiinflamatoria, anticoagulación, antibioterapia, con mayor estadía en UPCP/hospitalaria (p < 0,05) y mortalidad de 13,8%. Factores de riesgo asociados a “COVID-19 severo”: shock al ingreso (aOR 28,44 [IC95%: 10,45-77,4]), obesidad (aOR 3,55 [IC95%: 1,3-9,6]), condensación (aOR 3,1 [IC95%: 1,1-8,7]), atelectasia (aOR: 8.7 [IC95%: 1,17-64,3]), corticoides dosis de estrés (aOR 7,7 [IC95%: 1,9-30,6]), antibioterapia precoz (aOR: 12,02 [IC95%: 1,11-130,02]), inmunodeficiencia adquirida/ congénita (aOR: 19,2 [IC95%: 1,19-321]) y patología oncológica (aOR: 10,7 [IC95%: 2,14-47,8]). Conclusión: En esta cohorte pediátrica chilena, el perfil de paciente que ingresó a UPCP fue de sexo masculino en edad escolar con comorbilidad asociada. Factores de riesgo asociados a COVID-19 severo fueron: presencia de comorbilidades (inmunodeficiencia adquirida/congénita, patología oncológica y obesidad), shock al ingreso y condensaciones en las imágenes radiológicas.

Resumen Los mecanismos de Fusarium oxysporum relacionados con la degradación de componentes estructurales de la raíz, como el xilano, son muy importantes, dado que la colonización de este órgano es pieza clave en el establecimiento de la enfermedad. El presente estudio se enfocó en detectar el gen codificante para la enzima xilanasa xyl3 en cepas de F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae y buscar homólogos a este gen en secuencias de otras formae speciales y especies del género Fusarium, con el fin de determinar las relaciones filogenéticas entre las xilanasas dentro del complejo de especies F. oxysporum, así como, buscar evidencia de selección natural en el año 2020. Los resultados indicaron que, de las nueve cepas evaluadas, solo tres tuvieron una copia del gen xyl3. La filogenia mostró ocho clados, donde el clado 3 fue consistente con la clasificación de xyl3, mientras que los otros tipos de xilanasas quedaron agrupados en el clado 2. La prueba de selección natural no mostró evidencia de selección positiva dentro de la filogenia, lo que sugiere que la mutación neutral es la responsable de la diversidad en el gen xilanasa entre el complejo de especies F. oxysporum, lo que lleva a proponer que el gen no parece haber cambiado con la colonización de nuevos hospedantes.

Abstract The mechanisms of Fusarium oxysporum related to the degradation of structural components of the root, such as xylan, are very important since the colonization of this organ is a key piece in the establishment of the disease. The present study focused on detecting the gene coding for the xylanase xyl3 enzyme in strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae and searching for homologues to this gene in sequences of other formae speciales and species of the Fusarium genus, in order to determine the phylogenetic relationships between xylanases within the F. oxysporum species complex, as well as to search for evidence of natural selection. The results indicated that, of the nine strains evaluated, only three had a copy of the xyl3 gene. The phylogeny showed eight clades, where clade 3 was consistent with the classification of xyl3, while the other types of xylanases were grouped in clade 2. The natural selection test showed no evidence of positive selection within the phylogeny, suggesting that the neutral mutation is responsible for the diversity in the xylanase gene among the F. oxysporum species complex, leading to the proposal that the gene does not appear to have changed with colonization of new hosts.

Resumen Antecedentes: En los pseudoaneurismas infectados de arteria femoral asociados al uso de drogas intravenosas, la ligadura primaria para el tratamiento causa controversia, sin embargo, el territorio comprometido puede continuar irrigado por vías colaterales. Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia del manejo de pseudoaneurismas en un servicio de angiología y cirugía vascular. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Se reportan 15 pacientes, relación hombre: mujer 14:1, promedio de edad de 42 años. Siete (46.6%) con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral izquierdo, 5 (33.3%) de ellos con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral derecho, 2 (13.3%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral derecho y uno (6.6%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral izquierdo. En 12 se realizó exclusión del pseudoaneurisma con triple ligadura; y 3 pacientes fueron sometidos a revascularización. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, la ligadura primaria sin revascularización tuvo incidencia de amputación baja y supervivencia alta de los pacientes afectados, siendo la claudicación la secuela más frecuente.

Abstract Background: In intravenous drug-infected femoral pseudoaneurysms, primary ligation for treatment is controversial, but the compromised territory can remain irrigated by collateral routes. Objective: To report the experience in the management of pseudoaneurysms in our angiology and vascular surgery service. Methods: Observational, descriptive study of a series of cases. Results: 15 patients are reported, male: female ratio 14:1, average age 42 years. Seven (46.6%) presented with a left femoral pseudoaneurysm, 5 (33.3%) presented with a right femoral pseudoaneurysm, 2 (13.3%) with a right brachial pseudoaneurysm, and one (6.6%) with a left brachial pseudoaneurysm. In 12, exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm was performed with triple ligation; 3 patients underwent revascularization. Conclusions: In our experience the primary ligature without revascularization has a low incidence of amputation and high survival of affected patients, being claudication the most frequent sequel.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación clínica de vacunas anti-COVID-19 en edades pediátricas, es un desafío en tiempos de pandemia; responde a la urgencia de muestras representativas que contribuyan a la reproducibilidad del estudio en la población real. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los adolescentes participantes del ensayo clínico con la vacuna anti-COVID-19 Abdala, evaluar el cumplimiento del esquema de vacunación y estimar si son representativos de este grupo poblacional. Métodos: Se utilizaron los datos de un ensayo fase II, monocéntrico, no controlado con la vacuna Abdala. Se incluyeron 703 sujetos; 207 (29,4 %) fueron adolescentes de entre 12 y 18 años, aparentemente sanos o con enfermedades crónicas controladas, valoración nutricional entre 10 y 90 percentil y voluntariedad para participar. Se estudiaron datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes patológicos personales, hábitos tóxicos y cumplimiento del esquema de vacunación. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 15 años, predominó el sexo femenino (51,7 %), el color de la piel blanca (55,6 %) y la valoración nutricional por encima del 75 hasta el 90 percentil (40,6 %). El 9,6 % tuvo hábitos tóxicos como hábito de fumar e ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas. El 51,2 % presentó algún antecedente patológico personal, con mayor prevalencia para asma bronquial, rinitis y otras alergias. El 95,8 % cumplió con el esquema de vacunación. Conclusiones: Las características sociodemográficas, los antecedentes patológicos personales y hábitos tóxicos descritos en los adolescentes del estudio son representativos para este grupo poblacional de Cuba. Se alcanzó un óptimo cumplimiento del esquema de vacunación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The clinical evaluation of anti-COVID-19 vaccines in pediatric population, is a challenge in times of pandemic, to respond to the urgency of representative samples that contribute to the reproducibility of the study in the real population. Objective: To characterize the adolescents participating in the clinical trial with the Abdala anti-COVID-19 vaccine, to evaluate compliance with the vaccination schedule and to estimate whether they are representative of this population group. Methods: Data from a phase II trial with Abdala vaccine were used. A total of 703 subjects were included, 207 (29.4 %) of them were adolescents, between 12 and 18 years of age, with apparently healthy or controlled chronic diseases, nutritional assessment between 10 and 90 percentiles, and willingness to participate in the study. Sociodemographic data, personal pathological history, toxic habits and compliance with the vaccination scheme of 3 doses every 14 days were the variables studied. Results: The average age was 15 years, it was predominant female sex (51.7 %), white skin color (55.6 %) and nutritional assessment above 75 to 90 percentiles (40.6 %). The 9.6 % had toxic habits such as smoking and ingestion of alcoholic beverages. Some personal pathological history was in 51.2 % with a higher prevalence for bronchial asthma, rhinitis and other allergies. The vaccination scheme was fulfilled for 95.8 % of individuals. Conclusions: Sociodemographic characteristics, pathological history and toxic habits described for adolescents on the study are representative for this population group in Cuba. The vaccination schedule had an optimal compliance.

ABSTRACT Various studies have evaluated the use of electronic devices to automatically record the grazing behavior of dairy cows. Linking individual grazing behavior of dairy cows with the modifications in grazing behavior across the grazing session through the use of automatically registered indicators, would allow the development of decision-making tools in grazing management. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of the activity level (AL) recorded with an accelerometer during the grazing-down process of a pasture grazed by dairy cows as a possible criterion for decision-making related to grazing management. A completely randomized design was used to evaluate the AL of dairy cows in two contrasting pasture-based dairy production systems: A pasture-based system with high concentrate supplementation level and high herbage mass (HM), using high-yielding dairy cows (GRAZSUP), and a pasture-based system with minimal concentrate supplementation level and medium HM, using Holstein New Zealand strain (GRAZ). Pre-grazing HM was higher in GRAZSUP than in GRAZ (+750 kg DM ha-1), while forage removed was higher in GRAZ than in GRAZSUP (+1.9 kg DM cow-1 d-1). Although the production system influenced the characteristics of the pasture and the ingestive behavior of the dairy cows, when AL was evaluated as the proportion of the initial AL recorded at a time-point of the grazing-down process, there were no differences in each of the times evaluated. In conclusion, AL of grazing dairy cows was significantly affected during the grazing-down process, reflecting the modifications in grazing behavior across grazing session.

ABSTRACT The conservation of forage as silage allows its application during the dry season in dairy cattle feeding. The most commonly used forage for this purpose is maize (Zea mays L.), but due to the possible effects of climate change, the diversification of crops with shorter agronomic cycles as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should be considered. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the chemical composition of silages, the productive response of dairy cows fed wheat and maize silage, as well as their feeding costs. Three treatments were evaluated with 9.8 kg DM cow-1 d-1 silage plus 4.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 commercial concentrate each. Treatments were 100% wheat silage (WS), 50% wheat silage-50% maize silage (WMS), and 100% maize silage (MS). Six Holstein cows were used in groups of three randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 3×3 Latin square design repeated twice. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments in silage chemical composition, except in NDF and ADF (P > 0.05). There were nonsignificant differences in animal variables (P > 0.05) with mean milk yield of 15.4 kg cow-1 d-1, 33.7 g kg-1 milkfat, 30.5 g kg-1 milk protein, 481.2 kg live weight and 2.1 body condition score. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in silage and total DM intake in the third experimental period (three periods, 14 d each one) with 8.1 and 12.7 kg DM cow-1 d-1, respectively. Although cost for wheat silage were higher than maize silage, all three treatments showed positive margins on feeding costs.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar ensilado de Tithonia tubiformis con diferentes aditivos para determinar composición química, parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de producción de gas in vitro. Se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas (floración y reproductiva) y tres tratamientos de aditivos; control (CTR), melaza (MLZ) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), mediante un diseño experimental factorial 3x2. Las variables evaluadas fueron materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), energía metabolizable estimada (eEM), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), MO (DIVMO) y de la FDN (DIVFDN) y producción de gas in vitro. Se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en las variables de composición química, digestibilidad in vitro, eEM y parámetros de cinética de fermentación entre tratamientos a excepción de FDA, DIVFDN, C1, B, C2 y lag, para etapas fenológicas se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en todas las variables a excepción de FDN, FDA, A y C1.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Tithonia tubiformis silage with different additives to determine its chemical composition, ruminal fer mentation parameters and in vitro gas production, two phenological stages (flowering and reproductive) and three additive treatments for the silages were evaluated; control (CTR), molasses (MLZ) and lactic acid bacteria (BAL), through an analysis of variance with a 3x2 factorial experimental design. The variables evaluated were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), estimated metabolizable energy (eEM), in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), MO (IVDOM) and NDF (IVDNDF), as well as in vitro gas production. Differences (P < 0.05) were found in the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, eEM and parameters of fermentation kinetics variables between treatments, except for ADF, IVNDF, C1, B, C2 and lag, regarding phenological stages there were differences (P < 0.05) in all variables except for NDF, ADF, A and C1.

Abstract: The arrival of Joint-Stock Companies for Professional Sports (SADP) to sports clubs inaugurates the neoliberal modernization of Chilean football. This business model redefined the role of supports and partners, starting from the market and the show. Based on the experience of Colo-Colo and Universidad de Chile, this article analyzes the conflict between partners and supports against the SADP on the reconfiguration of social participation, in the soccer field, during the process of deepening neoliberalism in Chile. Through oral history and the analysis of State policies, it is suggested that the process of neoliberalization of football, on the one hand, constrained the participation tools that exist in a sports club, and on the other, produced a response from fans and partners who articulated new projects to strengthen the social fabric in their institutions, redefine the socio-political limits of a club and dispute spaces of power with the SADP.

Resumen: La llegada de Sociedades Anónimas del Deporte Profesional (SADP) a los clubes deportivos inaugura la modernización neoliberal del fútbol chileno. Este modelo empresarial redefinió el papel de hinchas y socios a partir del mercado y el espectáculo. En base a la experiencia de Colo-Colo y Universidad de Chile, este artículo analiza el conflicto de socios e hinchas contra las SADP sobre la reconfiguración de la participación social, en el campo del fútbol, durante el proceso de profundización del neoliberalismo en Chile. A través de la historia oral y el análisis de las políticas del Estado, se plantea que el proceso de neoliberalización del fútbol, por un lado, constriñó las herramientas de participación que existen en un club deportivo y, por otro, produjo una respuesta de hinchas y socios que articularon nuevos proyectos para fortalecer el tejido social en sus instituciones, redefinir los límites sociopolíticos de un club y disputar espacios de poder con las SADP.

Among some of the main concerns of the ports is the generation and maintenance of the depth of the docking sites, which require dredging operations. The dumping of the removed sediment is not a trivial task, in relation to the effects it may cause to the marine biota. For this reason, locating the dumping site requires avoiding the most biologically active spots. The choice of the optimal site in this situation was converted into a multivariable analysis that was solved using the Montecarlo method, to obtain a more complete answer. In this study, a dredging procedure has been proposed that considers the removal of the sediment by means of an excavator and the offshore dumping using one or two hoppers, depending on the case analyzed. This problem was solved in three ports in the Region of Valparaíso in Chile, namely, port of Ventanas, Valparaíso and San Antonio, which allowed the evaluation of the results for diverse spatial features. The results of this study determined that the application of an additional hopper allows to reduce the risk in the procedure in a relevant magnitude. On the other hand, due to the spatial variability of the biological activity, the selection of the dumping point was simpler, reducing the uncertainty of the procedure, as estimated for the port of San Antonio.

Entre algunas de las principales preocupaciones de los puertos se encuentra la generación y mantenimiento del calado de los sitios de atraque, los cuales requieren operaciones de dragado. El vertimiento del sedimento retirado no resulta ser una labor trivial, en relación a los efectos que pueda causar a la biota marina. Por esta razón, la localización del sitio de vertimiento requiere evitar los sectores más activos biológicamente. La elección del sitio óptimo en esta situación se convirtió en un análisis multivariable que se solucionó mediante el método Montecarlo, con el fin de obtener una respuesta más completa. En este estudio se ha propuesto un procedimiento de dragado que considera el retiro del sedimento mediante una excavadora y el traslado hacia el punto de vertimiento utilizando uno o dos gánguiles, dependiendo del caso analizado. La resolución de este problema se llevó a cabo en tres puertos localizados en la región de Valparaíso, Puerto de Ventanas, Puerto de Valparaíso y Puerto de San Antonio, que permitieron la evaluación de resultados bajo distintas características espaciales. Frente a los resultados encontrados se determinó que la aplicación de un gánguil adicional permite disminuir el riesgo en el procedimiento en una magnitud relevante. Por otro lado, a causa de la variabilidad espacial de la actividad biológica, fue más simple la selección del punto de vertimiento en ciertas locaciones, reduciendo la incertidumbre del procedimiento, como se estimó para el puerto de San Antonio.