Resumen Introducción. Las alteraciones del ritmo cardíaco están asociadas con un aumento en la morbimortalidad; sin embargo, en pacientes con trasplante cardíaco no son claros sus desencadenantes ni implicaciones. Objetivos. Realizar una búsqueda en la literatura para identificar y explicar los determinantes en la generación de alteraciones de la conducción eléctrica en pacientes con trasplante cardíaco, así como describir las principales arritmias que pueden presentarse, explicando sus implicaciones patológicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed que arrojó un total de 411 resultados. Además, se buscaron las guías de práctica clínica sobre trasplante cardíaco, electrofisiología cardiovascular y endocarditis infecciosa. Se eligieron 60 artículos que lograban responder a los objetivos de este estudio. Resultados. La técnica quirúrgica, la denervación cardíaca, las lesiones del nodo sinusal, el rechazo del injerto, las biopsias endomiocárdicas y las infecciones son los principales factores que comprometen la viabilidad del órgano y la vida del paciente trasplantado, manifestándose como alteraciones del ritmo sinusal. Conclusiones. Ante la detección de alguna arritmia cardíaca, el equipo médico debe proporcionar un manejo que no se limite al control sintomático y del ritmo sinusal, sino que se debe iniciar una búsqueda activa de su etiología, ya que esta puede ser la manifestación de un proceso patológico subyacente.

Abstract Introduction: Heart rhythm disorders are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, triggers and implications in patients with heart transplantation are not clear. Objectives: The purpose of this research paper is to identify and explain the determinants for the onset of electrical conductivity alterations in patients with a heart transplant, as well as to describe the most common arrhythmias and their pathological implications. Materials and methods: A literature review was made in the PubMed online database for a total of 411 results. In addition, clinical practice guidelines on cardiac transplantation, cardiovascular electrophysiology and infective endocarditis were searched. Sixty articles related to the objectives of this study were chosen. Results: Surgical technique, heart denervation, sinus node trauma, graft rejection, endomyocardial biopsies and infections are the main factors that compromise organ viability and the life of transplanted patients. These factors can be observed as sinus rhythm disturbances. Conclusions: When a cardiac arrhythmia is detected, the medical team must provide a treatment that is not limited to symptomatic and sinus rhythm control. An active search of the etiology must be initiated since it may indicate an underlying pathological process.

<sec><title>OBJETIVO:</title><p> avaliar a importância das células-tronco derivadas de tecido adiposo na redução do processo inflamatório no enxerto em modelo murino de transplante traqueal heterotópico alogênico.</p></sec><sec><title>MÉTODOS:</title><p> foi realizado alotransplante traqueal heterotópico em bolsa dorsal subcutânea e injetado 5x10⁵ células-tronco mesenquimais, derivadas de tecido adiposo, sistemicamente. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, conforme o tempo de sacrifício: T7 e T21. Procedida a análise em HE e morfometria digital.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTADOS:</title><p> Os T7 tratados com terapia celular apresentaram mediana de área obstruída do enxerto de 0 contra 0,54 dos controles (p=0,635). Os T21 tratados apresentaram mediana de área obstruída da luz do enxerto de 0,25 nos tratados e 0 nos controles (p=0,041).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSÃO:</title><p>A terapia celular injetada sistemicamente em modelo experimental murino de bronquiolite obliterante não reduziu a gravidade do processo inflamatório no aloenxerto de forma estatisticamente significativa em sete dias; de modo contrário, em 21 dias, aumentou o processo inflamatório no aloenxerto.</p></sec>

<sec><title>OBJECTIVE:</title><p> To evaluate the importance of stem cells derived from adipose tissue in reducing graft inflammation in a murine model of allogeneic heterotopic tracheal transplant.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS:</title><p> We performed a heterotopic tracheal allografting in dorsal subcutaneous pouch and systemically injected 5x10⁵ mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of sacrifice: T7 and T21. We also carried out histological analysis and digital morphometry.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS:</title><p> The T7 animals treated with cell therapy had median obstructed graft area of 0 versus 0.54 of controls (p = 0.635). The treated T21 subjects had median obstructed graft area of 0.25 versus 0 in controls (p = 0.041).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION:</title><p> The systemically injected cell therapy in experimental murine model of bronchiolitis obliterans did not reduce the severity of the allograft inflammation in a statistically significant way in seven days; Conversely, in 21 days, it increased the allograft inflammatory process.</p></sec>

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver, experimentalmente, malácia e estenose traqueal para testar novos modelos de órteses traqueais. MÉTODOS: Ressecamos três anéis cartilaginosos da traqueia cervical de cães no grupo A (n=5) e seis anéis no grupo B (n=4) para produzir malácia. Logo após, a mucosa da região com malácia recebeu aplicações de uma solução de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) a 23%, e os animais eram acompanhados com exames broncoscópicos para observar o desenvolvimento de estreitamento da luz da via aérea. Quando a estenose era de mais de 50% da luz, ou havia sinais mínimos de insuficiência ventilatória, os animais eram sacrificados. O segmento de via aérea estreitada foi então coletado para análise histológica e era calculada a área de luz residual do segmento traqueal com estenose e malácia. RESULTADOS: Na análise histológica, foi constatada fibrose na submucosa e adventícia, associada a granulomas na mucosa. A luz residual média dos segmentos com estenose foi de 9% e 12% nos grupos A e B, respectivamente, (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A combinação da ressecção de anéis cartilaginosos e da aplicação de NaOH 23% na mucosa respiratória promoveu uma estenose traqueal intensa, porém esteve associada à perda de animais. Novos estudos são necessários para verificar se o emprego isolado de uma das técnicas seria mais seguro e eficaz para desenvolver estenose traqueal.

OBJECTIVE: To experimentally develop tracheal stenosis and malacia to test new models of tracheal stents. METHODS: We resected three cartilaginous rings from the cervical trachea of dogs in group A (n = 5) and six rings in group B (n = 4) to produce malacia. The mucosa of the region with malacia then received applications of a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 23%, and the animals were accompanied with bronchoscopic examinations to observe the development of luminal narrowing of the airway. When the stenosis was of more than 50% or there were minimal signs of ventilatory failure, the animals were sacrificed. The segment of narrowed airway was then collected for histological analysis and calculation of the area of residual lumen in the tracheal segment with stenosis and malacia. RESULTS: In histological analysis, fibrosis was found in the submucosa and adventitia, associated with granulomas in the mucosa. The average residual lumen of the segments with stenosis was 9% and 12% in groups A and B, respectively (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of resection of the cartilaginous rings and the application of 23% NaOH in the respiratory mucosa promoted severe tracheal stenosis, but was associated with loss of animals. Further studies are needed to verify that the isolated use of one of the techniques would be safer and more effective to develop tracheal stenosis.

This cross-sectional study describes the characteristics and trends of health sciences-related studies published in Ecuador from 1999-2009. Its objective is to contribute to the design and implementation of a research and development policy whose work is centered on the country's health priorities. Bibliometric indicators of production applied to publications in health sciences in Ecuador were used for the analysis. The publications were from the LILACS and MEDLINE databases. It was found that 625 articles were published from 1999-2009, primarily in the clinical-surgical areas (60%), followed by epidemiology (17.4%), basic sciences (14.1%), and health systems (8.5%). Only 4.3% and 7.2% of the production in this period was related to the primary causes of morbidity and mortality, respectively. It was found that private institutions generated more health research than public institutions, and hospitals (public, private, and mixed) produced a higher percentage than universities. The analysis showed that there was limited scientific production in health sciences in Ecuador during the study period, with a slight increase in the last two years that may be due in part to greater investment in research and development by the National Secretariat of Science and Technology (SENACYT). Investment increased from 0.20% to 0.44% of gross domestic product between 2006 and 2009.

El presente trabajo, de corte transversal, describe características y tendencias de los trabajos relacionados con las ciencias de la salud (CS) publicados en Ecuador durante el período 1999-2009. Su objetivo es contribuir al diseño e implementación de una política de investigación y desarrollo que centre sus esfuerzos en las prioridades de salud del país. Para el análisis se utilizaron indicadores bibliométricos de producción aplicados a las publicaciones científicas en CS de Ecuador, contenidas en las bases de datos LILACS y MEDLINE. Se halló que durante 1999-2009 se publicaron 625 artículos, observándose un predominio de las áreas clínico-quirúrgicas (60%) seguidas de la epidemiología (17,4%), las ciencias básicas (14,1%) y los sistemas de salud (8,5%). De todo lo producido durante ese período, solo 4,3% y 7,2% estaban relacionados con las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad, respectivamente. Se encontró que las instituciones privadas generaron más investigación en salud que las públicas, y los hospitales (públicos, privados y mixtos) en mayor proporción que las universidades. Del análisis realizado se puede decir que la producción científica en CS en Ecuador durante 1999-2009 ha sido escasa, con un leve repunte en los dos últimos años, que en parte podría explicarse por el aumento en la inversión en investigación y desarrollo a través de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SENACYT), la cual entre 2006 y 2009 pasó de 0,20% a 0,44% del producto interno bruto.

The importance of racial factors in the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of onchocercosis in the Afro-Ecuadorian and Chachi indigenous races, two distinct ethnic groups in the hyperendemic area of the Ecuadorian onchocercal focus, were evaluated. No difference in the disease prevalence among the two races was noted, although the Chachi had a significant higher dermal microfilariae intensity. Approximately 72.2% of the Afro-Ecuadorians presented with onchocercal skin lesions, as compared to 56.4% of the Chachi. Pretibial depigmentation, sowdah, scrotal elephantiasis and hydrocele were only documented in the Afro-Ecuadorians. Greater prevalence of palpable nodules was found in the Chachi (51.4% vs. 43.0%). Chachi presented with more nodules in the head (25.6% vs 17.6%) and iliac crest (40.1% vs. 30.3%) regions while the Blacks had more nodules in the sacrococcygeal region (18.2% vs 10.8%). Microfilariae in the anterior chamber was seen more frequently in the Chachi (51.9% vs 34.2%). However, a higher prevalence of chorioretinitis and optic atrophy was seen in the Afro-Ecuadorians (17.6% vs 11.2% and 8.5% vs 0.5% respectively). Several possible causes for these differences are discussed

Se evaluó la importancia de los factores raciales en la epidemiología y las manifestaciones clínicas de la oncocercosis en la raza Negra y la raza indígena Chachi, dos grupos étnicos diferentes del área hiperendémica del foco oncocercótico ecuatoriano. Los Chachi presentaron una significativa mayor densidad de microfilarias en la piel. De los Negros, 72,2% presentaron lesiones oncocercóticas en la piel comparado con 56,4% en los Chachi. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de nódulos palpables en los Chachi (51,4% vs. 43,0%). La presencia de microfilarias en la cámara anterior del ojo fue más frecuente en los Chachi (51,9% vs. 34,2%), pero se evidenció una mayor prevalencia de corioretinitis y atrofia del nervio óptico en los Negros (17,6% vs 11,2% y 8,5% vs. 0,5%, respectivamente)

The prevalence of onchocerciasis infection was determined in communities on 7 rivers located in the northern area of the cantón San Lorenzo, province of Esmeraldas. Diagnosis of the infection was obtained by skin biopsies and recombinant-antigen based-serology. No evidence of infection was detected in 9 communities studied along the Río Mataje, which forms the frontier between Ecuador and Colombia, nor in 10 adjacent communities located on 5 interior rivers. Evidence for Onchocerca volvulus infection was found in 4 communities on the Río Tululví with the following prevalence: La Boca (3.5% by biopsy and 3.9% by serology), Guayabal (9.1% by both biopsy and serology), La Ceiva (51.5% by biopsy and 53% by serology), and Salidero (4% by biopsy and 7.7% by serology). A few individuals in these communities were seropositive for O. volvulus in the absence of detectable dermal microfilariae: these might harbor very light or prepatent infections. No clinical disease attributable to onchocerciasis was found. The infected communities will be included in the ivermectin-based National Control Program for the disease, with no evidence of the infection having extended north of the Ecuadorian-colombian border