Abstract During the office of Luis Mier y Terán, the public spaces of Oaxaca City began to be populated by sculptures representing local heroes. The figure of Benito Juárez García was the first to be eternalized in bronze. The aim of this paper is to investigate the political moment in 1885 when the sculpture was made by Miguel Noreña, the symbols found in the pedestal, the place the sculpture occupied as part of the public space in the Oaxacan capital, the controversy triggered by its relocation to Guelatao in 1895, the significance it acquired in its new spot and the new sculpture of Juárez, later placed in the southern city. The study of this case allows us to approach monument as another element deployed by governments, in this case, the government of Oaxaca, in my opinion, to secularize public spaces but also to construct a collective discourse about the history of the region through local heroes, a process that was occurring in other Latin American countries as well.

Resumen Durante el gobierno de Luis Mier y Terán, la ciudad de Oaxaca comenzó a vestir sus espacios públicos con esculturas que representaban a héroes locales. Benito Juárez García fue la primera figura eternizada en bronce. Los objetivos de este artículo son abordar el momento político en el cual se realizó la escultura del Benemérito elaborada por Miguel Noreña en 1885, los símbolos de su pedestal, el lugar que ocupó dentro del espacio público de la capital oaxaqueña, la controversia que se generó por su traslado a Guelatao en 1895, la respuesta que los habitantes dieron a la estatua y la nueva escultura de Juárez que se erigió en la ciudad sureña. El estudio de este caso permite acercarnos a la escultura como otro elemento desplegado por los gobiernos, en este caso el de Oaxaca, en mi opinión, para secularizar los espacios públicos, pero también para construir un discurso colectivo de la historia de la entidad a través de héroes locales, proceso que se estaba dando en otros países de América Latina.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if migration modifies the management and composition of agrobiodiversity in the homegardens, spaces where the richness of species ensures the provision of goods. In Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, we conducted semi-structured interviews and generated agrobiodiversity inventories in were applied to homegardens without migrants (SSM) and with migrants (SCM). The SSM recorded higher floristic and backyard fauna diversity; in SCM, there was a redistribution of management responsibilities. Thus, rural-urban migration, in Dzoyaxché, is a factor that determines agrobiodiversity.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la migración modifica el manejo y la composición de la agrobiodiversidad en los solares, espacios donde la riqueza de especies asegura la provisión de bienes. En Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y se realizó el inventario de la agrobiodiversidad a solares sin migrantes (SSM) y con migrantes (SCM). Los SSM registraron mayor diversidad florística y de fauna de traspatio; mientras que en SCM se registró una redistribución de las responsabilidades de manejo. En conclusión, la migración rural-urbana en Dzoyaxché es un factor que determina la agrobiodiversidad.

ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la insuficiencia placentaria es la causa más común del retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, que puede provocar alteraciones cardiovasculares. Recientemente, se han desarrollado terapias con eritropoyetina que protegen los tejidos cardiacos con hipoxia. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de la eritropoyetina recombinante humana con bajo contenido de ácido siálico (NeuroEPO) en el corazón fetal en un modelo de insuficiencia placentaria en ratas. Métodos: se utilizaron 14 ratas Wistar gestadas con ligadura unilateral de la arteria uterina derecha en el día 16 de la gestación. Ese mismo día, a siete ratas se le administró NeuroEPO (0,5 mg/kg/día subcutáneo por tres días) y al resto placebo. En el día 20 de la gestación los fetos se dividieron en cuatro grupos: un grupo control, un grupo con retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, un grupo control NeuroEPO y un grupo con retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y NeuroEPO. En los fetos se obtuvo el peso placentario, peso fetal y la eficacia placentaria. En el estudio histológico se cuantificó el número de cardiomiocitos, número de vasos sanguíneos y cantidad de las fibras de colágenos. Resultados: el grupo con retardo del crecimiento intrauterino presentó una disminución del peso fetal, del número de cardiomiocitos, del número de vasos sanguíneos y un aumento en la cantidad de fibras colágenas (p<0.05). Al tratar con NeuroEPO a los fetos con retardo en el crecimiento intrauterino, aumentó el peso fetal, aunque el peso no fue similar al control. El resto de las variables se comportaron semejantes al control. Conclusiones: la administración de esta molécula mejoró el peso fetal y permitió un equilibrio adecuado en el desarrollo del corazón fetal, quizás, debido a los efectos citoprotectores de esta molécula.

ABSTRACT Foundation: placental insufficiency is the most common cause of intrauterine growth retardation, which can cause cardiovascular alterations. Recently, erythropoietin therapies have been developed that protect hypoxic cardiac tissues. Objective: To evaluate the influence of human recombinant erythropoietin with low sialic acid content (NeuroEPO) on the fetal heart in a rat model of placental insufficiency. Methods: 14 Wistar rats gestated with unilateral ligation of the right uterine artery on day 16 of gestation were used. That same day, seven rats were administered NeuroEPO (0.5 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for three days) and the rest received placebo. On day 20 of gestation, the fetuses were divided into four groups: a control group, a group with intrauterine growth retardation, a NeuroEPO control group, and a group with intrauterine growth retardation and NeuroEPO. In the fetuses, placental weight, fetal weight and placental efficiency were obtained. In the histological study, the number of cardiomyocytes, number of blood vessels and quantity of collagen fibers were quantified. Results: the group with intrauterine growth retardation presented a decrease in fetal weight, the number of cardiomyocytes, the number of blood vessels and an increase in the amount of collagen fibers (p<0.05). When fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation were treated with NeuroEPO, fetal weight increased, although the weight was not similar to the control. The rest of the variables behaved similar to the control. Conclusions: the administration of this molecule improved fetal weight and allowed an adequate balance in the development of the fetal heart, perhaps due to the cytoprotective effects of this molecule.

Abstract: The association between community violence and mental health has been studied by reports of individual experiences, particularly in adolescents and youths, but little is known about the effect of living in disordered and violent communities. This study aims to determine the possible relation between living in disordered and violent community environments and psychological distress in Mexican adolescents and youths regardless of their individual experience of victimization and to assess the potential modifying effect of sex and age on this association. Data come from a cross-sectional survey with a representative sample of adolescents and youths living in Mexican municipalities, including 39,639 participants aged from 12 to 29 years. Disordered and violent community environments were assessed using reports from a secondary sample of adults who lived in the same communities as participants. Using exploratory factor analysis, three contextual variables related to disordered and violent community environment were created: social disorder, vandalism, and criminality. Multilevel linear regression models with random intercept were estimated. Adolescents and youths who lived in environments with higher social disorder had more psychological distress. Men in environments with greater vandalism had a higher level of psychological distress. Unexpectedly, women from communities with higher levels of crime had fewer symptoms. It is necessary to address the violence that exists in these communities, creating strategies that reduce not only crime, but also the social disorder and vandalism that could contribute to developing negative effects on mental health.

Resumen: La asociación entre la violencia comunitaria y la salud mental se ha evaluado mediante informes de experiencias individuales, especialmente de adolescentes y jóvenes, pero poco se sabe sobre el efecto de residir en comunidades desordenadas y violentas. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si existe una relación entre residir en entornos comunitarios desordenados y violentos y el distrés psicológico en adolescentes y jóvenes mexicanos, independientemente de su experiencia individual de victimización, así como evaluar el posible efecto modificador del sexo y la edad en esta asociación. Los datos provienen de una encuesta transversal que tomó como muestra representativa a 39.639 adolescentes y jóvenes de entre 12 y 29 años, residentes en ciudades mexicanas. Los entornos comunitarios desordenados y violentos se evaluaron mediante informes de una muestra secundaria de adultos que residían en las mismas comunidades donde vivían los participantes. El análisis exploratorio de datos posibilitó crear tres variables contextuales relacionadas con el entorno comunitario desordenado y violento: desorden social, vandalismo y delincuencia. Se estimaron modelos de regresión lineal multinivel con intercepto aleatorio. Los adolescentes y jóvenes que residían en ambientes con mayor desorden social presentaron mayor distrés psicológico. Los varones en entornos con más vandalismo tenían un mayor nivel de distrés psicológico. Inesperadamente, las mujeres que viven en comunidades con mayores niveles de delincuencia tuvieron menos síntomas. Es necesario enfrentar la violencia existente en las comunidades para generar estrategias que reduzcan no solo la delincuencia, sino también el desorden social y el vandalismo que pueden contribuir al desarrollo de efectos negativos en la salud mental.

Resumo: A associação entre violência comunitária e saúde mental tem sido estudada por meio de relatos de experiências individuais, particularmente em adolescentes e jovens, mas pouco se sabe sobre o efeito de viver em comunidades desordenadas e violentas. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se há relação entre viver em ambientes comunitários desordenados e violentos e estresse psicológico em adolescentes e jovens mexicanos, independentemente de sua experiência individual de vitimização, e avaliar o potencial efeito modificador do sexo e da idade sobre essa associação. Os dados são de uma pesquisa transversal com uma amostra representativa de adolescentes e jovens residentes em cidades mexicanas, incluindo 39.639 participantes com idades de 12 a 29 anos. Ambientes comunitários desordenados e violentos foram avaliados por meio de relatos de uma amostra secundária de adultos que viviam nas mesmas comunidades onde os participantes viviam. Por meio da análise exploratória de dados, foram criadas três variáveis contextuais relacionadas ao ambiente comunitário desordenado e violento: desordem social, vandalismo e criminalidade. Foram estimados modelos de regressão linear multinível com interceptação aleatória. Adolescentes e jovens que viviam em ambientes com maior desordem social apresentaram maior estresse psicológico. Homens em ambientes com mais vandalismo apresentaram maior nível de estresse psicológico. Inesperadamente, as mulheres de comunidades com níveis mais altos de criminalidade tiveram menos sintomas. É preciso enfrentar a violência existente nas comunidades, gerando estratégias que reduzam não só a criminalidade, mas também a desordem social e o vandalismo que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de efeitos negativos na saúde mental.

Abstract Tomato plants infested by Fusarium oxysporum (Fol) show limitations in yield and fruit quality. The application of silicic acid could be used as an alternative to mitigate damage caused by this pathogen. In this work, the effect of silicic acid on "Rio Grande" variety tomato plants inoculated with Fol was studied. Silicic acid was applied via foliar weekly on tomato plant (ten applications). Treatments consisted of silicic acid + Fol, silicic acid, Fol and an absolute control. The incidence and severity of Fol wilt, content of antioxidant compounds (lycopene, β carotene, chlorophylls, vitamin C, reduced glutathione, phenols, flavonoids, total antioxidants and proteins), enzymatic activity (APX, CAT, GPX and SOD), PAL, salicylic and jasmonic acid, and the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET and ABA, were determined. ASi+Fol-treated plants, compared to Fol-inoculated plants, disease incidence Fol wilt was reduced by 32% and severity by 22%, also presented an increase in chlorophyll a, b and total (49.1, 59.4 and 46.7%, respectively), as well as flavonoids (24.6%), the plants overexpressed the genes that participate in the synthesis of PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET and ABA at 31 dat (days after transplant), induced a reduction in reduced glutathione, antioxidant capacity by DPPH, CAT, jasmonic acid and the expression of all the genes evaluated in this work at 73 dat. The plants treated with ASi, in comparison with Fol, presented an increase in proteins, lycopene, vitamin C (30.3, 65.0, 52.7%, respectively), chlorophylls and the expression of PAL5-3 (31 dat), GAME1 and ET (73 dat). In the case Fol, a higher concentration of vitamin C, phenols, DPPH, PAL, CAT, GPX, salicylic and jasmonic acid was observed, and increase in the expression of JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, and ABA (73 dat), but it also induced a reduction in the concentration of flavonoids, chlorophylls and the expression of the six genes determined in this work at 31 dat. On the other hand, T0 plants, compared to Fol, showed an increase in proteins, lycopene, flavonoids (33.1, 62.0, 27.8%, respectively), as well as, chlorophyll, and the expression of all the genes analyzed in 31 dat, except for ET. The foliar application of silicic acid decreased the negative effects caused by Fol through the increase of antioxidant compounds and changes in the expression of genes related to the defense system in tomato plants.

Resumen Las plantas de tomate infestadas por Fusarium oxysporum (Fol) muestran limitaciones en rendimiento y calidad de frutos. La aplicación de ácido silícico podría ser una alternativa para mitigar los daños causados por este patógeno. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto del ácido silícico en plantas de tomate variedad “Rio Grande” inoculadas con Fol. Se aplicó ácido silícico vía foliar semanalmente en plantas de tomate (diez aplicaciones). Los tratamientos consistieron en ácido silícico + Fol, ácido silícico, Fol y un control absoluto. Se determinó la incidencia y severidad de la marchitez de Fol, el contenido de compuestos antioxidantes (licopeno, β caroteno, clorofilas, vitamina C, glutatión reducido, fenoles, flavonoides, antioxidantes totales y proteínas), actividad enzimática (APX, CAT, GPX y SOD), PAL, ácido salicílico y jasmónico, y la expresión de genes que participan en la síntesis de PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET y ABA. En las plantas tratadas con ASi+Fol, en comparación con las plantas inoculadas con Fol, se redujo la incidencia de la enfermedad en un 32% y la severidad en un 22%. También presentaron un incremento de clorofila a, b y total (49.1, 59.4 y 46.7%, respectivamente), así como de flavonoides (24.6%), las plantas sobreexpresaron los genes que participan en la síntesis de PR1, JA, GAME1, PAL5-3, ET y ABA, a los 31 ddt, indujeron una reducción de glutatión reducido, capacidad antioxidante por DPPH, CAT, ácido jasmónico y la expresión de todos los genes evaluados en este trabajo a los 73 ddt. Las plantas tratadas con ASi, en comparación con Fol, presentaron un incremento de proteínas, licopeno, vitamina C (30.3, 65.0, 52.7%, respectivamente), clorofilas y la expresión de PAL5-3 (31 ddt), GAME1 y ET (73 ddt). En el caso de Fol, se apreció mayor concentración de vitamina C, fenoles, DPPH, PAL, CAT, GPX, ácido salicílico y jasmónico, y ligeramente un incremento de la expresión de JA, GAME1, PAL5-3 y ABA (73 ddt), pero también indujo una reducción en la concentración de flavonoides, clorofilas y la expresión de los seis genes determinados en este trabajo a 31 ddt. Por su parte las plantas T0, comparado con Fol, se observó aumento de proteínas, licopeno, flavonoides (33.1, 62.0, 27.8%, respectivamente), así como clorofilas, y la expresión de todos los genes analizados a los 31 ddt, a excepción de ET. La aplicación foliar de ácido silícico disminuyó los efectos negativos causados por Fol a través del aumento de compuestos antioxidantes y cambios en la expresión de los genes relacionados con el sistema de defensa en plantas de tomate.

ABSTRACT It is estimated that lymphatic malformations in children account for 6% of all benign vascular malformations. New medical therapies have been developed for the management of lymphatic orbital disease. The purpose of this article was to describe a clinical case of orbital venolymphatic malformation in a 10-year-old boy, causing proptosis and palpebral edema. The lesion was initially treated with local sclerotherapy. However, the lesion relapsed, and was successfully treated with oral sirolimus. Prospective studies are warranted to determine the appropriate dose and extend the indications of sirolimus in these patients.

RESUMO A incidência de malformações linfáticas em crianças é estimada em 6% de todas as malformações vasculares benignas. Têm sido desenvolvidos novos tratamento para doenças linfáticas orbitárias. Nosso objetivo é descrever um caso clínico de malformação venolinfática orbitária em um menino de 10 anos de idade, causando proptose e edema palpebral. A lesão foi tratada inicialmente com escleroterapia local. No entanto, a lesão teve recidiva e foi tratada com sucesso com sirolimo oral. Ainda são necessários estudos prospectivos para estabelecer a dose apropriada e a duração do tratamento com sirolimo nesses pacientes.

Resumen: El envejecimiento es un proceso inevitable que puede asociarse al deterioro cognitivo. La evidencia sobre la evaluación simultánea de variables psicosociales que pudieran estar asociadas con la función cognitiva es crucial. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre las características psicosociales y la cognición en adultos mayores de 50 años en México. La quinta ronda del Estudio Mexicano de Salud y Envejecimiento (ENASEM) (2018) proporciona la base para este trabajo. El estudio forma parte de un análisis longitudinal, para el que se recabaron datos en 2012, 2015 y 2018. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 6,709 individuos. Se midieron diez variables psicosociales a través de escalas o preguntas específicas. La cognición se evaluó con el Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Entre los factores de confusión se incluyeron los sociodemográficos, la multimorbilidad y la funcionalidad. El análisis se realizó ajustando un modelo de regresión. De la muestra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eran hombres; 3.948 (58,8%) eran mujeres. La edad media era de 68,2 años (DE = 8,1). La cognición se ve significativamente afectada en las personas con mayor edad (β=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p<0.001), menor escolaridad (β=-.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), síntomas depresivos (β=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), quienes no realizan ningún servicio voluntario (β=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), o no participan en la toma de decisiones (β=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), presentan bajo locus de control interno (β=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), y pobre percepción económica (β=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Al analizar la función cognitiva de las personas mayores, es vital considerar las posibles variables psicosociales relacionadas.

Resumo: O envelhecimento é um processo inevitável que pode estar associado a défices cognitivos. A evidência sobre a avaliação simultânea de variáveis psicossociais que podem estar associadas à função cognitiva é crucial. O nosso objetivo foi determinar a associação entre as características psicossociais e a cognição em adultos com mais de 50 anos no México. A quinta rodada do Estudo Mexicano de Saúde e Envelhecimento (MHAS) (2018) fornece a base para este artigo. O estudo faz parte de uma análise longitudinal, para a qual foram realizadas colagens de ondas 2012, 2015 e 2018. A amostra final foi composta por 6.709 indivíduos. Dez variáveis psicossociais foram medidas por meio de escalas ou perguntas específicas. A cognição foi avaliada com o Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Os factores de confusão incluíram dados sociodemográficos, multimorbilidade e funcionalidade. A análise foi efectuada através do ajuste do modelo de regressão. Da amostra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eram homens; 3.948 (58,8%) eram mulheres. A idade média foi de 68,2 anos (DP = 8,1). A cognição é significativamente afetada nas pessoas com mais idade (β=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), menor escolaridade (β=.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), sintomas depressivos (β=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), aqueles que não realizam nenhum serviço voluntário (β=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), ou não participam na tomada de decisões (β=-.242, IC 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), baixo locus de controlo interno (β=-.012., IC 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), e fraca perceção económica (β=-.070., IC 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Ao analisar a função cognitiva dos idosos, é vital considerar as possíveis variáveis psicossociais relacionadas.

Abstract: Aging is an inevitable process that can be associated with cognitive impairment. Evidence about the simultaneous evaluation of psychosocial variables that could be associated with cognitive function is crucial. We aimed to determine the association between psychosocial characteristics and cognition in adults over 50 years in Mexico. The fifth round of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) (2018) provides the basis for this paper. The study is part of a longitudinal analysis, for which wave pasting 2012, 2015, and 2018 were performed. The final sample comprised 6,709 individuals. Ten psychosocial variables were measured through scales or specific questions. Cognition was assessed with the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Confounders included sociodemographics, multimorbidity, and functionality. The analysis was performed by adjusting the regression model. Of the total sample, 2,761 (41.1%) were men; 3,948 (58.8%) were women. The mean age was 68.2 years (SD = 8.1). Cognition is significantly affected in people with higher age (β=-1.30, Cl 95% -1.54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), less schooling (β=.559, CI 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), depressive symptoms (β=-.066, CI 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), those who do not perform any volunteer service (β=-.057, CI 95% -.102, -.102 p=0.013), or do not participate in decision making (β=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), low internal locus of control (β=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), and poor economic perception (β=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). When analyzing the cognitive function of older people, it is vital to consider the possible related psychosocial variables.

Summary: Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a highly distributed molecule in ecosystems and a component of products that are used and consumed regularly. Recent studies have shown this xenobiotic metabolized by organisms forming carcinogenic metabolites, as well as having genotoxic and teratogenic effects associated with infertility and endocrine disorders. Similarly, due to its dispersion and bioaccumulation, this molecule can severely damage various ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review to demonstrate the importance of BaP in biological systems and its biodegradation as an alternative to bioremediation.

Resumen: El benzo(a)pireno (BaP) es una molécula que se encuentra altamente distribuida en los ecosistemas, así como también forma parte de productos que se utilizan y consumen de forma recurrente. Estudios recientes demuestran que este xenobiótico es metabolizado por los organismos formando metabolitos carcinogénicos, así como también tiene efectos genotóxicos, teratogénicos y se encuentra asociado a la pérdida de fertilidad y trastornos endócrinos. De la misma manera, debido a su dispersión y bioacumulación puede dañar severamente diversos ecosistemas. El objetivo de la presente es realizar una revisión sistemática para evidenciar la importancia del BaP en los sistemas biológicos y su biodegradación como una alternativa de biorremediación.

Resumen Introducción: El catéter venoso central es necesario en los cuidados pediátricos, sin embargo, es una causa importante de bacteriemia nosocomial con 25% de mortandad. El profesional de enfermería es responsable del mantenimiento del catéter venoso central con el propósito de evitar complicaciones locales y sistémicas como la endocarditis y la bacteriemia relacionadas al tratamiento endovenoso. Objetivo: Describir las intervenciones de enfermería para el mantenimiento del catéter venoso central en pacientes pediátricos de un hospital especializado. Metodología: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal, muestra conformada por 85 profesionales de enfermería que otorgaron cuidados directos a niños hospitalizados y recibieron capacitación, muestreo no probabilístico, el instrumento utilizado fue una lista de verificación de mantenimiento del catéter venoso central. Se recolectaron datos con la técnica de observación. El estudio cumple con los aspectos éticos de la ley general de salud en materia de investigación. Resultados: Las intervenciones de enfermería se realizaron con un cumplimiento global de 90.1%, se enfatiza que 70.6% efectuaron lavado de manos antes de manipular el dispositivo. La limpieza y mantenimiento del sitio de inserción la realizaron 98.8%, desinfectaron puertos y conexiones, identificaron lúmenes 92.9%. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería realizan las intervenciones para el mantenimiento del catéter venoso central con un cumplimiento bueno. Sin embargo, las intervenciones con menor cumplimiento que requieren mejora son la higiene de manos, los tiempos para cambios de equipo y soluciones, la desinfección de puertos y conexiones; esenciales para disminuir las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo. Además de estudios futuros acerca de los factores profesionales e institucionales asociados al cumplimiento.

Abstract Introduction: The central venous catheter is necessary in pediatric care; however, it is an important cause of nosocomial bacteremia, with 25% mortality. The nursing professional is responsible for the maintenance of the central venous catheter, in order to prevent local and systemic complications such as endocarditis and bacteremia related to intravenous treatment. Objective: To describe the nursing interventions for the maintenance of the central venous catheter in pediatric patients of a specialized hospital. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design, sample made up of 85 nursing professionals who provided direct care to hospitalized children and received training, non-probabilistic sampling; the instrument used was a central venous catheter maintenance checklist, and data were collected with the observation technique. The survey complies with the ethical aspects of the general health law on research. Results: Nursing interventions were performed with an overall compliance of 90.1%; it is emphasized that 70.6% washed their hands before handling the device. Cleaning and maintenance of the insertion site was carried out by 98.8%, ports and connections were disinfected, and 92.9% lumens were identified. Conclusion: Nursing professionals performed interventions for the maintenance of the central venous catheter with a good compliance. However, the interventions with lower compliance that require improvement are hand hygiene, times for changing equipment and solutions, disinfection of ports and connections, which are essential to reduce infections in the bloodstream. In addition to future surveys about the professional and institutional factors associated with compliance.

Abstrato Introdução: O cateter venoso central é necessário no atendimento pediátrico, porém, é uma importante causa de bacteremia nosocomial, com mortalidade de 25%. O profissional de enfermagem é responsável pela manutenção do cateter venoso central para evitar complicações locais e sistêmicas como endocardite e bacteremia relacionadas ao tratamento intravenoso. Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções de enfermagem para manutenção do cateter venoso central em pacientes pediátricos de um hospital especializado. Metodologia: Delineamento observacional, descritivo, transversal, amostra composta por 85 profissionais de enfermagem que prestavam assistência direta à criança hospitalizada e receberam treinamento, amostragem não probabilística, o instrumento utilizado foi um checklist de manutenção de cateter venoso central e os dados foram coletados com o técnica de observação. O estudo atende aos aspectos éticos da lei geral de saúde em relação à pesquisa. Resultados: As intervenções de enfermagem foram realizadas com uma adesão global de 90,1%, destaca-se que 70,6% lavaram as mãos antes de manusear o aparelho. A limpeza e manutenção do sítio de inserção foi realizada por 98,8%, as portas e conexões foram desinfetadas, os lúmens foram identificados por 92,9%. Conclusões: Os profissionais de enfermagem realizam as intervenções para manutenção do cateter venoso central com boa adesão. No entanto, as intervenções com menor adesão que requerem melhoria são a higienização das mãos, tempos de troca de equipamentos e soluções, desinfecção de portas e conexões; essencial para reduzir as infecções da corrente sanguínea. Além de estudos futuros sobre os fatores profissionais e institucionais associados à adesão.

ABSTRACT Currently, education requires the implementation of strategies that contribute to the training process of individuals, and consolidate an innovative and productive teaching. The way of providing knowledge is changing; and it is a reality that the implementation and use of AI in education has to do with that change. From these premises, this article is presented with the objective of describing some significant contributions that Artificial Intelligence has generated in the context of educational training. It was framed within a bibliographic research of documentary order. As a conclusion it is established that man and his way of life has changed, what yesterday was a very distant dream is today an active and changing reality that requires the commitment and willingness to go hand in hand with this evolution. Moreover, the main changing agent today is artificial intelligence, an entity that has arrived to transform education and society in general.

RESUMEN Actualmente la Educación requiere implementar estrategias que contribuyan con el proceso formativo de los individuos, y se consolide una enseñanza innovadora y productiva. Pues, la forma de proporcionar conocimientos está cambiando; y es una realidad que la implementación y el uso de IA en la educación tiene que ver con ese cambio. Desde estas premisas se presenta este articulo cuyo objetivo implicó describir algunos aportes significativos que ha generado la Inteligencia Artificial en el contexto de la formación educativa. El mismo se enmarcó dentro de una investigación bibliográfica de orden documental. Como conclusión se establece que el hombre y su forma de vida ha cambiado, lo que ayer fue un sueño muy lejano es hoy una realidad activa y cambiante que precisa del empeño y la disposición, para ir de la mano de esa evolución. Además, que el principal agente cambiante en la actualidad, es la inteligencia artificial, un ente que llegó para transformar la educación y la sociedad en general.

Abstract This article uses a term search to describe how academic work on the relationship between journalism and quality has evolved. It relies on a bibliometric study and content analysis of the Scopus database. Using the VOSviewer tool, this article presents automated analyses of the Scopus system and network maps that pertain to article terms. The goal is to outline scientific production’s features and the impact of research on quality journalism identifying emerging trends in this research area. The study sample consists of 971 research articles published between 1939 and 2022, specifically focusing on social sciences articles across various languages, indexed in Scopus. The findings suggest a rising interest in journalism quality within analysed scientific journals, especially in the 21st century, predominantly in Western countries, despite a growing trend in Eastern countries. The United States is the primary source for articles, citations, and first authors. Additionally, the three journals publishing most on journalism quality are of Anglo-Saxon origin. Research clusters are developed on the object of study outside this axis, led by Spanish and Portuguese scientific production. The bibliometric analysis also shows the evolution of topics related to journalism quality.

Resumo Este artigo pretende descrever a evolução da produção acadêmica sobre o binômio jornalismo e qualidade, a partir do estudo bibliométrico e análise de conteúdo da base de dados Scopus, através de busca do termo. Para tal, são apresentadas análises automatizadas do sistema Scopus e mapas das redes sobre os termos dos artigos, através da ferramenta VOSviewer. O objetivo é descrever as características da produção científica e o impacto da pesquisa no campo de estudo do jornalismo de qualidade e identificar tendências neste campo de pesquisa. A amostra do estudo é composta por 971 artigos de pesquisa publicados entre os anos de 1939 e 2022 e indexados na Scopus, levados em consideração apenas artigos de pesquisa publicados na área de ciências sociais em qualquer idioma. Os resultados indicam que o interesse sobre a qualidade do jornalismo cresce nas revistas científicas analisadas a partir do século XXI e com predominância de países ocidentais, apesar da tendência de crescimento nos países orientais. Os Estados Unidos são a origem do maior número de artigos, de citações e de primeiros autores; as três revistas que mais publicam sobre qualidade do jornalismo também são anglo-saxônicas. Há desenvolvimento de clusters de investigações sobre o objeto de estudo fora desse eixo, capitaneados pela produção científica espanhola e portuguesa. A análise bibliométrica também mostra a evolução dos temas relacionados com a qualidade do jornalismo.

Resumen Introducción: México es un país con alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Sin embargo, los programas de alimentación social a menudo se enfocan solo en la desnutrición en grupos de población vulnerables. Objetivo: estimar la asociación del sobrepeso y la obesidad (SO) con la participación en un programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC) y otros programas de sociales de alimentación en mujeres de 15 a 49 años de la población económicamente más vulnerable de México. Métodos: se analizaron datos antropométricos, así como información sobre participación en programas de alimentación social, inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar y variables sociodemográficas de mujeres de 15 a 49 años residentes en localidades de menos de 100.000 habitantes en México. Los datos se derivaron de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de México 2018. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para estimar la asociación entre SO y la participación en programas de alimentación social, así como otras covariables. Resultados: la prevalencia de SO en las mujeres que se beneficiaron de TMC fue del 62 %, mientras que para las mujeres que participaron de este y otros programas la prevalencia fue del 72,9 % (p = 0,04). Se observó una asociación protectora entre el programa CCT y SO (OR = 0,72, p = 0,04). Además, beneficiarse de los comedores comunitarios del DIF reveló una asociación de riesgo con SO (OR = 2,76, p = 0,03). Conclusiones: es fundamental que el diseño de políticas públicas y programas de alimentación social consideren la evidencia científica generada a través de diversas experiencias en México, como el programa de TMC Prospera. Esto permitirá a los tomadores de decisiones abordar los problemas epidemiológicos de salud y nutrición que afectan a la población mexicana en la actualidad.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico is a country with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, social feeding programs often target only undernutrition in vulnerable population groups. Objective: to estimate the association of overweight and obesity (OW) with participation in a conditional cash transfers (CCT) program and other social feeding programs in women 15-49 years of age within the most economically vulnerable population in Mexico. Methods: anthropometric data, as well as information on participation in social feeding programs, household food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, were analyzed for women aged 15-49 living in localities of under 100,000 inhabitants in Mexico. Data was derived from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to estimate the association between OW and participation in social feeding programs, as well as other covariables. Results: the prevalence of OW in women who benefited from CCT was 62 %, while for women who participated in this as well as other programs the prevalence was 72.9 % (p = 0.04). A protective association was observed between the CCT program and OW (OR = 0.72, p = 0.04). Additionally, benefitting from DIF Community Kitchens revealed a risk association with OW (OR = 2.76, p = 0.03). Conclusions: it is critical that the design of public policy and social feeding programs consider the scientific evidence generated through rich experiences in Mexico, such as the program of CCT Prospera. This will allow decision-makers to address the epidemiological health and nutrition problems impacting the Mexican population today.

Abstract In order to understand the interactions among the engaged actors regarding water management in the city of San Miguel de Allende, in Guanajuato, the involved frameworks of perception and government institutions were subject to analysis. Having a qualitative research approach as a starting point, the analytical framework of the public policy regime was used, focusing on three variables: actors, institutions and ideas. As a methodological strategy, in-depth interviews were conducted, and the institutional grammar methodology was implemented. It was found that there is a lenient regulation, an institutional framework that does not favor robust governance, and conflicts that arise because of the water supply shortage in the city that do not achieve political attention due to the dispersion of environmental issues and the lack of mechanisms for citizen participation.

Resumen Para conocer la interacción de los actores participantes en torno a la gestión del agua en la ciudad de San Miguel de Allende, en Guanajuato, se analizaron los marcos de percepción y las instituciones de gobierno que intervienen en la gestión del agua. Con una investigación de carácter tipo cualitativa como punto de partida, se usó el marco analítico del régimen de políticas públicas sobre tres variables: los actores, las instituciones y las ideas. Como estrategia metodológica se realizaron entrevistas profundas y se implementó la metodología de gramática institucional. Se encontró una reglamentación blanda, un entramado institucional que no favorece una gobernanza robusta y conflictos que surgen por el desabasto de agua en la ciudad, que no llegan a posicionarse en la agenda política por una dispersión de los temas ambientales y falta de mecanismos para la participación ciudadana.